FFF: Exam 1

Dutch Elm Disease

- Affects: Elms - Cause: ophiostoma ulmi and o. nova-ulmi - Insect vector: 3 species of ambrosia beetle - Introduced: likely from Asia

Sudden Oak Death

- Affects: Oaks - Cause: Phytopthera ramorum (oomycete) - Introduced: possible Asia (not really known)

How are oomycota different from fungi?

- cell walls of cellulose - swimming spores with 2 different kinds of flagella

Fungus enzymes are especially effective in attacking

- cellulose - lignin - pectin

Stimuli for spore production

- change in day length (light) - less food - change in moisture status

Fungi that use rainsplash dispersal

- gummy stem blight - bird's nest fungi

Frost Pod

- rotting of the fruit itself - caused by mushroom fungus

Environmental conditions that favor fungi growth

- subdued sunlight - between 32F to 90F - pH between 6 and 8 - High humidity - some free water

Cacao Disease Trilogy

1) Clack Pod (Black Pod Disease) 2) Witches Broom 3) Frosty Pod

5 factors leading to the Irish Potato Famine

1) Cull piles near field 2) Genetically uniform crop 3) Favorable weather 4) Reliance on only potatoes for food 5) A new pathogen (un understanding of how disease occurred)

Fungal enzymes are specifically effective in attacking

1) cellulose 2) lignin 3) pectin (all very abundant in plant matter)

Fungal diseases in grapes

1) powdery mildew 2) phylloxera 3) downy mildew

Importance of Fungi

1. decomposers 2. plant and animal diseases 3. baking a brewing (fermentation) 4. food 5. medical, antibiotics, drugs, research 6. symbiotic relationships

What percent of cacao is lost to disease?

40-70% of cacao yields

What is the biggest reason for a name change?

A conglomerate is divided into new species

Laurel Wilt

Affects: Laurels Cause: Raffaela Lauricola Insect Vector: Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Introduced: from southeast Asia

Dogwood Anthracnose

Affects: dogwoods Cause: discula destructiva

Father of plant pathology

Anton Debarry

What are the structures that hold spores on the gills?

Basidia

What was the first broad spectrum fungicide?

Bordeaux mixture

Characteristics of fungi

Cells with nucleus • Unique cell wall chemistry (chitin!) • No chlorophyll; no photosynthesis • Simple morphology • Reproduce via spores

bionomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

name of inky cap/ importance

Coprinus - autodigestion

Which genus of fungi contains purple mushrooms that are deadly poisonous and can be confused with blewits?

Cortinarius

What domain are fungi in?

Eucarya

Wrote Systemma Mycologium

Fries

Proposed current system for naming organisms

Linneaus

"Despised crediting individuals for naming organisms"

Lloyd

Noted UGA mycologist

Luttrell

What is the safest way to distinguish the edible blewit from poisonous purple mushrooms?

Make a spore print; poisonous ones are rusty brown

What are the spawn of fungi called?

Mycelium

Fossils widespread in...

Northern hemisphere; Saudi Arabia to Canada

Irish Potato famine: name

Phytophthora infestans (DeBary)

What fungus uses self-propelled dispersal methods?

Piloblous

Famous for describing wood rotting fungi

Schweintitz

hyphae

The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi - array of tubular cells

Among the fungi, bioluminescence is limited to wood-rotting species that decompose lignin. T or F?

True

What are basidiospores called when forcibly discharged?

ballistospores

Fungal enzymes can help break down lignocellulose for conversion to

bioethanol

Name for giant puffball

calvatia gigantea

Control diseases of cacao with....

copper fungicides - expensive - no disease-resistant strains available

lycoperdonosis

deadly lung disease contracted from inhaling spores from giant puff ball

Which organisms are most closely related to Fungi?

flies and humans (animals)

Fungus vs fungi

fungus: singular fungi: plural

Out of the 1.5 to 5.1 million fungi estimated to inhabit our planet, approximately what percent have been described?

less than 10%

What are aero-aquatic fungi?

live and grow underwater, but produce spores above the surface

Blewit mushrooms

love cold weather, are often found in piles of wood chips, grass clippings, or other dead plant matter, and are known as Clitocybe nuda or Lepista nuda

Prototaxites

massive tree-like fossils thought to be primitive fungi, 400 M years ago.

Witches brrom

mushroom producing fungus - cluster of branches - messes up photosynthesis - produces sexual spores (pisidia)

Clack Pod disease

oomycota causes the pod to turn black seeds inside are rotting

What animals disperses false truffles?

potoroo

"toothpaste spores" dispersal method

rainsplash

characteristics of wind-dispersed spores

small lightweight dry abundantly produced - long lived have dark, thick cell walls - short lived may be hyaline with thin cell walls

Where do aero-aquatic fungi live?

small ponds and vernal pools

Fungi characteristics

spore-producing eukaryotic lack chlorophyll heterotrophic absorptive tubular body spore producing

What are zoospores?

spores found in oomycetes, chytrids, and cryptomycota that are motile and have flagella

Sexual reproduction in fungi

spores produced after fusion of hyphae of two compatible mating types

Asexual reproduction in fungi

spores produced by extension and cleavage of specialized hyphal cells

What fungus attracts flies with a rotting meat smell as a means of dispersal

stinkhorn

The first citation of an organisms in literature must include

the author's name

Where do most mushrooms produced spores?

the gills

What is the biggest concern with laural wilt?

threat to Florida avocado industry

It has been hypothesized that some fungi are bioluminescent...

to attract arthropods at night for increased spore dispersal, to give off a side product from wood degradation, and to act as a warning signal to prevent the mushrooms from being eaten

what are hyphae?

tubular cells that make up fungi

Most common form of spore dispersal?

wind

Which is the most common form of spore dispersal?

wind