Family health and sex
Richard von Krafft-Ebing
-Wrote: Psychopathia Sexualis -Four classifications of pathology: Sadism, masochism, fetishism, and homosexuality -Masturbation caused all sexual deviations
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-
-endocrine disorder (elevated testosterone levels) -often causes infertility.
Cultural Absolutism
Believing that those from other cultures must be held to the same values, beliefs and "sexual standards" in which they now live
Times of Transition
HIV and AIDS Media and internet attention to sexuality FCC controls "Sexting" Expanding the global perspective World Association of Sexual Health (WAS)
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
HRT (estrogen-progesterone combo)-reduces rates of hip fractures and colon cancer HRT-increases risk of heart attack, stroke, and blood clots in lungs, and breast cancer
Procreational or Traditional views on sex
Reproduction is the primary purpose for sex
alfred Kinsey
Made sex research more legitimate through applied statistical analysis to sexual behavior Founded and directed Indiana University's Institute for Sex Research (Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex) Research resulted in skewed data due to samples of convenience among studies participants
Masters and Johnson
Measured physiology of human sexual response via instrumentation Treatment of dysfunction via clinical techniques and sex therapy Measured sexual response of 694 during masturbation and intercourse Overall, studied over 10,000 orgasms in laboratory setting 4 Phases of Sexual Response (Physiologically) Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Human Sexual Response (1966) Human Sexual Inadequacy (1977)
Female External sex organs
Mons Labia majora- outer lips Labia Minora- Inner lips
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd)
More severe psychological symptoms The most common primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is irritability.
The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)
Most comprehensive study since Kinsey Used valid methodology - random sampling - sample reflected many characteristics of general population80% response rate - 3,432 - ages 18-59 Face-to-face interviews Results: Nation was involved in a wide variety of sexual activities In general the nation was much less sexually active than previously believed -Americans were more content with their sex lives than had been assumed
Clitoris
Most sexually sensitive female organ
Sex Research in the Twenty-First Century
Multinational and Global Research Sexual Health STI's and AIDS Contraception Sexual Orientation Transgender Reproduction
Recreational views on sex
Sex = Pleasure between consenting adults
Relational views on sex
Sex is a natural component of intimacy and loving relationships
Times of Transition
Sexuality, politics, and "Family Values" Sex-related issues have become political platforms for elections Conservative and liberal ideals Gay marriage Sex scandals of politicians Religion and Politics
hysterectomy
Surgical removal of all or part of uterus.
Cystitis
bladder infection
smegma
glands that line the prepuce which can cause an infection.
hymen
Thin, delicate membrane partially covering the vaginal opening- varies in size and structure
labia majora- outer lips
Two folds of skin that extend from the mons down between the legs
sex-related factors associated with high risk for cervical cancer
Very early initiation of sexual intercourse 10 or more sex partners History of pelvic inflammatory disease or STD Having a partner who has recently had multiple sex partners
female breast stages after giving birth
lactation, prolactin, oxytocin
fibroid tumors
nonmalignant tumors-grow in uterine tissues
shaft
part of the clitoris extends back under the Prepuce (foreskin/hood)
Labia minora- inner lips
inner lips meet at the top to form skin covering the clitoris called the prepuce.
Romans
sexual excess, orgies, low status of women
endometriosis
uterine lining grows outward to surrounding organs, marked by pain, abnormal bleeding, sterility (affects 10-15% of premenopausal females)
Greeks
value on family, open sexual expression, mind-body connection, bisexuality, pederasty, prostitution, low status of women
Early Christians
restricted sex to marriage, procreation not passion governs sexual behavior, divorce outlawed, sex distracts from devotion to God, virginity of brides, homosexuality as well as oral and anal contact was an abomination
to Bartholin's glands
secretions during sexual arousal
Eurocentric
-Grows mainly out of European roots - -Judeo-Christian origin and ethic Dualistic in nature -Views are "either-or" or "black or white" -Masculine - feminine - Heterosexual - homosexual (same gender attraction) Sex either "good or bad"
Sigmund Freud
-Psychosexual development of children -Negative attitude toward most aspects of human sexuality -Adult sexual neurosis and perversions were distortions of childhood sexual expression -Neuroses derived from unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts
4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
1) Preovulatory Preparation or Follicular Phase 2) Ovulation 3) Luteal Secretion 4) Menstruation
Sodomy
Anal or oral copulation with a member of the same or opposite sex
Amenorrhea
Cessation of menstrual cycle. Primary: Diagnosed in women who have not had menses after age 16. Secondary: Diagnosed when a previously menstruating woman stops menstruating for several months consistently
menopause
Cessation of menstruation Usually between the ages of 45 and 55 Pituitary gland (Base of Brain) and Hypothalamus (Brain) and Ovaries Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-Produced by hypothalamus - stimulates the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) by pituitary gland
Vulvodynia
Chronic vulvar pain and burning Vulvar vestibulitis - Frequent cause of pain during sexual activity
Iwan Bloch
Coined term "sexual science" Sexologist who focused on prostitution Studies sexuality from a historical perspective
Cultural Relativism
Concerning immigrants, believing that the value systems and behaviors of one's original culture should be honored and allowed when living in a "new" cultural area
menarch ( First menstration in the menstrual cycle)
First menstruation Usually between the ages of 9 and 16
20th Century Sex Research
Long-term studies of adolescent sexuality National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health National Survey of Family Growth Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) Health Behaviors in School-aged Children (HBSC)
Fellatio
Oral stimulation of penis
Cunnilingus
Oral stimulation of the female genitals
Dysmenorrhea
Pelvic cramping experienced during menstruation. Primary: Cramping caused by high level of prostaglandins which cause uterine contractions and reduction in progesterone levels Secondary: Cramping yet caused by underlying disease/disorder (endometriosis, cancer, PID)
Mons
Pad of fatty tissue on pubic bone Endowed with nerve endings which lead to sexual arousal
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
Physical discomfort and psychological shifts just prior to menstruation
Helena Wright
Pioneer in the sexual liberation of women Wrote: The Sex Factor in Marriage Gynecologist (British)- women found little enjoyment in sex (marital duty), taught how to achieve orgasm via intercourse and masturbation
Kinsey cont'd
Sample of Convenience = Inherent flaws (limitations) Information on interviewees sex lives could not be generalized to the larger, national population Willing volunteers may have different sex-related attitudes, experiences, behaviors from those who are reluctant to participate.
Two sets of muscles
Sphincter vaginae and Levator ani
Magnus Hirschfeld
Stood for rights of gays and lesbians Challenged prevailing negative views of masturbation
robert latou Dickinson
Wrote: A Thousand Marriages Gynecologist (American)- Found that repressive sexual attitudes of childhood led to disastrous effects on adult sexual functioning, studied women's physiological sexual response, introduced vibrator to women for self-pleasure
theodore van de Velde
Wrote: Ideal Marriage Described a variety of coital positions Discussed oral sex as part of foreplay Identified sexual problems and ways to address them
Havelock Ellis
Wrote: Studies in the Psychology of Sex ~Human beings exhibit great variety in sexual expression ~Sexual mores are determined by cultural and social influences ~Masturbation common among both males and females ~Sexual orientation existed in degrees rather than absolutes ~Women have equal sexual desires as men and orgasms are similar ~Orgasm and erection problems may result from psychological rather than physiological problems
Pubococcygeus (PC) muscle
muscle in the vagina that Can be contracted or relaxed May play a role in orgasmic response