Exit Exam Psychology

Noam Chomsky

1928-present; Field: language; Contributions: disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language

Stanley Milgram

1933-1984; Field: social psychology; Contributions: wanted to see how the German soldiers in WWII fell to obedience, wanted to see how far individuals would go to be obedient; Studies: Shock Study

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly _________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. A. 1/3 B.2/3 C.3/4 D.4/5

2/3

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

psychoanalytic theory

A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior

The operant conditioning chamber (aka _______ box) is a device used to study the principles of operant conditioning. A. Skinner B. Watson C. James D. Koffka

A. skinner

_________ is most well known for proposing his hierarchy of needs. A. Noam Chomsky B. Carl Rogers C. Abraham Maslow D. Sigmund Freud

Abraham Maslow

Exposure theory

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Based on your reading, which theorist would have been most likely to agree with this statement: Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a combination of their components. A. William James B. Max Wertheimer C. Carl Rogers D. Noam Chomsky

B. Max Wertheimer (Gestalt principles in which sensory experiences can be broken as parts but looked as a whole)

Psyche is a Greek word meaning _____. A. essence B. Soul C. behavior D. love

B. soul

Pavlov, Skinner, Watson

Behaviorism

Watson and Skinner

Behaviorism

Watson

Behaviorism; "Little Albert Study"; aversion therapy

A researcher interested in how changes in the cells of the hippocampus (a structure in the brain related to learning and memory) are related to memory foundation would be most likely to identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. A. biological B. health C. clinical D. Social

Biological

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. A. biology B. chemistry C. philosophy D. physics

C. Philosophy

An individual's consistent pattern of thought and behavior is known as a(n) _______. A. psychosexual stage B. object permanence C. personality D. perception

C. personality

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? A. Critical thinking B. Use of scientific method C.Critical evaluation of sources of information D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? A. PhD B. PsyD C.. masters D. bachelors

D. Bachelors

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. A. personality B. clinical C. Social D. I-O

D. I-O/ Industrial Organization

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. A. bachelor of science B. bachelor of art C. master's D. PhD

D. PhD

Rogers believed that providing genuineness, empathy. and ______ in the therapeutic environment for his clients was critical to their being able to deal with their problems. A. structuralism B. functionalism C. Gestalt D. unconditioned positive regard

D. unconditioned positive regard

Jean Piaget

Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. pre-operational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation. demonstrated that very young children do not demonstrate object permanence.

William Wundt (1832-1920)

German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873.he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience. He used introspection

Thorndike

Instrumental learning: cats; law of effect

What is not a choice on the test that you choose?

Multi-personality disorder

hiearchy of needs

Physical needs, safety, belonging, esteem, self actualization

The ______ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. A. PhD B. PsyD C. postdoctoral training program D. disseration

Psy D

Personality Pscyhology

Rather than explaining how personality arises, research is focused on identifying personality traits

Maslow and Rogers

The humanistic perspective and therapy approach.

American Psychological Association (APA)

World's largest association of psychologists with around 152,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

dissertation

a formal and long paper, written for a degree at a university or college

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

Feminist Psychology

a psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes

Industrial organizational psychology

a subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings. I-O psychologists are often involved in issues related to personnel management, organizational structure, and workplace environment.

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Survey research

allows researchers to easily collect data from relatively large samples.

postdoctoral training program

allows young scientists to further develop their research programs and broaden their research skills under the supervision of other professionals in the field

punishment

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Clinical psychology

area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Falsifiable

capable of being shown to be incorrect

conscientious

characterized by extreme care and great effort

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and formal operational stage.

personality trait

consistent pattern of thought and behavior

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Psy D

doctor of psychology) doctoral degree that places less emphasis on research-oriented skills and focuses more on application of psychological principles in the clinical context

inductive reasoning

empirical observations lead to new ideas

Introspection

examination of one's own thoughts and feelings

Biopsychology

explores how our biology influences our behavior. While biological psychology is a broad field, many biological psychologists want to understand how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior

correlational research

find a relationship between two variables, but the only way a researcher can claim that the relationship between the variables is cause and effect is to perform an experiment.

Behaviorism

focus on observing and controlling behavior

Psychoanalytical theory

focus on the role of the unconscious in affecting conscious behavior

Functionalism

focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

Social psychology

focuses on how we interact with and relate to others. Social psychologists conduct research on a wide variety of topics that include differences in how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behaviors of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts.

Personality Psychology

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique. Several individuals (e.g., Freud and Maslow) that we have already discussed in our historical overview of psychology, and the American psychologist Gordon Allport, contributed to early theories of personality.

Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler

founded the Gestalt school of psychology; believing that the whole is viewed as the sum of parts. The three men escaped Nazi Germany and immigrated to the U.S.

Pavlov

founder of classical conditioning while trying to study digestive system

Skinner

founder of operant conditioning & skinner box

Experimental research

gathering primary data by selecting matched groups of subjects, giving them different treatments, controlling related factors, and checking for differences in group responses

Maslow

hierarchy of needs

deductive reasoning

ideas are tested against the empirical world

neutral stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

unconditioned stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Forensic psychology

is a branch of psychology that deals questions of psychology as they arise in the context of the justice system.

counseling psychology

is a similar discipline that focuses on emotional, social, vocational, and health- related outcomes in individuals who are considered psychologically healthy.

Hypothesis

is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement

Empirical method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities

Stanley Milgram

obedience to authority; had participants administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions

Bandura

observational learning

Naturalistic Observation

observing behavior in its natural setting.

Health psychology

on how health is affected by the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

The five factor model

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

Skinner

operant conditioning

Biopsychosocial model

perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's health

Humanism

perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Generalizing

refers to the ability to apply the findings of a particular research project to larger segments of society.

object permanence

refers to the understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us. If you were to show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists.

Scientists interested in both physiological aspects of sensory systems as well as in the psychological experience of sensory information work within the area of

sensation and perception

Agreableness

softhearted or ruthless, trusting or suspicious, helpful or uncooperative

Naomi Weisstein

specifically criticized male psychologists for constructing the psychology of women entirely out of their own cultural biases and without careful experimental tests to verify any of their characterizations of women.

Biopsychology

study of how biology influences psychology

Sport and exercise psychology

study the psychological aspects of sport performance, including motivation and performance anxiety, and the effects of sport on mental and emotional wellbeing.

positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Cognitive Psychology

the area of psychology that focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

Clinical Psychology

the area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior.

Extiniction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Multicultural Psychology

the field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior

negative punishment

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

James-Lange Theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

clinical or case study

they focus on one person or just a few individuals. Indeed, some scientists spend their entire careers studying just 10-20 individuals

Structuralism

understanding the conscious experience through introspection

William James (1842-1910)

was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. Psychology's purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism.

Openness

willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences