FFF Exam 4

what are some concerns with mushroom production?

- *chitin*: too much is not good - *agaritine*: carcinogen -mushroom worker's lung -like other agricultural commodities, mushrooms have pest problems: insect and diseases (caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses) ex: green mold caused by Trichoderma

How are button mushrooms nutritious?

-rich in amino acid lysine and tryptophan -little, if any, sulfur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) -good source of pantothenic acid -fair source of vitamins B1, C, and K -contain many minerals, especially potassium and phosphorus

general precautions when eating wild mushrooms

1. dig rather than pick 2. do not store in plastic bags, especially in warm temps 3. do not eat wild mushrooms raw 4. cut all puffballs open to make sure they are really puffballs 5. mix wild mushrooms cautiously, if at all 6. don't feed wild mushrooms to kids under 5 7. never eat a white-capped mushroom that you have not positively identified as safe 8. beware of any mushroom with a ring on its stalk 9. do not eat any mushroom with a sack or cup at its base 10. avoid all brain-like, saddle-shaped, or deformed false morels 11. do not collect mushrooms for eating from grounds where pesticides may have been used 12. don't trust folklore (if animals can eat them, people can -- not true)

treatments for amanita poisoning

1. fluids 2. massive doses of penicillin G 3. activated charcoal ingestion 4. plasma filter 5. liver transplant

what are the main steps in button mushroom production?

1. producing the spawn 2. composting (horse manure, chicken litter, straw) 3. spawning 4. casing: covor colonzied compost with non-nutritive medium to stimulate fruiting 5. pinning 6. harvesting

what makes wines different from one another?

1. varieties of grapes 2. weather & soil 3. native and introduced yeasts 4. other "additives"

describe latency in amanita poisoning

6-24 hours after ingestion, symptoms may be absent

what are the most deadly mushrooms that cause the most fatalities from poisonings?

Amanita

what is known as the destroying angel?

Amanita bisporigera

what is whiskey fungus?

Baudoinia

what is noble rot?

Botrytis Cinera, a mold that slowly pierces grape skins, allowing their water content to evaporate and giving wine a more intense flavor. Sauvignon blanc, for example

vegemite

Dark spread made from a brewers yeast extract, vegetable extract, and spice iconic Australian food salty, biter, malty, rich in glutamates (has umami flavor) vegan, kosher, and halal

T/F. All boletes are edible.

FALSE

what toxin do false morels have?

Gyromitrin

how do you distinguish jack o'lantern from chanterelles?

Jack O'Lanterns have *true* gills which are *non-forked* and knife-like. Chanterelles have *false* gills which are *forked* and run down the stem of the mushroom

where are the most mushrooms produced in the US?

Pennsylvania

which yeast is often used in research?

Saccharomyces cerevisae

what accomplishments have come from Saccharomyces cerevisae?

Several Nobel prizes have been awarded for work using this yeast. it has also achieved its first genome sequence

T/F. Button mushrooms are nutritious.

True

why did mushroom production begin in Pennsylvania?

William Swayne started in Kennett Square, PA bc he had the idea to start growing mushrooms beneath his greenhouse benches

what is coprine?

a mycotoxin

what are the top 3 commercial mushrooms in the US?

agaricus, shiitake mushrooms, oyster mushrooms

yeast flakes

aka, nutritional yeast deactivated yeast: yeast cells are killed during processing and inactive in final product has a nutty, cheesy, and savory flavor common vegan cheese substitute

what are the characteristics of cortinarius?

all have cortina, a thin veil between the cap and stem of the mushroom, this veil protects the gills of the mushroom

what are the two main concerns with puffballs?

amanita (poisonous boi) looks very similar in its young form and people have mistaken the 'eggs' of amanita for puffballs

what are the toxins in amanita mushrooms?

amatoxins

describe relapse in amanita poisoning

beginning 3-5 days after indigestion, liver, and kidney damage reach acute phases. organs fail and patient dies

"french" black truffle

black perigord

where are boletes found?

boletes are most commonly found under hemlock and oak, especially where sphagnum mosses are present. they are also fairly common under most varieties of spruce. lawns and grass under conifers are another common habitat

what types of boletes are NOT edible?

boletes that stain red or blue are NOT edible

How do yeast reproduce?

budding or fission many can reproduce sexually by making ascospores or basidiospores

why is water added to beer?

character of water will determine the flavor of the wort. the pH of the water impacts the perceived bitterness of the beer. any contaminants in the water will result in the beer tasting 'off.' That's why companies like Coors Light advertise where they get their water (Freshwater)

what are false morels?

class of easy to misidentify mushrooms that can have negative side-effects when eaten

where are lion's mane fungi found?

commonly found on decaying trees

shaggy manes or shaggy ink cap

coprinus comatus -often found in new (2-4 yr old) lawns, less often in woods can accumulate pollutants, especially if they are on the roadside. Mushrooms can rapidly accumulate cesium-137 (radiation).

why is it important to cut puffballs in half before eating?

cutting puffballs in half reveals an egg. if the center is not white, it should never be consumed

What are signs that you might want to avoid a bolete? Easy ways to tell if one is edible?

dangerous by the color of the pores: red & orange are bad -- or the color it stains: blue and red are bad there's already a card on this in more detail

earthballs

dark purple & firm inside, poisonous!

marmite

dark, thick yeast extract spread made from concentrated yeast extract; by-product from brewing beer unique, distinct flavor (yeasty, salty, soy sauce-esque)

what are the differences in effects of deadly mushrooms and those that only cause severe gastrointestinal problems?

deadly mushrooms contain amatoxins that damage liver cells; non-deadly lack amatoxins

what are the two most deadly fungi?

death cap and amanita bisporigeria (destroying angel)

what is the name of the person who removes spent yeast?

disgorger

what is the only way you can know for sure if a mushroom is safe to eat?

do not eat anything unless you have positively identified it! get an expert's opinion.

what types of animals are used to help find truffles?

dogs and pigs pigs want to eat them tho!

pleurotus ostreatus - oyster mushroom

edible mushroom; found growing on logs, or on unhealthy or dying trees. they are commonly found on deciduous hardwoods, especially beech and aspen trees

lactarius - milk mushrooms

edible mushrooms. the common & namesake feature of their fruit bodies is the latex ("milk") they exude when cut or bruised

how do you distinguish morels from false morels?

false morels have a brain-like texture and appear brownish-red when sliced and they have a meaty texture a true morel is hollow bodied

Where are chanterelles found?

found in deciduous forest soils near oak. they often occur under beech trees as well. they are mycorrhizal, which means the fungus has a symbiotic, mutualistic association with the roots of the tree

What are the characteristics of the meadow mushroom?

found in open, grassy habitats (pastures, gardens, compost piles, and other cultivated areas associated with human habitation) whitish in color and grow in abundant groupings

Why is whiskey fungus a problem?

found near distilleries, bakeries, and spirit manufacturing facilities use ethanol as carbon source class action lawsuits filed for damage

what are truffles?

fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus

sugar source for wine

grape juice the variation of grapes creates different types of wine

what are the main steps in wine production?

grape juice --> wild yeast combined with wine yeast. Sulfur is added to prevent any bacteria from getting into the wine. Then, the fermentation process starts --> racking --> fining agents (charcoal, egg white, gelatin) --> adjust pH, rack, bottle, age

how is ice wine made?

grapes are harvested and pressed while frozen solid (-10°C) so water can be driven out as shards of ice leaving a higher concentration of sugars and after fermentation, a higher concentration of alcohol

how are oyster mushrooms produced?

grown from mycelium (threadlike filaments that become interwoven) propagated on a base of steam-sterilized cereal grain (usually rye or millet). this is called spawn and used to seed mushroom substrate

amanita bisporigera characteristics

has a smooth white cap reaching up to 10 cm across and a strip that reaches 14 cm long and 1.8 cm thick. has a white skirt-like ring at the top bulbous base covered w/ volva common in georgia

what are hops and how do they contribute to beer?

hops are added to beer to make beer bitter and better

what types of boletes are edible?

if the spongy, porous flesh is often white, yellow, olive-green, or brown

when are puffballs edible?

if they are white inside

what mushrooms have coprine?

in the genera Coprinopsis

what are the effects of coprine?

ingestion of coprine causes Coprinus syndrome characterized by metallic taste on tongue, tachycardia, headache, vertigo, vomiting, sweating, fasciculation, postural hypotension, and collapse

how are amatoxins toxic?

inhibit RNA polymerase, thus stopping cell replacement in vital organs such as liver and kidneys

when are morels found?

late March-May morels start popping up when the ground heats up to 45 or 50° and when soil is wet but not soaked through

stages of amanita poisoning

latency, gastrointestinal, remission, relapse

what is the name of spent yeast?

lees

where are truffles found?

look underground near oak, willow, poplar, and hazelnuts

how is kefir made?

made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria

sugar source for beer

malted barley

what are yeast?

microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells

what is the extra step in sparkling wine production?

more sugar and more yeast are added with the bottle being capped in order to give the 'bubbly' sense

what species is often confused with chanterelles?

omphalotus (jack o'lantern)

what are chantrelles?

one of the most popular wild edible mushrooms orange, yellow or white, meaty and funnel-shaped

what is the poison in cortinarius mushrooms?

orellanine

describe gastrointestinal in amanita poisoning

patients may experience violent vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain lasting for 24 hours

black trumpet

popular edible mushroom related to chanterelles

which mushrooms are all agaricus bisporus?

portobello mushrooms; just a special strain of A. bisporus; another is "cremini" agaricus bisporus ecology: scattered on pizzas, salads

sugar source for sake

rice + aspergillus oryzae turns starch to sugar

death caps characteristics

roughly 40-160 mm wide, usually pale green to yellow in color. they also have distinctive white gills and stems. it has a membranous skirt on the upper part of the stem, and a cup-like structure around the base of the stem key feature: cup at the base, white gills, right spores, and a ring -grow from egg-like structure

what is the fungal name for the "sugar fungus"?

saccharomyces

what are the effects of the Gyromitrin toxin?

severe diarrhea, headaches, vomiting, nausea, extreme dizziness, and death

what are the effects of consuming chlorophyllum?

severe gastrointestinal issues (diarrhea and vomiting)

what are chicken and hen of the woods, and where are they found?

shelf-type fungi that grow on/around trees known for their unique taste similar to chicken. they have a strange form of many shelf structures chicken -> orange colored hen -> gray/white

what are characteristics of yeast?

single-celled, sometimes with a mycelial form (dimorphic)

what are the effects of orellanine?

start with flu-like symptoms and progress to early stages of kidney failure (thirst, frequent urination, pain on & around kidneys) before leading to severe kidney damage

more sugar in grapes =

stronger alcohol content in wine

what is alcoholic fermentation?

sugar + H2O + yeast --(no oxygen)--> ethanol + CO2 this is an anaerobic process

how are yeasts involved in bread making?

sugar + yeast --(anaerobic)--> ethanol + CO2 alcoholic fermentation

how is sake made?

sugar source (rice + aspergillus oryzae), sugar + yeast makes the brew

describe remission in amanita poisoning

symptoms resolve, patient often released from hospital, illusion that the worst is over

why is the button mushroom difficult to grow?

the entire process can take up to 15 weeks

how is beer making different from wine making?

the ingredients for beer are sterilized; wine ingredients are not as clean different species/strains of yeast are used sugar for beer comes from malted barley; the ones for wine come from grape juice

what happens if you consume Jack O'lanterns?

the toxin muscarine causes severe cramps, diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain for several days

when in doubt...

throw it out!

pecan truffle

tuber lyonii

"italian" white truffle

tuber magnatum

what is lion's mane?

type of fungi w/ teeth instead of gills

where are morels found?

usually appear underneath killed elms, sycamores, old apple orchard, ash trees

what are morels?

wild mushrooms with a cone-shape cap that forms into a honeycombed and deeply indented outer skin

how are shiitake mushrooms produced?

wood-decay fungus, meaning they grow on logs growing shiitake mushrooms takes place either on logs or in bags of nutrient enriched sawdust or other organic material, called bag culture unique to other mushrooms which either grow on compost or manure-based plotting media

how are yeast involved in the making of wine?

yeast converts sugar of wine grapes into alcohol and carbon dioxide through fermentation. the yeast ferments until dryness.