FFF: Exam 1
Dutch Elm Disease
- Affects: Elms - Cause: ophiostoma ulmi and o. nova-ulmi - Insect vector: 3 species of ambrosia beetle - Introduced: likely from Asia
Sudden Oak Death
- Affects: Oaks - Cause: Phytopthera ramorum (oomycete) - Introduced: possible Asia (not really known)
How are oomycota different from fungi?
- cell walls of cellulose - swimming spores with 2 different kinds of flagella
Fungus enzymes are especially effective in attacking
- cellulose - lignin - pectin
Stimuli for spore production
- change in day length (light) - less food - change in moisture status
Fungi that use rainsplash dispersal
- gummy stem blight - bird's nest fungi
Frost Pod
- rotting of the fruit itself - caused by mushroom fungus
Environmental conditions that favor fungi growth
- subdued sunlight - between 32F to 90F - pH between 6 and 8 - High humidity - some free water
Cacao Disease Trilogy
1) Clack Pod (Black Pod Disease) 2) Witches Broom 3) Frosty Pod
5 factors leading to the Irish Potato Famine
1) Cull piles near field 2) Genetically uniform crop 3) Favorable weather 4) Reliance on only potatoes for food 5) A new pathogen (un understanding of how disease occurred)
Fungal enzymes are specifically effective in attacking
1) cellulose 2) lignin 3) pectin (all very abundant in plant matter)
Fungal diseases in grapes
1) powdery mildew 2) phylloxera 3) downy mildew
Importance of Fungi
1. decomposers 2. plant and animal diseases 3. baking a brewing (fermentation) 4. food 5. medical, antibiotics, drugs, research 6. symbiotic relationships
What percent of cacao is lost to disease?
40-70% of cacao yields
What is the biggest reason for a name change?
A conglomerate is divided into new species
Laurel Wilt
Affects: Laurels Cause: Raffaela Lauricola Insect Vector: Redbay Ambrosia Beetle Introduced: from southeast Asia
Dogwood Anthracnose
Affects: dogwoods Cause: discula destructiva
Father of plant pathology
Anton Debarry
What are the structures that hold spores on the gills?
Basidia
What was the first broad spectrum fungicide?
Bordeaux mixture
Characteristics of fungi
Cells with nucleus • Unique cell wall chemistry (chitin!) • No chlorophyll; no photosynthesis • Simple morphology • Reproduce via spores
bionomial nomenclature
Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name
name of inky cap/ importance
Coprinus - autodigestion
Which genus of fungi contains purple mushrooms that are deadly poisonous and can be confused with blewits?
Cortinarius
What domain are fungi in?
Eucarya
Wrote Systemma Mycologium
Fries
Proposed current system for naming organisms
Linneaus
"Despised crediting individuals for naming organisms"
Lloyd
Noted UGA mycologist
Luttrell
What is the safest way to distinguish the edible blewit from poisonous purple mushrooms?
Make a spore print; poisonous ones are rusty brown
What are the spawn of fungi called?
Mycelium
Fossils widespread in...
Northern hemisphere; Saudi Arabia to Canada
Irish Potato famine: name
Phytophthora infestans (DeBary)
What fungus uses self-propelled dispersal methods?
Piloblous
Famous for describing wood rotting fungi
Schweintitz
hyphae
The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi - array of tubular cells
Among the fungi, bioluminescence is limited to wood-rotting species that decompose lignin. T or F?
True
What are basidiospores called when forcibly discharged?
ballistospores
Fungal enzymes can help break down lignocellulose for conversion to
bioethanol
Name for giant puffball
calvatia gigantea
Control diseases of cacao with....
copper fungicides - expensive - no disease-resistant strains available
lycoperdonosis
deadly lung disease contracted from inhaling spores from giant puff ball
Which organisms are most closely related to Fungi?
flies and humans (animals)
Fungus vs fungi
fungus: singular fungi: plural
Out of the 1.5 to 5.1 million fungi estimated to inhabit our planet, approximately what percent have been described?
less than 10%
What are aero-aquatic fungi?
live and grow underwater, but produce spores above the surface
Blewit mushrooms
love cold weather, are often found in piles of wood chips, grass clippings, or other dead plant matter, and are known as Clitocybe nuda or Lepista nuda
Prototaxites
massive tree-like fossils thought to be primitive fungi, 400 M years ago.
Witches brrom
mushroom producing fungus - cluster of branches - messes up photosynthesis - produces sexual spores (pisidia)
Clack Pod disease
oomycota causes the pod to turn black seeds inside are rotting
What animals disperses false truffles?
potoroo
"toothpaste spores" dispersal method
rainsplash
characteristics of wind-dispersed spores
small lightweight dry abundantly produced - long lived have dark, thick cell walls - short lived may be hyaline with thin cell walls
Where do aero-aquatic fungi live?
small ponds and vernal pools
Fungi characteristics
spore-producing eukaryotic lack chlorophyll heterotrophic absorptive tubular body spore producing
What are zoospores?
spores found in oomycetes, chytrids, and cryptomycota that are motile and have flagella
Sexual reproduction in fungi
spores produced after fusion of hyphae of two compatible mating types
Asexual reproduction in fungi
spores produced by extension and cleavage of specialized hyphal cells
What fungus attracts flies with a rotting meat smell as a means of dispersal
stinkhorn
The first citation of an organisms in literature must include
the author's name
Where do most mushrooms produced spores?
the gills
What is the biggest concern with laural wilt?
threat to Florida avocado industry
It has been hypothesized that some fungi are bioluminescent...
to attract arthropods at night for increased spore dispersal, to give off a side product from wood degradation, and to act as a warning signal to prevent the mushrooms from being eaten
what are hyphae?
tubular cells that make up fungi
Most common form of spore dispersal?
wind
Which is the most common form of spore dispersal?
wind