Exercise Physiology Final

What are major causes of fatigue?

- Glycogen depletion - Acidosis of muscle - Failure to stimulate muscle at the neuromuscular junction

Which of the following are mechanisms of increased stroke volume after endurance training?

- increased plasma volume - increased filling time - increased LV wall thickness and chamber volume

Which respiratory exchange ratios (RERs) is typical for a resting individual?

0.78

Normal body fluid osmolality is approximately

300 mOsm/kg

The ATP-PCr system would be the primary ATP source for which event?

50 m Sprint

Define Myoglobin

A compound similar to hemoglobin, but found in muscle tissue, that carries oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

Define Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Which statements are true about myoglobin?

- Its function and pigment are similar to hemoglobin. - It is less abundant in type II muscle fibers. - It increases by 75 to 80% after aerobic training

All of these cause vasodilation

- Nitric Oxide - EDHF (endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor) - H+ accumulation

EPOC serves all of the following purposes

- Replenishes O2 stores in hemoglobin and myoglobin - Replenishes cytosolic ATP, PCr stores - Replenishes glycogen stores via lactate conversion

The pulmonary circulation encompasses all of these structures

- Tricuspid valve - Right ventricle - Pulmonary arteries

Anaerobic training leads to all of the following changes

- increased anaerobic power - type I fiber hypertrophy - decreased percentage of type I fibers in muscle

T3 and T4 are responsible for all of the following

- increasing size and number of mitochondria - increasing cellular metabolic rate - increasing FFA mobilization

Norepinephrine plays a role in all of these

- neural regulation of blood flow - endocrine regulation of blood flow - extrinsic regulation of blood flow

Which changes does occur in the blood after aerobic training?

- plasma volume increases - red blood cell production increases - hematocrit decreases

The equation for power is ____________. a. (force x distance)/time b. (time x distance)/force c. (time x force) d. distance

(force x distance)/time

Lactate produced during exercise can be utilized by which of the following tissues?

- Adjacent muscle fibers - Heart - Liver - Brain

A unit of measure for energy and heat

Calorie

Respond to changes in carbon dioxide (PCO2) and H+(pH) levels. When the levels increase, they send signals to the inspiratory center, activating the neural circuitry to increase the rate and depth of inspiration, which increases the removal of carbon dioxide and H+

Central Chemoreceptors

Sensory impulses that result in controlled and coordinated movements are integrated in the

Cerebellum

Nerves that primarily release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter

Cholinergic

An increase in muscle size that results from repeated long-term resistance training

Chronic Hypertrophy

Maximal force development decreases progressively at higher speeds in _________ contractions

Concentric

Blood flow in muscles and other tissues is also under extrinsic control via the sympathetic nervous system which typically causes vessels to

Constrict

In which part of the cell does glycolysis occur?

Cytosol

A sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber

Endomysium

When pulmonary stretch receptors send a signal that triggers a shortened duration of inspiration, this is known as the

Hering-Breuer reflex

The family study that helped confirm that each individual responds differently to the same exercise stress

Heritage

Which region of the diencephalon oversees homeostatic control of blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature?

Hypothalamus

Define Hypertrophy

Increase in the size or mass of an organ or body tissue

During high intensity sprints, what is the most specific cellular mechanism of fatigue?

Pi accumulation

A type of dynamic-action resistance training based on the theory that use of the stretch reflex during jumping will recruit additional motor units

Plyometrics

Under resting conditions, the ATP-PCr system plays which role?

Replenishing cellular ATP reserves

Training designed to increase strength, power, and muscular endurance`

Resistance Training

What nervous system prepares your body to face a crisis, regulating the fight-or-flight response?

Sympathetic Nervous System

Which one of these increases in direct proportion to exercise intensity?

Systolic blood pressure

Which is the correct order of events in a contraction?

T-tubule action potential, Ca2+ released, cross-bridging, Ca2+ gathered in

Strength

The ability of a muscle to exert force

Which of these statements is true about leg muscle fibers from an Olympic sprinter versus an Olympic marathon runner?

The amount of force generated by similar-sized muscle fibers is similar

Define Submaximal Endurance

The average absolute power output a person can maintain during a fixed period of time on a cycle ergometer, or the average speed or velocity a person can maintain during a fixed period of time

The maximal force a muscle or muscle group can generate is termed ____________. a. muscular power b. muscular endurance c. muscular strength d. muscular weight

c. Muscular Strength

During concentric contractions, increasing the speed of contraction will

decrease the force produced

After aerobic training, submaximal pulmonary ventilation will be _________, and maximal pulmonary ventilation will be ___________.

decreased, increased

As fitness improves, hematocrit typically

decreases

During endurance exercise, total peripheral resistance

decreases

Protein synthesis ___________ during exercise and ____________ after exercise.

decreases, increases

During prolonged exercise, T3 _______, while T4 _________.

decreases, plateaus

How does heat buildup in muscle contribute to fatigue?

hastens glycogen depletion

Type I muscle fibers

have a high oxidative capacity

Tupe II fibers

have more fibers per motor unit

The anterior pituitary is controlled by

hypothalamic hormones

The posterior pituitary is controlled by

hypothalamic nerve signals

Protein can serve as an energy substrate if

it is first converted to glucose

As submaximal exercise intensity increases, VO2

increases proportionally

The pneumotaxic center regulates inspiratory volume by ______

inhibiting inspiration

Smooth muscle is called

involuntary muscle and is found in the walls of most blood vessels

Cardiac muscle is

involuntary muscle and is found only in the heart

A disadvantage of direct calorimetry is that

the heat generated by exercise equipment must be taken into account

Training with no rest intervals, varying from high-intensity activity of moderate duration to low-intensity activity of extended duration

Continuous Training

Reflexes associated with Golgi tendon organs prevent skeletal muscles from

Contracting with too much force

Which receptors potential changes from -70 mV to -55 mV, what will happen?

An action potential will be generated

What is Needs Analysis?

An assessment of factors that will determine the specific training program appropriate for an individual

Define Chronic Hypertrophy

An increase in muscle size that results from repeated long-term resistance training

Metabolic reactions that result in the synthesis of molecules

Anabolism

Training that improves the efficiency of the anaerobic energy- producing systems and can increase muscular strength and tolerance for acid-base imbalances during high-intensity effort

Anaerobic Training

The increased VCO2 thought to result from excess carbon dioxide being released from bicarbonate buffering of lactic acid is the ____

Anaerobic threshold

The process of muscle contraction involves which ion?

Ca2+

Which of the following methods of CO2 transport in blood contributes to acid-base balance?

Carbonic acid/bicarbonate

The ability of the body to sustain prolonged exercise

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Which group of hormones exerts metabolic and cardiovascular effects during exercise?

Catecholamines

Where do the highest levels of thought, interpretation, planning, analysis, cognition, and perception occur?

Cerebral (gray) Cortex

A hormone released by the gastrointestinal tract that signals the brain to suppress hunger

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Which hormones act to suppress hunger?

Cholesystokinin (CCK), Peptide YY (PYY) and Insulin

Cells located between the sarcolemma and the basement membrane that help muscle cells adapt to growth, injury, and training

Satellite Cells

The job of an afferent neuron is to

Send impulses from the body to the brain

How many hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Six

In the heat, blood flow will be redirected to the ______

Skin

While both the nervous and endocrine systems are critical for communication and coordination among body systems, the endocrine system responds more

Slowly but has longer-lasting effects

The brain activates muscles in the legs for running through the

Somatic Nervous System

The principle that a training program must stress the physiological systems critical for optimal performance in a given sport to achieve desired training adaptations in that sport

Specificity

The principle that physiological adaptations in response to physical training are highly specific to the nature of the training activity

Specificity of Training

When ADP accumulates, what is the effect on the rate of metabolic chemical reactions?

Speeds them up

The ability of a muscle to exert force

Strength

Plyometric training takes advantage of the

Stretch reflex

The average absolute power output a person can maintain during a fixed period of time on a cycle ergometer, or the average speed or velocity a person can maintain during a fixed period of time

Submaximal Endurance

Which of these sets of factors determines the rate of ATP production?

Substrate availabilty, enzyme activity

A series of three stimuli in rapid sequence, before complete muscle relaxation from the first stimulus, is called

Summation

The accumulation of multiple EPSPs on a postsynaptic cell is called

Summation

Metabolic enzyme activity can be increased by increasing the

Temperature

Which hormones promote muscle growth?

Testosterone and Growth Hormones

Which contractile result of rate coding will produce the most force?

Tetanus

Define Transient Hypertrophy

The "pumping up" (hypertrophy) of a muscle during a single exercise bout, resulting mainly from fluid accumulation in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscle

Why is it necessary to have an action potential (electrical signal) in the muscle for contraction?

The SR will only release ca2+ if it has been electrically stimulated

Define Muscular Endurance

The ability of a muscle to resist fatigue

Define Cardiorespiratory Endurance

The ability of the body to sustain prolonged exercise

Define Sarcopenia

The loss of muscle mass associated with aging

Define Acetyl-CoA

The molecule produced from both carbohydrate and fat metabolism that enters the Krebs Cycle

Define the Principle of Progressive Overload

The overload principle that the training stimulus must be progressively increased as the body adapts to the current stimulus to maximize the benefits of a training program

Define the Principle of Variation

The principle that a training program must alternate high-intensity workouts with low-intensity workouts to help the body recover and achieve optimal training adaptation

Define the Principle of Specificity

The principle that a training program must stress the physiological systems critical for optimal performance in a given sport to achieve desired training adaptations in that sport

Define the Principle of Indidviduality

The principle that any training program must consider the specific needs and abilities of the person for whom it is designed

What is Specificity of Training?

The principle that physiological adaptations in response to physical training are highly specific to the nature of the training activity

Define Power

The product of Force and Velocity

Define Respiratory Exchange Ratio

The ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs

During _____________, a neuron can only be stimulated by a stronger-than-normal stimulus.

The relative refractory period

Define the Principle of REversibility

The theory that a training program must include a maintenance plan or the gains from training will be lost

What role do white blood cells play in the development of DOMS?

They secrete inflammatory substances that activate pain nerves in muscle

When we inhale, which of the following occurs as a result of the respiratory pump?

Thoracic vena cavae fill

Define High Responders

Those people in a population who show clear or exaggerated responses or adaptations to a stimulus

Define Low Responders

Those people in a population who show little or no response or adaptation to a stimulus

Removal of autogenic inhibition most likely plays a key role in "superhuman" feats of strength.

True

T/F: According to Dalton's Law, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide add up to atmospheric pressure

True

T/F: After aerobic training, blood flow through exercising muscles increases due to increased capillary formation and capillary recruitment.

True

T/F: After anaerobic training, the cross-sectional areas of type I, IIa, and IIx fibers increase.

True

T/F: After endurance training, stroke volume increases due to changes in preload, contractility, and afterload.

True

T/F: Aldosterone and ADH plays a major role in monitoring fluid levels and correcting imbalances

True

T/F: Cells contain between 2,000 and 10,000 hormone receptors of various types

True

T/F: Chemical buffers in the blood are only a short-term solution for blood acidosis after exercise.

True

T/F: Chemoreceptors in the aortic arch are less sensitive to changes in H+ concentrations and PCO2 than are the carotid chemoreceptors

True

T/F: Circulating white blood cell counts increase as muscle soreness increases.

True

T/F: During systole, the ventricles contract but dont eject their full blood volumes

True

T/F: Erythropoietin regulates red blood cell production and is extremely important to our adaptation to high-altitude training

True

T/F: Even though the volume of blood flowing through each circulation every minute is the same, much lower vascular pressures occur in the pulmonary circulation than in the systemic circulation.

True

T/F: Exercise-induced arterial hypoxemia occurs in 40 to 50% of elite athletes exercising at near-maximal intensities

True

T/F: Fartlek training is, in essence, a combination of continuous and interval training

True

T/F: Many scientists view cardiac output as the limiting factor for VO2max

True

T/F: Maximal heart rate is determined by age, not fitness status

True

T/F: Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) is limited primarily by the oxygen transport to the working muscles, not the available mitochondria and oxidative enzymes

True

T/F: Most researchers now prefer to use the term resting metabolic rate (RMR) instead of basal metabolic rate (BMR), because RMR is an easier measurement to take than BMR

True

T/F: Muscle Spindles supply information on the length and rate of change in length

True

T/F: When developing a program for someone who is just starting resistance training, a single set of resistance training exercises can be as effective as multiple sets for increasing muscle size and strength

True

T/F: With aerobic training, the lactate threshold moves up to a higher % VO2max.

True

The sum of all changes in the membrane potential must equal or exceed the threshold to cause sufficient depolarization to generate an action potential

True

Cardiac muscle fibers are most similar to which skeletal muscle fibers?

Type I

Glycogen depletion from muscle fiber types occurs in which order?

Type I, IIa, IIx

Define Autogenic Inhibition

Types of reflex inhibition of a motor neuron in response to excessive tension in the muscle fibers it supplies, as monitored by the Golgi tendon organs

A slow increase in VO2 during prolonged submaximal exercise at a constant power output

VO2 Drift

maximal cardiac output × maximal (a-v) O2 difference =

VO2max

The process of holding the breath and attempting to compress the contents of the abdominal and thoracic cavities, causing increased intra-abdominal and intrathoracic pressure

Valsalva Maneuver

The principle that a training program must alternate high-intensity workouts with low-intensity workouts to help the body recover and achieve optimal training adaptation

Variation

Accumulation of metabolic by-products in muscle (H+, CO2, heat) leads to

Vasodilation

The ratio between the volume of air expired or ventilated (VE) and the amount of oxygen consumed by the tissues (VO2) in a given amount of time is the ____

Ventilatory Equivalent for oxygen

Muscles increase the rate of force development

When motor units contract more synchronously

What situation is optimal for physical performance?

a low hematocrit with a normal or slightly elevated number of red blood cells

One day last week, Jenna went hiking in the woods and noticed that her heart beat faster and her respiration rate increased as she climbed some steep hills. Jenna was noticing ____________. a. chronic adaptations to physical activity b. diurnal variation c. the principle of periodization d. acute adaptations to physical activity

acute adaptations to physical activity

High-intensity interval training yields

aerobic fitness equal to that gained by chronic endurance training

If the rate of oxidative production of ATP is low, then

aerobic power is low

At the onset of strenuous exercise, what changes would you expect to see in venous O2 content and (a-V) o2 difference, respectively?

decrease, increase

resistance to blood being ejected from the left ventricles

afterload

Cardiovascular drift is associated with

decreased venous return

Nonsteroid hormones are characteristically

amino acid/protein based

If the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen starts to increase and at the same time the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide does not increase, this means that

anaerobic metabolism is increasing

T/F: Acute adaptations are the ways in which the body responds over time to the stress of repeated exercise bouts

False

T/F: Aerobic interval training produces greater muscular adaptations than does continuous training

False

T/F: An (a-V) o2 difference of 16 mL O2/100 mL blood indicates a resting condition

False

T/F: As you increase the intensity of training, the frequency of the training sessions must also increase

False

T/F: Cardiorespiratory endurance is the ability of one muscle group to sustain prolonged exercise

False

T/F: Direct calorimetry is widely regarded as a useful tool for exercise measurements

False

T/F: During endurance exercise, diastolic blood pressure increases proportionally with exercise intensity while systolic blood pressure may actually decrease a little

False

T/F: Fiber splitting results from detraining and manifests as muscle atrophy.

False

T/F: For most athletes, training on a treadmill is the best way to improve VO2max values

False

T/F: Genetics is not a significant factor to consider when designing a training plan.

False

T/F: Given that atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg, the partial pressure of oxygen is 105 mmHg

False

T/F: HIIT training increases maximal oxygen consumption in untrained individuals but has no effect on trained athletes

False

T/F: Heart enlargement as a result of endurance training is a medical risk and should be attended to immediately.

False

T/F: Height is one of the factors that affect total daily caloric expenditure

False

T/F: Immobilization has little effect on fiber cross-sectional area

False

T/F: Isometric training leads to more significant strength gains than from dynamic resistance training, contradicting early research findings

False

T/F: Resistance training, in combination with endurance training, appears to restrict improvement in aerobic power and may decrease short-term endurance

False

T/F: Resting and submaximal oxygen consumption greatly increases following endurance training

False

T/F: Sensory impulses that terminate in the spinal cord typically result in a conscious movement

False

T/F: Steroid hormones are lipid soluble and have difficulty crossing cell membranes

False

T/F: Strength development is optimized by many repetitions and low resistance, whereas muscular endurance is optimized by few repetitions and high resistance

False

T/F: Strength gains cannot occur unless there is an increase in muscle size.

False

T/F: Strength is synonymous with power

False

T/F: The blood's oxygen-carrying capacity is a limiting factor of performance in healthy people

False

T/F: The duration of rest intervals during training should be limited to 30 s at the most

False

T/F: The glycolytic system has a tremendous energy-yielding capacity, so it is the primary method of energy production during endurance events

False

T/F: The immediate increase in ventilation that occurs before the onset of exercise is stimulated by changes in blood CO2 and H+

False

T/F: The oxygen diffusion gradient from alveoli to capillary blood is ~40 mmHg

False

T/F: Transient hypertrophy results from increased protein synthesis and lasts about a week.

False

T/F: Type IIa fibers are the most frequently recruited muscle fibers

False

The same endurance is demonstrated at either 15 reps at 75% of 1RM or 1 rep at 100% 1RM

False

T/F: Calcium consumption affects a person's basal metabolic rate?

False, it does not

A small bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in a connective tissue sheath within a muscle

Fascicle

As glycogen stores run out, what substrate do muscles primarily rely on for ATP production?

Fat

Which energy substrate contains the most energy per gram?

Fat

An athlete with a high percentage of type II fibers would exhibit which characteristics?

Fewer mitochondria, lower oxidative enzymes

A person with bradycardia likely has ____________. a. abnormal cardiac function or a diseased heart b. a highly conditioned heart c. an extremely high resting heart rate d. either a or b

d. either a or b

Law stating that the net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane is proportional to the difference in partial pressure, proportional to the area of the membrane, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the membrane

Fick's Law

Which source of glucose is used preferentially by exercising muscle?

From muscle glycogenolysis

Which factor is most critical in determining the rate of pulmonary diffusion?

Gas partial pressure

Statement that accurately describes blood pressure?

Generates the force that drives blood flow

Which of these external factors plays the biggest role in determining ? a. training status b. genetics c. nutritional intake d. body composition

Genetics

A hormone secreted from the stomach and pancreas when the stomach is empty in order to stimulate hunger

Ghrelin

These hormone's secretion increase during exercise

Glucagon, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine and Cortisol

Taking into account both oxygen requirements and ATP yield, which substrate is more efficient, fat or glucose?

Glucose is more efficient

Increased reliance on fats for energy production during endurance activity, rather than stores of glycogen

Glycogen Sparing

Why do plasma glucose concentrations start to decline after prolonged endurance exercise?

Glycogen stores are depleted

Many marathon runners "hit the wall" around mile 20. What does this tell you about glycogen?

Glycogen stores are mostly depleted by mile 20

Senses the tension applied by muscle to its tendon, providing information about the strength of muscle contraction

Golgi tendon organ

An equation allowing one to calculate the inspired air volume from expired air volume, or expired air volume from inspired air volume

Haldane Transformation

The best determinant of the length of a rest/recovery interval is

Heart Rate

What does not cause vasodilation?

Increased local blood pressure

Define Glycogen Sparing

Increased reliance on fats for energy production during endurance activity, rather than stores of glycogen

Resistance training in elderly populations is especially helpful because

It can help prevent falls

Increased blood pressure during exercise has what effect on plasma volume?

It decreases due to increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Which receptors would tell the brain that the elbow was fully extended but is now bending quickly?

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

In a resting neuron, which ion gates are open?

K+ (Potassium)

The active contraction of the atria that completes the process of blood moving passively from the atria to the ventricles is sometimes called a

Kick

A series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA and produce 2 mol of ATP along with hydrogen and carbon, which combine with oxygen to form H2O and CO2

Krebs Cycle

In the absence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is

Lactic Acid

What factor causes fatigue after 1 to 2 min of high-intensity exercise?

Lactic Acid accumulation

A hormone primarily secreted by fat cells that acts on receptors in the hypothalamus to decrease hunger

Leptin

Glycogen is stored in the _________ until needed

Liver and Muscle

Define Atrophy

Loss of size, or mass, of body tissue with disuse

Those people in a population who show little or no response or adaptation to a stimulus

Low Responders

During endurance exercise, fatigue correlates best with

Low glycogen stores

Which condition during exercise induces the Bohr effect?

Lower pH

The pulmonary circulation does not encompasses

Mitral valve

Norepinephrine concentrations increase at _____________ exercise intensities, and epinephrine concentrations increase at ______________ exercise intensities

Moderate, high

Carbohydrate oxidation yields ___ ATP per molecule of Oxygen consumed when compared to ATP yield per Oxygen molecule for fat

More

Which intracellular change likely contributes the most to increases in fiber size, cross-sectional area, and strength?

More Actin and Myosin Filaments

The somatic nervous system most specifically belongs to which division of the nervous system?

Motor

A single alpha-motor neuron and all the muscle cells (fibers) it innervates

Motor Unit

In the events lasting longer than a few seconds, glycogen stored in the _____ is the primary energy source for ATP synthesis

Muscle

Muscle hypertrophy occurs primarily as a result of an increase in

Muscle Cell Size

A sensory receptor located in the muscle that senses how much the muscle is stretched

Muscle Spindle

The ability of a muscle to resist fatigue

Muscular Endurance

The muscle's ability to repeatedly develop and sustain near-maximal forces

Muscular Endurance

What is the explosive aspect of strength?

Muscular Power

The fastest impulses travel on axons that are

Myelinated and large

A grouping of numerous sarcomeres

Myofibril

A compound similar to hemoglobin, but found in muscle tissue, that carries oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

Myoglobin

Thick filaments are primarily made of which protein?

Myosin

The process of plasmalemma depolarization involves which ion?

Na+

_____ is most important for depolarization.

Na+

Aldosterone release leads to

Na+ retention followed by water retention

Which ion transporter is engaged at rest to maintain resting membrane potential?

Na+-K+-ATPase pump

An assessment of factors that will determine the specific training program appropriate for an individual

Needs Analysis

How do products of a metabolic pathway typically help control the rate of the chemical reactions?

Negatively feed back on the rate-limiting enzyme

The electrical signal conducted along a neuron, which can be transmitted to another neuron or an end organ, such as a group of muscle fibers

Nerve Impulse

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon that occurs when oxygen supply does not increase as fast as oxygen need at the onset of exercise?

Oxygen Deficit

General sensory input from muscles and joints is processed in the

Parietal Lobe

The connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fasciculus

Perimysium

The gradual cycling of specificity, intensity, and volume of training to achieve peak levels of fitness for competition

Periodization

Sensitive primarily to blood changes in PO2 but also respond to changes in H+ concentration and PCO2. Sends signals to the inspiratory center to increase the rate and depth of inspiration

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

What is the Product of Force and Velocity?

Power

Rapid movement or ballistic-type training may be particularly effective in stimulating increases in motor unit

Rate Coding

Refers to the frequency of impulses sent to a muscle. Increased force can be generated through increase in either the number of muscle fibers recruited or the rate at which the impulses are sent

Rate Coding

After chronic endurance training, RER during submaximal exercise indicates that the body is

depending more on fat, less on carbohydrate for fuel

The loss of exercise capacity, strength, and performance after cessation of training is called

detraining

If dehydration causes hematocrit to rise to 60%, what is the consequence?

diminished exercise capacity due to impeded blood flow

When does atria and ventricles fill with blood?

during diastole

When is RER <0.7?

during gluconeogenesis from amino acids and fat

Muscle contraction that results in a charge in joint angle is called

dynamic contraction

labored or difficult breathing

dyspnea

Electrical stimulation provides the most benefit for muscle strength when

employed during immobilization after an injury

Secretion of nitric oxide is an example of

endothelial control of blood flow

Which of these is the correct order of skeletal muscle hierarchical organization, from largest structure to smallest structure?

entire muscle, muscle fasciculus, muscle fiber, myofibril

DOMS is ______________ the development of fiber hypertrophy.

essential for

If chemoreceptors stimulate an increase in breathing rate and depth, this occurs because

excess CO2 needs to be "blown off" (removed)

A low responder is someone who

experience little or no change after a change in training regimen

The internal intercostals are engaged during

forced expiration

Advanced weight lifters should particularly emphasize

free-weight resistance training

As RER values approach 1.0

glucose/glycogen metabolism is maximal

If muscle pH falls to 6.4, what occurs in the cell that promotes fatigue?

glycogen breakdown stops

Which of these is NOT a neural adaptation that may cause gains in strength? a. changes in the firing frequency or discharge rates of motor units b. additional motor unit recruitment, perhaps with synchronization c. reduction in coactivation of antagonist muscles d. gradually increased neurological inhibition of such mechanisms as the Golgi tendon organ

gradually increased neurological inhibition of such mechanisms as the Golgi tendon organ

A breathing rate or tidal volume greater than necessary for normal function

hyperventilation

In response to aerobic training, muscle fiber mitochondria

increase in size and number

During exercise, glucagon concentrations _________, and insulin concentrations __________.

increase, decrease

What will decrease stroke volume?

increased afterload

When neural and circulating norepinephrine lead to an increase in stroke volume, it is due to

increased contractility

The sympathetic nervous system would contribute to

increased heart rate

The pneumotaxic center regulates volume by

inhibiting inspiration

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

internal respiration

Norepinephrine does not play a role in

intrinsic regulation of blood flow

Renin is released when the

kidneys sense low blood volume and pressure

Why does aerobic performance continue to improve with training after VO2max has plateaued?

lactate threshold continues to increase

A key characteristic of steroid hormones is

lipid soluble

An example of a target cell for glucagon would be

liver cells

When PO2 is ~20 mmHg, what is myoglobin doing?

loading O2

Studies show that economy of effort is greatest in

long- and ultra-long-distance athletes

Maximal anaerobic capacity would involve

maximal ATP production from PCr

Which of the following statements correctly describes the change in cardiac output in response to aerobic training?

maximal cardiac output increases

VO2max =

maximal cardiac output × maximal (a-v) O2 difference

The signaling pathways that stimulate muscle protein synthesis are primarily turned on by

mechanical stretch of muscle cells

Strength is most accurately a property of the

motor system

Epimysium relates to entire muscle as endomysium relates to

muscle fiber

The adrenal gland secretes

non-steroid hormones that are amino-acid derivatives

During normal quiet breathing, the neurons in the expiratory respiratory center are`

not active

For a given plasma concentration, hormone effectiveness can be altered by the

number of cell receptors

The neuromuscular system is

one of the most responsive systems to training

Which of these is a major factor in muscle that limits further increases in VO2max ?

oxygen diffusion from capillary to mitochondria

Which of the following is not true about oxidative enzyme response to aerobic training? a. activity increases even after has plateaued b. exerts a glycogen-sparing effect in muscle c. can also be stimulated by high-intensity interval training d. phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase activities are particularly high

phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase activities are particularly high

Plasma volume increases during the first two weeks of aerobic training because

plasma protein synthesis increases

The degree to which the myocardium is stretched before it contracts, determined by factors such as central blood volume

preload

Which of the following statements explaining the increase in SV after aerobic training is correct?

preload and contractility increase, afterload decreases

Acetylcholine affects the sinoatrial node by

promoting hyperpolarization

The second heart sound heard through a stethoscope during auscultation indicates which event in the heart?

pulmonary and aortic valves closing

Hormone secretion is

pulsatile

Which mathematical factor that determines resistance has the most impact in the body?

radius of vessel

Aerobic power is defined as ____________. a. rate of energy release by cellular metabolic process that function without oxygen b. maximal capacity for aerobic resynthesis of ATP c. rate of energy release by cellular metabolic process that depend on oxygen d. maximal capacity of ATP-PCr system and anaerobic glycolytic system to produce ATP

rate of energy release by cellular metabolic process that depend on oxygen

Erythropoietin release is the primary stimulus for

red blood cell production

HIIT training increases the expression of the membrane transporters MCT1 and NHE1 which leads to improvements in _______________________. a. blood flow b. reduced accumulation of hydrogen ion c. glucose utilization d. calcium release

reduced accumulation of hydrogen ion

Based on breathing patterns immediately after exercise, postexercise breathing is most likely

regulated by blood pH, PCO2, and temperature

The respiratory zone in the lungs includes the

respiratory bronchioles

For sprint training, the most practical way to set the intensity of an interval is to

set a specific duration for a given distance

The speed of muscle fiber contraction is determined primarily by

spee of myosin ATPase

Isokinetic training ensures that

speed remains constant

The plasmalemma performs all of these functions except

storing Ca2+ ions to enable contraction

According to the size principle, which motor unit will be recruited first for a task?

the motor unit with the smallest motor neuron

A normal resting heart rate is determined by

the parasympathetic nervous system

The mechanical stretch of muscle cells primarily turn on

the signaling pathways that stimulate muscle protein synthesis

All of the following statements are true about type I fibers except

they appear white under a microscope

If a type I fiber and a type II fiber of the same size are stimulated side by side

they will generate the same amount of force

Why does (a-v) O2 difference increase after aerobic training?

tissue O2 extraction increases

T/F: After endurance training, a person's lactate threshold will occur at a higher rate of work than it did before training

true

T/F: The higher the initial state of conditioning, the smaller the relative improvement in VO2max for the same program of training

true

T/F: The right and left ventricles contract at the same time

true

If the intensity of a single bout of aerobic exercise continues to increase, but VO2max plateaus or decreases slightly, this means that

true VO2max has been reached

Compared to someone who can squat 75 kg, someone else who can squat 150 kg has

twice the strength

Immobilization primarily affects

type I fibers

As intensity increases, in which order are fibers recruited?

type I, type IIa, type IIx

Skeletal muscle is

voluntary muscle and is attached to and moves the skeleton

If blood pressure is relatively low, will it have an effect on stroke volume? Why?

yes, because the left ventricle pumps against less resistance

The maximum total O2-carrying capacity for a person with a blood volume of 5 L would be

~1 L O2

Aerobic training leads to _____________ in lactate threshold.

~30% increase

For aerobic metabolism, free fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA via

β-oxidation

Define Summation

A series of three stimuli in rapid sequence, before complete muscle relaxation from the first stimulus

Define Plyometrics

A type of dynamic-action resistance training based on the theory that use of the stretch reflex during jumping will recruit additional motor units

An increase in plasma osmolality is the stimulus for release of

ADH

ATP + water + ATPase =

ADP + Pi + energy

is often caused by accumulation of fluid or H+.

Acute Muscle Soreness

Which of these substrate stores in the body can provide the most overall kilocalories?

Triglycerides

A tube-shaped protein that twists around actin strands, fitting in the groove between them

Tropomyosin

Nerves that primarily release norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter

Adrenergic

Training that improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy- producing systems and can improve cardiorespiratory endurance

Aerobic Training

A mineralocorticoid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that prevents dehydration by promoting renal absorption of sodium

Aldosterone

Which protein shields the myosin-binding site, preventing contraction from happening at rest?

Tropomyosin

Law stating that at a constant temperature, the number of gas molecules in a given volume depends on the pressure

Boyle's Gas Law

Sensory impulses that result in subconscious control of posture are integrated in the

Brain Stem

The _________ receive(s) all sensory input entering the brain

Diencephalon

A method that gauges the body's rate and quantity of energy production (calorimetry) by measuring the body's heat production

Direct Calorimetry

___ training is critical in developing fiber hypertrophy.

Eccentric

Training that involves a lengthening action to the muscle

Eccentric Training

A series of reactions inside mitochondria that use hydrogen ions to produce ATP, CO2, water, and heat

Electron Transport Chain

The process of bringing air into the lungs and the resulting exchange of gas between the alveoli and the capillary blood

External Respiration

A complex protein attached at regular intervals to actin strands and tropomyosin

Troponin

Which protein is sensitive to Ca2+ and thereby helps initiate contraction?

Troponin

By inserting rest intervals into anaerobic power training programs athletes

can perform a greater volume of work in session

An increase in heart rate during exercise to compensate for a decrease in stroke volume

cardiovascular drift

Resistance programs aimed at improving strength should involve

concentric and eccentric training

Which factor is considered to be the primary limiting determinant of VO2max?

central and peripheral cardiovascular function

Information originating in the brain that is transmitted to the cardiovascular, muscular, or pulmonary systems

central command

T/F: In most cases, stroke volume increases linearly up to VO2max

False

The body utilizes ______ oxygen when metabolizing carbohydrate compared to fat

Less

The process of converting protein into fatty acids

Lipogenesis

The breakdown of a triglyceride into its components is called

Lipolysis

Why are normalized VO2max values (i.e., ml O2 · kg-1 · min-1) greater in men than in women?

Men have more fat-free mass

The rate at which your body uses energy is referred to as your _______________

Metabolic Rate

The rate at which your body uses energy is referred to as your _______

Metabolic rate

In which part of the cell does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Mitochondria

The most common fiber type alteration with heavy resistance training is

More type IIa, less type IIx

In general, whole-muscle hypertrophy in humans most likely results from

Mostly fiber hypertrophy with some fiber hyperplasia

How long is typical macrocyte?

One Year

T/F: Detraining has little effect on fiber cross-sectional area

True

T/F: Muscular strength varies throughout the full range of motion

True

T/F: Myoglobin "loading" happens at the same PO2 as hemoglobin "unloading."

True

T/F: Myosin ATPase is the enzyme that splits ATP to release energy for driving contraction

True

T/F: Steroid hormones diffuse rather easily through cell membrane

True

T/F: The average speed, or velocity, a swimmer can maintain during a fixed period of time is a good measure of his or her submaximal endurance

True

T/F: The function of the cavity between the pericardium and the heart is to hold fluid that reduces friction between the sac and the beating heart

True

T/F: The respiratory centers regulate breathing by stimulating contraction of skeletal muscles that control ventilation

True

T/F: Type II fibers have a fast form of ATPase, which means ATP is split more rapidly in type II fibers than in type I fibers

True

T/F: Type II fibers have more highly develped sarcoplasmic reticulum than do type I fibers

True

T/F: VO2max is synonymous with maximal aerobic power

True

Resistance training techniques designed for men

are equally appropriate for women's training

The role of the CNS in most types of fatigue is to limit exercise performance ____

as a protective mechanism

During diastole

atria and ventricles fill with blood

NADH molecules, formed in the _____________, cannot directly enter the mitochondria. a. nucleus b. sarcoplasm c. electron transport chain

b. sarcoplasm

Stretch receptor located within the cardiovascular system that senses changes in blood pressure

baroreceptor

Biological (chemical) reactions that produce energy

Bioenergetics

The mechanism that underlies preload's effects on stroke volume is the

Frank-Starling mechanism

_____ is most important for repolarization

K+

The basic functional unit of a myofibril

Sarcomere

Typical RMR values range from

1,200 to 1,400 kcal/day

During maximal exercise, respiratory muscles can receive up to what percentage of cardiac output?

15%

The PO2 in muscle mitochondria is roughly

2 mmHg

With DOMS, muscle enzyme concentrations may increase in the bloodstream by a factor of ________.

2 to 10 times

After an individual can lift a given weight at or above the desired number of repetitions for two consecutive training sessions, how much should the resistance be increased?

2 to 10%

FiO2=

20.93%

Which of the following is commonly used to estimate HRmax?

220 - age in years

The anaerobic glycolytic system would be the primary source of ATP for which running event?

800 m (1/2 mi) run

If your blood pressure is 110/70 mmHg, then your mean arterial pressure is (MAP= 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP)

83 mmHg

To train the anaerobic glycolytic system, what percentage of maximal heart rate should be attained?

85 to 100%

Define Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A hormone released by the gastrointestinal tract that signals the brain to suppress hunger

Define Athlete's Heart

A nonpathological enlarged heart, often found in endurance athletes, that results primarily from left ventricular hypertrophy in response to training

During the 400 m sprint (50-60 s long), which two metabolic pathways will be primarily involved?

ATP-PCr, glycolysis

In the presence of oxygen, the final product of glycolysis is

Acetyl-CoA

Which neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the motor end plate of a neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

Rapid depolarization of the neuron's membrane lasting only about 1 ms

Action Potential

A nonpathological enlarged heart, often found in endurance athletes, that results primarily from left ventricular hypertrophy in response to training

Athlete's Heart

Loss of size, or mass, of body tissue with disuse

Atrophy

Types of reflex inhibition of a motor neuron in response to excessive tension in the muscle fibers it supplies, as monitored by the Golgi tendon organs

Autogenic Inhibition

Which region of the nerve cell integrates all incoming EPSPs and IPSPs?

Axon Hillock

Which of the following is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Coronary arteriole constriction

A glucocorticoid that stimulates gluconeogenesis, fat mobilization, and protein catabolism

Cortisol

Training for more than one sport at the same time, or training multiple fitness components (such as endurance, strength, and flexibility) within the same period

Cross-Training

A decrease in the electrical potential across a membrane, such as when the inside of a neuron becomes less negative relative to the outside

Depolarization

Which phase of cardiac cycle is the longest?

Diastole

Which of the following is responsible for lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction?

Enzyme Activity

Define mTOR

Enzyme that controls the rate of protein synthesis within the myofibrils after resistance training

The outer connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle, holding it together

Epimysium

Which of the following is not an adrenal hormone?

Erythropoietin

The sequence that triggers a muscle fiber to contract

Excitation Contraction Coupling

A decline in arterial PO2 and arterial oxygen saturation during maximal or near-maximal exercise

Exercise-Induced Arterial Hypoxemia

The most important element in determining gains in muscle strength and mass appears to be

Exercising Muscles to Failure

A key characteristic of prostaglandins is that they

Exert their effects locally

Which of these is a consequence of low plasma volume?

Heart strain increases

The percentage of cells or formed elements in the total blood volume, more than 99% of cells or formed elements made up of red blood cells

Hematocrit

The law stating that gases dissolve in liquids in proportion to their partial pressures, depending also on their solubilities in the specific fluids and on the temperature

Henry's Law

Those people in a population who show clear or exaggerated responses or adaptations to a stimulus

High Responders

Which of the following is a response associated with increasing oxidative metabolism in an exercising muscle?

High heart rate

An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

Hyperplasia

An increase in the electrical potential across a membrane

Hyperpolarization

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) lead to which response?

Hyperpolarization

Increase in the size or mass of an organ or body tissue

Hypertrophy

A method of estimating energy expenditure (calorimetry) by measuring respiratory gases

Indirect Calorimetry

The principle that any training program must consider the specific needs and abilities of the person for whom it is designed

Individuality

Which hormone increases the use of glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels

Insulin

Training that involves repeated brief, fast-paced exercise bouts with short rest intervals between bouts

Interval Training

An end organ that responds to change in mechanical stress, such as stretch, compression or distension

Mechanoreceptors

Why does a sarcomere that is too short or too stretched produce less force?

Not as many cross-bridges can form

If the net effect of all graded potentials is hyperpolarization, what will occur?

Nothing will occur

Oxygen deficit is incurred when

O2 demand > O2 consumption in early exercise

When the oxyhemoglobin curve shifts during exercise, what is the result?

O2 unloading becomes easier at the muscles

Neurons in the _________ let us consciously control movement of our skeletal muscles

Primary Motor Cortex

The overload principle that the training stimulus must be progressively increased as the body adapts to the current stimulus to maximize the benefits of a training program

Progressive

About 10% of the body's total oxygen consumption during heavy exercise can occur in the _________ muscle(s)

Respiratory

Respiratory muscles are directly controlled by motor neurons coming from

Respiratory Centers

The ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs

Respiratory Exchange Ratio

Passive movement of blood through the central circulation as a function of pressure changes during breathing

Respiratory Pump

The theory that a training program must include a maintenance plan or the gains from training will be lost

Reversibility

An increased PCO2 stimulates the inspiratory center to increase respiration to

Rid the body of excess CO2 and minimize pH changes

Heat EAMCs are most effectively treated using

Salt solution ingestion

A muscle fiber's cell membrane, a selectively permeable lipid layer coated by proteins

Sarcolemma

The loss of muscle mass associated with aging

Sarcopenia

Glycogen is stored in which region of a muscle fiber?

Sarcoplasm

The gelatin-like interior of a muscle fiber

Sarcoplasm

Ca2+ ions (essential for contraction) are stored in the

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Define Periodization

The gradual cycling of specificity, intensity, and volume of training to achieve peak levels of fitness for competition

A minimum amount of stimulus needed to elicit a response. Also, the minimum depolarization required to produce an action potential in neurons

Threshold

The membrane potential at which an action potential will definitely occur is the

Threshold

Which hormones increase the rate of cellular metabolism and the rate of contractility of the heart?

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

If you sit and breathe quietly into a spirometer, which lung volume is being recorded?

Tidal Volume

An array of proteins that stabilize the myosin filaments

Titin

The resistance to the flow of blood through the entire systemic circulation. (TPR)

Total Peripheral Resistance

Resistance Training

Training designed to increase strength, power, and muscular endurance

Define Cross-Training

Training for more than one sport at the same time, or training multiple fitness components (such as endurance, strength, and flexibility) within the same period

Define Aerobic Training

Training that improves the efficiency of the aerobic energy- producing systems and can improve cardiorespiratory endurance

Define Anaerobic Training

Training that improves the efficiency of the anaerobic energy- producing systems and can increase muscular strength and tolerance for acid-base imbalances during high-intensity effort

Define Eccentric Training

Training that involves a lengthening action to the muscle

Define Interval Training

Training that involves repeated brief, fast-paced exercise bouts with short rest intervals between bouts

Define Continuous Training

Training with no rest intervals, varying from high-intensity activity of moderate duration to low-intensity activity of extended duration

The "pumping up" (hypertrophy) of a muscle during a single exercise bout, resulting mainly from fluid accumulation in the interstitial and intracellular spaces of the muscle

Transient Hypertrophy

Which sarcomere structure reveals the most information about the intensity of eccentric workouts?

Z-Disk

A slower rate of glycogen utilization is

a beneficial adaptation conferred by aerobic training

When an increased amount of a specific hormone causes a decrease in the number of cell receptors available to it, the cell

becomes less sensitive to that hormone

The most effective buffer in the body is

bicarbonate

ATP is required for

both muscle contraction and muscle relaxation

Compared to fat molecules, glucose molecules contain _____ carbon atoms.

fewer

Increased red blood cell concentration by increased production of cells

hematopoiesis

A relative (not absolute) increase in the cellular content per unit of blood volume, resulting from a reduction in plasma volume

hemoconcentration

Which is not an important predictor of a successful endurance athlete?

high type II fiber percentage

Compared to untrained individuals, trained endurance athletes have

higher maximal stroke volumes

Higher levels of succinate dehydrogenase in a muscle would indicate

higher oxidative capacity

During exercise, the oxygen diffusion capacity increases dramatically because

lower venous O2 content increases the PO2 gradient

The pulmonary veins travel from the _____ to the_____

lungs, left atrium

Enzyme that controls the rate of protein synthesis within the myofibrils after resistance training

mTOR

During moderate exercise in the heat, which vascular beds receive the most blood flow?

muscle, skin

When motor units contract more synchronously,

muscles increase the rate of force development

The velocity of a nerve impulse transmission is primarily determined by

myelination and diameter of the neurons

The rate-pressure product is an index of

myocardial metabolism

The best way to establish the intensity of a distance interval is to

use a heart rate monitor

Up to a certain point, ventilation increases during exercise in direct proportion to the rate of work being performed. Beyond this point, ventilation increases disproportionately as the body tries to clear excess CO2. This point is the ___

ventilatory threshold

The span between the QRS complex and the T wave represents which phase of the cardiac cycle?

ventricular systole

The anchoring membrane that attaches to the lungs themselves is the

visceral pleura

The primary purpose of ADH is to promote

water retention

Muscle glycogen metabolism is disproportionally high

when exercise intensity is high

Passive vasodilation arises from

withdrawal of sympathetic influence on blood vessels