Family health and sex

Richard von Krafft-Ebing

-Wrote: Psychopathia Sexualis -Four classifications of pathology: Sadism, masochism, fetishism, and homosexuality -Masturbation caused all sexual deviations

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)-

-endocrine disorder (elevated testosterone levels) -often causes infertility.

Cultural Absolutism

Believing that those from other cultures must be held to the same values, beliefs and "sexual standards" in which they now live

Times of Transition

HIV and AIDS Media and internet attention to sexuality FCC controls "Sexting" Expanding the global perspective World Association of Sexual Health (WAS)

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

HRT (estrogen-progesterone combo)-reduces rates of hip fractures and colon cancer HRT-increases risk of heart attack, stroke, and blood clots in lungs, and breast cancer

Procreational or Traditional views on sex

Reproduction is the primary purpose for sex

alfred Kinsey

Made sex research more legitimate through applied statistical analysis to sexual behavior Founded and directed Indiana University's Institute for Sex Research (Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex) Research resulted in skewed data due to samples of convenience among studies participants

Masters and Johnson

Measured physiology of human sexual response via instrumentation Treatment of dysfunction via clinical techniques and sex therapy Measured sexual response of 694 during masturbation and intercourse Overall, studied over 10,000 orgasms in laboratory setting 4 Phases of Sexual Response (Physiologically) Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Human Sexual Response (1966) Human Sexual Inadequacy (1977)

Female External sex organs

Mons Labia majora- outer lips Labia Minora- Inner lips

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (pmdd)

More severe psychological symptoms The most common primary symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is irritability.

The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)

Most comprehensive study since Kinsey Used valid methodology - random sampling - sample reflected many characteristics of general population80% response rate - 3,432 - ages 18-59 Face-to-face interviews Results: Nation was involved in a wide variety of sexual activities In general the nation was much less sexually active than previously believed -Americans were more content with their sex lives than had been assumed

Clitoris

Most sexually sensitive female organ

Sex Research in the Twenty-First Century

Multinational and Global Research Sexual Health STI's and AIDS Contraception Sexual Orientation Transgender Reproduction

Recreational views on sex

Sex = Pleasure between consenting adults

Relational views on sex

Sex is a natural component of intimacy and loving relationships

Times of Transition

Sexuality, politics, and "Family Values" Sex-related issues have become political platforms for elections Conservative and liberal ideals Gay marriage Sex scandals of politicians Religion and Politics

hysterectomy

Surgical removal of all or part of uterus.

Cystitis

bladder infection

smegma

glands that line the prepuce which can cause an infection.

hymen

Thin, delicate membrane partially covering the vaginal opening- varies in size and structure

labia majora- outer lips

Two folds of skin that extend from the mons down between the legs

sex-related factors associated with high risk for cervical cancer

Very early initiation of sexual intercourse 10 or more sex partners History of pelvic inflammatory disease or STD Having a partner who has recently had multiple sex partners

female breast stages after giving birth

lactation, prolactin, oxytocin

fibroid tumors

nonmalignant tumors-grow in uterine tissues

shaft

part of the clitoris extends back under the Prepuce (foreskin/hood)

Labia minora- inner lips

inner lips meet at the top to form skin covering the clitoris called the prepuce.

Romans

sexual excess, orgies, low status of women

endometriosis

uterine lining grows outward to surrounding organs, marked by pain, abnormal bleeding, sterility (affects 10-15% of premenopausal females)

Greeks

value on family, open sexual expression, mind-body connection, bisexuality, pederasty, prostitution, low status of women

Early Christians

restricted sex to marriage, procreation not passion governs sexual behavior, divorce outlawed, sex distracts from devotion to God, virginity of brides, homosexuality as well as oral and anal contact was an abomination

to Bartholin's glands

secretions during sexual arousal

Eurocentric

-Grows mainly out of European roots - -Judeo-Christian origin and ethic Dualistic in nature -Views are "either-or" or "black or white" -Masculine - feminine - Heterosexual - homosexual (same gender attraction) Sex either "good or bad"

Sigmund Freud

-Psychosexual development of children -Negative attitude toward most aspects of human sexuality -Adult sexual neurosis and perversions were distortions of childhood sexual expression -Neuroses derived from unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts

4 Phases of the Menstrual Cycle

1) Preovulatory Preparation or Follicular Phase 2) Ovulation 3) Luteal Secretion 4) Menstruation

Sodomy

Anal or oral copulation with a member of the same or opposite sex

Amenorrhea

Cessation of menstrual cycle. Primary: Diagnosed in women who have not had menses after age 16. Secondary: Diagnosed when a previously menstruating woman stops menstruating for several months consistently

menopause

Cessation of menstruation Usually between the ages of 45 and 55 Pituitary gland (Base of Brain) and Hypothalamus (Brain) and Ovaries Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-Produced by hypothalamus - stimulates the release of Follicle Stimulating Hormone(FSH) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone) by pituitary gland

Vulvodynia

Chronic vulvar pain and burning Vulvar vestibulitis - Frequent cause of pain during sexual activity

Iwan Bloch

Coined term "sexual science" Sexologist who focused on prostitution Studies sexuality from a historical perspective

Cultural Relativism

Concerning immigrants, believing that the value systems and behaviors of one's original culture should be honored and allowed when living in a "new" cultural area

menarch ( First menstration in the menstrual cycle)

First menstruation Usually between the ages of 9 and 16

20th Century Sex Research

Long-term studies of adolescent sexuality National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health National Survey of Family Growth Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) Health Behaviors in School-aged Children (HBSC)

Fellatio

Oral stimulation of penis

Cunnilingus

Oral stimulation of the female genitals

Dysmenorrhea

Pelvic cramping experienced during menstruation. Primary: Cramping caused by high level of prostaglandins which cause uterine contractions and reduction in progesterone levels Secondary: Cramping yet caused by underlying disease/disorder (endometriosis, cancer, PID)

Mons

Pad of fatty tissue on pubic bone Endowed with nerve endings which lead to sexual arousal

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

Physical discomfort and psychological shifts just prior to menstruation

Helena Wright

Pioneer in the sexual liberation of women Wrote: The Sex Factor in Marriage Gynecologist (British)- women found little enjoyment in sex (marital duty), taught how to achieve orgasm via intercourse and masturbation

Kinsey cont'd

Sample of Convenience = Inherent flaws (limitations) Information on interviewees sex lives could not be generalized to the larger, national population Willing volunteers may have different sex-related attitudes, experiences, behaviors from those who are reluctant to participate.

Two sets of muscles

Sphincter vaginae and Levator ani

Magnus Hirschfeld

Stood for rights of gays and lesbians Challenged prevailing negative views of masturbation

robert latou Dickinson

Wrote: A Thousand Marriages Gynecologist (American)- Found that repressive sexual attitudes of childhood led to disastrous effects on adult sexual functioning, studied women's physiological sexual response, introduced vibrator to women for self-pleasure

theodore van de Velde

Wrote: Ideal Marriage Described a variety of coital positions Discussed oral sex as part of foreplay Identified sexual problems and ways to address them

Havelock Ellis

Wrote: Studies in the Psychology of Sex ~Human beings exhibit great variety in sexual expression ~Sexual mores are determined by cultural and social influences ~Masturbation common among both males and females ~Sexual orientation existed in degrees rather than absolutes ~Women have equal sexual desires as men and orgasms are similar ~Orgasm and erection problems may result from psychological rather than physiological problems

Pubococcygeus (PC) muscle

muscle in the vagina that Can be contracted or relaxed May play a role in orgasmic response