Exam (Wednesday)
Two Part Question: According to Figure 1.1, this group made up the 2nd largest percentage of the total U.S. Population in 1990: 1) _____ In 2040, is projected that this group will have the 2nd largest percentage in the total U.S. population: 2) _______
1) African American, 2) Hispanic
A study by Sonja B. Starr and M. Marit Rehavi found that despite controlling for relevant factors, Black males received federal prison terms ___% longer than white males.
10
By 2013, African American officers made up approximately ___% of all sworn officers in the U.S.
10
In 1954, there were fewer than ______ Black men incarcerated in prison and jail. In 2017 (the year Policing the Black Man was published), that number rose to ______
100,000/600,000
In 2013, the median family wealth for white families was approximately ___ times that of African American families (will require math). Figure 3.2
13
Discrimination was made illegal by this Amendment:
14th
A 2015 PPCS (traffic and pedestrian stops) report found that police threatened or used force in approximately ___% of all contacts with people
2
In 2014, approximately _____ people were incarcerated in local jails and state and federal prisons:
2.3 million
The average length of stay on parole is ___ months
22
Thomas Shapiro found that ___% of white families enjoyed an inheritance from parents or other family members compared with ___% of African-American families.
25, 5
In 2002, ___% of people incarcerated for rape were African American, and __% of African Americans were later exonerated.
29, 64
In 2015, the richest 1% of Americans controlled ____% of all the wealth in the country, and the bottom 50% of Americans controlled only _____% of all the wealth
50, 1
More than ___ people were under correctional supervision in the U.S. in 2014:
6.8
Research by the U.S. Sentencing Commission showed approximately ____ percentage of white defendants were able to plead to a charge that didn't carry a mandatory minimum, compared to approximately ____ percent of black defendants.
64, 40
This Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that in all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to have the assistance of counsel for their defense
6th
Women make up approximately __% of incarcerated persons
7
The number of public defender systems have increased greatly from __ in 1951 to __ in 2007:
7, 957
While racial hoaxes are perpetrated by people of all races, classes, geographic regions, and ages, the majority of racial hoax cases were perpetrated by a white person charging an African-American person in what percentage of cases:
70%
NYPD's "stop and frisk" led to ___% of those stopped being African American or Latino, ____% did not result in an arrest, and guns were found in less than ___% of all cases:
87, 92, 1
The Office of Management and Budget racial and ethnic categories are:
A socialpolitical construct
This group is more likely to be victims of "serious violent crime" (rape, robbery, aggravated assault) according to the NCVS in 2014:
African American
Incarceration rates are highest for:
African American women
In 2014, this racial and ethnic group had the lowest median family income
African-American
A factor that explains the rise in violent crime in the 1960s include:
All answers apply
The official data on unemployment does not tell the whole story and leaves our what important group/s?
All answers apply
What does "recidivism" or "return" mean?
All answers apply
This group has the least amount of contact with the police
Asian
When it comes to drug offenders, this racial group reports significantly lower than average use at all ages:
Asian American
This person coined the term "law and order" in 1964:
Barry Goldwater
This theory states that the administration of criminal justice reflects the unequal distribution of power in society.
Conflict Theory
This type of racial profiling exists when police engage in aggressive use of stops:
Crackdown
This type of capital is defined as education, knowledge, or skills that give a person an advantage.
Cultural capital
This theory holds that criminal behavior is learned behavior and that the more contact a person has with people who are already involved in crime, the more likely that person is to engage in crime.
Differential Association Theory
Select the incorrect fact about jury discrimination that is largely undisputed according to David Cole in "No Equal Justice"
Discrimination in jury selection is not a serious problem
"Minority" is defined by race and numerical presence, as opposed to people who have less social power and privilege in a society.
False
A study of decision-making by probation officers in the juvenile justice system in a northwest state showed that Black youth were less likely to be assessed as having an "anti-social" disorder as opposed to having "environmental" problems.
False
According to criminologists, unemployment is not correlated with involvement in delinquent behavior, gang activity, participation in more serious crime, and the likelihood of adult criminal careers.
False
According to the NCVS in 2014, the household burglary rate was almost 3.5 times higher for the highest income group than for the poorest households.
False
African American and Hispanic defendants are less likely than white defendants to be represented by a public defender
False
African Americans and Hispanics are underrepresented in jails and prisons compared to their general population.
False
African Americans are less likely to have family members who have been verbally or physically abused by the police
False
African Americans are most often arrested in crime categories reported in the UCR, but whites are arrested at a disproportionately high rate (when considering general population) for nearly all offenses
False
African Americans experience far less investigatory stops than whites.
False
Black students and victimized students felt more safe with SRO's
False
Disparity involves a difference in outcome based on differential treatment of individuals or groups without reference to behavior, qualifications, or some other legal factor.
False
Ethnicity is the same as race.
False
In Detroit, Spohn & Spears, 1996 found that black-on-white sexual assault was possibly considered less serious and the system was less willing to take a chance on a weak case
False
Kochel, Wilson, & Mastrofski's meta-analysis of 40 studies on police arrests found that race does not matter when it comes to arrest and that there is no clear pattern of evidence that "minorities and Blacks have higher odds of arrest than whites"
False
Legitimacy-based policing does not facilitate the achievement of a broader set of community goals
False
No matter who does the investigation, citizen complaints are inherently easy to sustain in favor of the complainant.
False
Race and ethnicity are not relevant and vital factors in the study of prisons
False
Racial disparities do not exist in contacts with police, searches, arrests, and use of force
False
Research over time shows that disparate (different) outcomes in decision-making are more likely to be present in more serious cases.
False
Strauder v. West Virginia prevented states, particularly southern states from developing techniques designed to prevent the all-white jury.
False
Studies have shown that building trust in the police, courts, and the law is less effective as a long-term crime-control approach
False
Studies involving youth have found a weak correlation between youths' perceptions of legitimacy and self-reported compliance with the laws.
False
Studies show schools with higher percentages of Black and Hispanic students are less likely to employ school resource officers or other security personnel.
False
The Census has always allowed American citizens to identify themselves as being two or more races.
False
The FBI presents information on race of the reported mass shooting offenders and their victims.
False
The court haas repeatedly stated that a defendant is entitled to a jury "composed in whole or in part of.persons in his own race"
False
The first bail reform movement (1960s) emphasized preventative detention and the second bail reform movement (1970s) emphasized pretrial detention.
False
The majority of cases in the criminal justice system go to trial:
False
The penalties adopted for crack cocaine (80% of which were applied to African Americans) offenses were far less punitive than those for powder cocaine, (a drug more widely used by whites and Latinos).
False
The procedures used to select the jury pool are racially neutral
False
The public is willing to give trusted police officers less discretion in their efforts to enforce the law.
False
The research study on police perceptions of childhood innocence and the related experiment with university students showed police underestimate the ages of Black felony suspects and overestimate the age of white felony suspects
False
There is reliable data when it comes to the number of people shot and killed by the police each year.
False
There is substantial evidence that cross-racial eyewitness identifications of African Americans by whites are reliable
False
We can answer the question "How many People Are Shot and Killed by the Police?" accurately with the date we have.
False
We know exactly what the crime rates are in the United States.
False
Weaknesses of the UCR are the "people factor," and kidnapping, homicide, and the homeless population are not included in the data
False
Wesley G. Skogan found that people who had been stopped by the police had less favorable attitudes if they felt they were treated fairly, if the officers explained the situation to them, were polite, and paid attention.
False
When it comes to public attitudes about race, ethnicity, and criminal justice, White and Black Americans are not divided on the issues (in terms of percentages who agree that Black Americans are treated less fairly when dealing with the police, courts, and fear of crime).
False
White males are incarcerated six times the rate for African American males in state and federal prisons.
False
Young black males less likely to draw attention from police
False
Pick the false statement/myth about gangs.
Gangs are only found in large cities and urban areas
When it comes to "Household Victimization," this group experiences the highest rate of overall property victimization (household burglary, motor vehicle theft, and theft).
Hispanic
This type of racism (from Levels of Racism) includes differential access to education, housing, employment, a voice, and access to information among others:
Institutionalized
This type of discrimination involves disparities in outcomes that are based on an organization's policies. An example would be NYPD's stop and frisk policy.
Institutionalized Discrimination
This occurs when a juror believes that the evidence presented at trial establishes the defendant's guilt but nonetheless vote to acquit:
Jury nullification
This Supreme Court case was applied to the Scottsboro Boys case and stated that the Due process clause of the 14th amendment was violated
Powell v. Alabama
Experts regard the concept of race as:
Primarily a social construct
This criminal justice actor exercises broad discretion in deciding whether to file formal charges and in determining the number and seriousness of the charges to be filed.
Prosecutor
This Supreme Court case declared the fleeing felon rule unconstitutional and stated that it violated the 4th amendment protection against unreasonable searches & seizures: noting that shooting a person was a seizure:
Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
According to the New Jim Crow, who has the highest number of incarcerated individuals and the highest incarceration rate in the world?
The United States
"Caste" argues that the racial caste system in the United States artificially ranks human value and attempts to keep groups apart.
True
1 strategy that has been developed to combat racial and ethnic bias in traffic stops is to accurately record the race of individuals who are pulled over.
True
2 of the 4 recommendations made by the Equal Justice Initiative Report on racially discriminatory jury selection procedures include more consistent enforcement of anti-discrimination laws designed to preclude racially biased jury selection and jurisdictions should enact or strengthen policies designed to ensure racial minorities are fairly represented in the jury pool
True
A disproportionate number of those exonerated have been racial minorities, which is particularly stark in cases of interracial sexual assault
True
A higher percentage of whites are incarcerated for property offenses than either African Americans or Hispanics.
True
A key finding of recent research on crime is that even in high-crime areas, most violent crime is the work of only a small proportion of people.
True
A peremptory challenge is when a defendant's or lawyer's object to a proposed juror without needing to give a reason.
True
A study by Lauren Krivo and Ruth Peterson looking at "extremely disadvantaged" neighborhoods concluded that rates of violence were considerably higher in these areas regardless of race.
True
A study on on racial profiling (due to litigation in New Jersey, Maryland, Florida, etc.) failed to show that Black drivers were any more likely to be carrying drugs or illegal weapons in their cars.
True
According to FBI data, the majority of hate crimes are motivated by African American bias.
True
According to UCR arrest data for all offenses, the "typical" offender is white.
True
According to the NCVS, fewer than ½ of all violent victimizations, and 1/3 of all property victimizations are reported to police.
True
Advocates of race-conscious plans in jury selection argue that the inclusion of greater numbers of racial minorities will counteract the cynicism and distrust that minorities feel towards government
True
African American and Hispanic defendants are frequently tried by all-white juries.
True
African American and Hispanic defendants who are presumed to be innocent are jailed prior to trial and those who are detained prior to trial are more likely to be convicted and receive harsher sentences than those who are released pending trial.
True
African American community trust and confidence in the criminal justice system is currently low, especially when compared to previous decades.
True
African Americans experience greater contact with the police than any other racial or ethnic group in America.
True
Age is a factor that impacts attitudes towards the police
True
All racial and ethnic groups experience higher rates of victimization in urban settings except for "Non-Hispanic Other" in Rural households.
True
America's metropolitan communities are still characterized by strong patterns of residential segregation.
True
Among prisoners who are exonerated by DNA evidence by the Innocence Project, the majority are people of color:
True
Arrest rates and self-report victimization rates have been decreasing for the past 40 years
True
Arrests made by tribal police and federal agencies are not recorded in UCR data, which should require caution when interpreting Native American arrest figures.
True
Bales and Mears found that visitation while in prison can impact recidivism
True
Black youth are more likely to experience a use of force than white youth
True
Consistent research has shown that when the victim of the killing is white it is far more likely that the perpetrator will be sentenced to death than when the victim is Black.
True
Crime data is incomplete and inaccurate due to crimes going unreported and a reliance on self-report surveys.
True
Data exists to show that in missing person cases, the public is being misled about who is really missing.
True
Discrimination on the basis of race and ethnicity in the employment of officers of color has a long history.
True
Drug use is similar across all races at every age
True
Economic and social inequality are correlated with crime.
True
Efforts have been made to preserve residential segregation by restrictions, steering, redlining, and poll taxes
True
Evidence suggests that the current use of police in schools (SROs) has done little to improve police-community relations.
True
Evidence-informed criminology is using research to understand crime problems and find the best solutions.
True
For more than two decades, violent crime arrest and victimization has steadily declined
True
For the past two decades, there has been almost no change in the level of public trust in the police.
True
Gideon v. Wainwright established that states must provide an attorney for indigents accused of crimes.
True
Heather MacDonald's theory that the criminal justice system is not racist does not include disparities in criminal justice processing or the impact of race neutral policies.
True
If a jury votes unanimously to acquit, the double jeopardy clause of the 5th amendment prohibits reversal of the jury's decision
True
In 2014, 1/3 African Americans in the U.S. were disenfranchised
True
In Strauder v. West Virginia, the court ruled that the statute prohibiting African Americans and other nonwhites-no matter how well qualified-from serving on juries inflicted two distinct harms: The harm affecting the entire African American population and the hurt African American defendants who were denied even the chance of having people of their own race on juries
True
In a 2010 survey, white respondents overestimated rates of burglaries, drug sales, and juvenile crime committed by African Americans.
True
In federal prisons, the majority of African Americans and Hispanics are under sentence for drug offenses
True
In many jurisdictions, prosecutors have discretion whether to file charges that trigger mandatory minimum sentences
True
In terms of median household income, one of the most significant developments over the past 40 years has been the growth of an African-American and Hispanic middle class that is doing much better than its lower-income counterparts. This is a result of the civil rights movement and blatant housing discrimination.
True
Instead of looking to police for protection, young Black males see police as a primary source of potential danger and are conditioned to expect mistreatment.
True
Interacting with SROs was unrelated to feelings of safety
True
John Dilulio jr.'s prediction of juvenile "superpredators" was disproven.
True
Lawyers take the race of the juror into consideration during the jury selection process.
True
Legal socialization is the process by which individuals come to understand and appreciate the law, the institutions that create those laws, and the police who enforce those laws
True
Legal socialization starts early for Black boys
True
Many studies on race and prosecution will lead to "mixed results" due to the differences in how the study is done, where the study is done, and who is doing the study.
True
Marc Mauer (Director of the Sentencing Project) says 4 factors that contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in crime rates include disproportionate crime rates, disparities in criminal justice processing, race and class effects overlapping, and race-neutral policies.
True
Mistrust and alienation has been shown to exist between young Black males and the police.
True
Mother Jones database found mass shooting offenders are overwhelmingly white and male.
True
NYPD's stop and frisk policy was found to be unconstitutional.
True
No governmental institutions track killings of civilians by police.
True
Overall, studies investigating case outcomes for defendants represented by different types of attorneys are inconclusive.
True
Parole "failure" means an individual is rearrested or violates their parole
True
Parole is the conditional release of prisoners before they complete their sentence
True
Police departments have a long practice of discouraging people from filing complaints and even threatening potential complainants.
True
Prior to the War on Drugs, most drug convictions were handled by community corrections.
True
Prisons have tried to suppress Muslim religious activities
True
Probation is a court-imposed criminal sentence that, subject to stated conditions and restrictions, releases a convicted criminal defendant into the community instead of confining him or her to jail or prison.
True
Procedural justice means treating individuals with respect, dignity, impartiality, allowing individuals to participate and being trustworthy in interactions.
True
Prosecutors exercise great discretion in plea bargaining
True
Racial disparity in imprisonment rates is not due to greater involvement in crime among Black men, but instead due to racially skewed impact of drug law enforcement and racially influenced nature of punishment
True
Racial minorities are less likely than whites to receive a jury summons
True
Reforms instituted by Hennepin County (St. Paul), Minnesota once they discovered that most grand juries were all white included paying jurors for serving, paying childcare expenses, and including bus passes
True
Research on women in prison has not typically addressed race
True
Social disorganization theory holds that the values and behavior leading to delinquency and crime are passed on from one generation to another.
True
The "typical" offender in homicide is a non-stranger/acquaintance.
True
The 2 main police officers' job-related concerns are health and safety.
True
The 2 most important environments that contribute to the legal socialization of young Black males are home and school.
True
The Baldus Study concluded that race was the greatest influence on whether prosecutors sought the death penalty was the race of the victim
True
The National Research Council of 2014 found that the growth in incarceration rates reduced crime, but that the magnitude of the crime reduction remains highly uncertain and the evidence suggests that it was unlikely to have been large.
True
The Texas courts argued the lack of Mexican American jurors did not reflect purposeful discrimination, but rather, a lack of qualified candidates and that Mexican people are not a separate race, but are white people of Spanish descent.
True
The U.S. census is based on self-reported identity, as opposed to a census official applying a racial category based on your appearance.
True
The attitudes of African Americans about the police are affected by social class
True
The dark figure of crime is extremely large for the UCR.
True
The majority of state and federal inmates are represented by a public defender or assigned counsel
True
The racial disparities observed in the prison system are also mirrored in the juvenile justice system.
True
The term "Hispanic" or "Latino" refer to ethnicity and not race.
True
The term "underclass" is used to describe a new kind of poverty, from which people are not able to escape, and the conditions of poverty recreate
True
The typical federal prison inmate is white
True
There are problems with a potential relationship between levels of public trust and police commitment to lawfulness.
True
There are studies that show racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
True
There is a large gap between the rich and poor without regard to race or ethnicity
True
There is evidence that race affects the prosecutor's decision to charge.
True
There is evidence that the war on drugs is being fought primarily in African American and Hispanic communities
True
There is evidence to show that race has an affect on the pretrial decision making process
True
There is significant difference in median income within racial and ethnic groups.
True
There was a surge in police surveillance in schools after shootings in 90's
True
Trial and appellate courts have been willing to accept virtually any explanation offered by the prosecutor to rebut the defendant's allegation of purposeful discrimination
True
Tribal Police Departments tend to have inadequate budgets and equipment
True
Two considerations in the process of selecting a jury for a case include the peremptory challenge and jury nullification
True
Victimization data shows that people of color are more likely than whites in most circumstances to be victimized by crime.
True
We do not know exactly how many Muslims there are in the United States because the U.S. Census does not collect data on religious affiliation.
True
When policies and practices are being evaluated, the evaluation should include not only a consideration of the immediate impact of a policy on crime, but also an analysis of the impact of the same policy on trust in the police
True
When taking a plea bargain, the defendant gives up their constitutional rights, such as the right to trial by jury Group of answer choices
True
White, non-Hispanic women make up the largest group of female prisoners
True
Youth generally have less favorable opinions of the police
True
Unemployment rates in 2016 were shown to be lowest for this racial/ethnic group:
White
Choose the incorrect pattern of police shootings:
Whites are 3 times more likely to be shot and killed as African Americans