Psych. Modules 31, 32, and 33

The eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation is known as a. implicit memory. d. source amnesia. b. the serial position effect. e. déjà vu. c. mood-congruent memory.

E

"The magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to the storage capacity of ________ memory. a. short-term d. implicit b. explicit e. sensory c. flashbulb

A

Based on Herman Ebbinghaus' "forgetting curve" how will your memories for psychological concepts change? a. I will forget most psychological concepts soon after learning them, but the information I recall after that immediate drop will be retained for years. d. Over time the misinformation effect will increase the likelihood that I will forget the psychological concepts that I have learned. b. Memory loss will occur slowly, so I should be able to remember most psychological concepts for many years. e. I will forget psychological concepts soon after learning them, unless priming occurs. c. Retroactive interference will hinder my ability to recall psychological concepts as new information blocks my recall.

A

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. a. sensory d. implicit b. short-term e. state-dependent c. flashbulb

A

. The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as a. the serial position effect. d. long-term potentiation. b. state-dependent memory. e. chunking. c. the spacing effect.

C

Kaylor remembers clearly when he first heard news of the 9/11 attack. Although his memory may be vivid and he has confidently related details of his story to others many times, Kaylor should be reminded that a. retroactive interference makes it harder to recall old information. d. iconic memories decay quickly. b. source amnesia can affect how well we remember past events. e. when we are under stress, long-term potentiation diminishes our ability to form new memories. c. misinformation can distort flashbulb memories.

C

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve a. encoding failure. d. interference. b. repression. e. long-term potentiation. c. implicit memory loss.

D

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as a. chunking. d. long-term potentiation. b. the serial position effect. e. proactive interference. c. automatic processing.

D

The misinformation effect refers to the a. tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. d. incorporation of misleading information into one's memory of an event. b. disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. e. negative effect of incorrect information on recall. c. the eerie sense that "I've been in this exact situation before."

D

Hermann Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that a. the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning. d. our sensory memory capacity is essentially unlimited. b. what is learned in one mood is most easily retrieved in that same mood. e. hypnosis can increase recall of meaningless information. c. information that is automatically processed is rarely forgotten.

A

In describing what he calls the seven sins of memory, Daniel Schacter suggests that encoding failure results from the sin of a. absent-mindedness. d. repression. b. transience. e. chunking. c. blocking.

A

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory. a. iconic d. echoic b. flashbulb e. state-dependent c. implicit

A

The human capacity for storing long-term memories is a. essentially unlimited. d. greatly reduced after people reach the age of 65. b. roughly equal to seven units of information. e. enhanced through hypnosis. c. typically much greater in young children than in adults.

A

The inability to remember how Lincoln's head appears on a penny is most likely due to a failure in a. encoding. d. implicit memory. b. storage. e. iconic memory. c. retrieval.

A

Effortful processing can occur only with a. implicit memory. d. chunking. b. conscious attention. e. sensory memory. c. visual imagery.

B

Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using a. a mnemonic device. d. priming. b. the peg-word system. e. the serial position effect. c. the spacing effect.

A

Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. hippocampus. d. motor cortex. b. cerebellum. e. corpus callosum. c. hypothalamus.

A

A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as a. mnemonics. d. automatic processing. b. connectionism. e. mood-congruent memory. c. the peg-word system.

B

An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates a. state-dependent memory. d. priming. b. the misinformation effect. e. the serial position effect. c. proactive interference.

B

Chess masters can recall the exact positions of most pieces after a brief glance at the game board. This ability is best explained in terms of a. the spacing effect. d. priming. b. chunking. e. flashbulb memory. c. the serial position effect.

B

Every day as she walks to school, Mamie passes a mural painted on the side of a building. However, when asked, she says she does not remember ever seeing it. Which of the following is the best explanation for this occurrence? a. Such implicit memory is stored in the cerebellum, thus Mamie must have experienced damage to that brain region. d. The memory of the mural has decayed over time. b. Mamie has not paid attention to the incoming information so it was not encoded into long-term memory. e. Mamie is experiencing retroactive interference, leading to her forgetting past information. c. Because of the time span between being exposed to the mural, the spacing effect has interrupted memory formation.

B

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ________ bits of information. a. 3 d. 24 b. 7 e. 50 c. 12

B

Sounds and words that are not immediately attended to can still be recalled a couple of seconds later because of our ________ memory. a. flashbulb d. state-dependent b. echoic e. iconic c. implicit

B

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the a. adrenal glands. d. sensory cortex. b. hippocampus. e. frontal lobe. c. pituitary gland.

B

The smell of freshly baked bread awakened in Mr. Hutz vivid memories of his early childhood. The aroma apparently acted as a powerful a. echoic memory. d. spacing effect. b. retrieval cue. e. mnemonic. c. implicit memory.

B

To recognize the active information processing that occurs in short-term memory, researchers have characterized it as ________ memory. a. iconic d. implicit b. working e. repressed c. flashbulb

B

. Long-term potentiation refers to a. the impact of overlearning on retention. d. the process of learning something without any conscious memory of having learned it. b. an automatic tendency to recall emotionally significant events. e. the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. c. an increase in a neuron's firing potential.

C

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of a. encoding failure. d. proactive interference. b. source amnesia. e. automatic processing. c. retroactive interference.

C

An eyewitness to a grocery store robbery is asked to identify the suspects in a police lineup. Which test of memory is being utilized? a. recall d. misinformation b. relearning e. reconstruction c. recognition

C

Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to a. long-term potentiation. d. proactive interference. b. automatic processing. e. the self-reference effect. c. the misinformation effect.

C

James took special classes to learn Spanish in elementary school. As a young adult, he decided to serve in the Peace Corps and was sent to Guatemala. While he had forgotten most of his early Spanish training, he quickly remembered it. This illustrates that a. priming allows us to retrieve specific memories from a web of associations. d. source amnesia does not influence learning that occurs before a person is 8 years old. b. retroactive interference does not affect the recall of childhood memories. e. semantic encoding increases what can be recalled by providing more retrieval cues. c. the speed of relearning confirms that information is stored and accessible.

C

Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that a. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged. d. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories. b. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories. e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation. c. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system.

C

The organization of information into meaningful units is called a. automatic processing. d. iconic memory. b. the spacing effect. e. the peg-word system. c. chunking.

C

A type of motivated forgetting in which anxiety-arousing memories are blocked from conscious awareness is known as a. retroactive interference. d. repression. b. proactive interference. e. priming. c. the spacing effect.

D

After having a stroke, Aaron has great difficulty recalling any of his subsequent life experiences. He is most likely suffering from a. long-term potentiation. d. amnesia. b. repression. e. implicit memory. c. mood-congruent memory.

D

Donald Thompson, an Australian psychologist, was an initial suspect in a rape case. The rape victim confused her memories of Thompson and the actual rapist because she had seen Thompson's image on TV shortly before she was attacked. The victim's false recollection best illustrates a. state-dependent memory. d. source amnesia. b. mood-congruent memory. e. the self-reference effect. c. the spacing effect.

D

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in a. storage. d. retrieval. b. encoding. e. automatic processing. c. rehearsal.

D

Mood-congruent memory refers to the effect of emotional states on the process of a. repression. d. retrieval. b. encoding. e. relearning. c. storage.

D

Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep is most likely due to a. motivated forgetting. d. encoding failure. b. the misinformation effect. e. long-term potentiation. c. retroactive interference.

D

Sigmund Freud emphasized that the forgetting of painful experiences is caused by a process that involves a. source amnesia. d. repression b. retroactive interference. e. long-term potentiation. c. memory decay.

D

Visually associating five items needed from the grocery store with mental images of a bun, a shoe, a tree, a door, and a hive best illustrates the use of a. the spacing effect. d. the peg-word system. b. implicit memory. e. serial position effect. c. the testing effect

D

When Jake applied for a driver's license, he was embarrassed by a momentary inability to remember his address. Jake's memory difficulty most likely resulted from a(n) ________ failure. a. rehearsal d. retrieval b. storage e. automatic processing c. encoding

D

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used? a. reconstruction d. recall b. recognition e. relearning c. rehearsal

D

Which term best describes parallel processing? a. voluntary d. automatic b. conscious e. sequential c. serial

D

A retention of skills and dispositions without conscious recollection is known as ________ memory. a. state-dependent d. sensory b. flashbulb e. implicit c. short-term

E

After being asked to remember three consonants, participants in a study by Peterson and Peterson counted aloud backward by threes to prevent a. source amnesia. d. encoding failure. b. retroactive interference. e. rehearsal. c. proactive interference.

E

Although Yusef was having difficulty recalling the capital of the Netherlands, he quickly and correctly identified it after being given a list of cities in the Netherlands. Yusef's initial inability to recall the answer was due to a failure in a. implicit memory. d. state-dependent memory. b. storage. e. retrieval. c. encoding.

E

The finding that people who sleep after learning a list of nonsense syllables forget less than people who stay awake provides evidence that forgetting may involve a. encoding failure. d. the hippocampus. b. repression. e. interference. c. implicit memory loss.

E

With respect to the controversy regarding reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, statements by major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that a. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds. d. professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories. b. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. e. adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable. c. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood abuse.

E

You took Spanish during your sophomore year, and French during your junior year. Happily, you found that knowing Spanish helped you learn French. This phenomenon is best explained by a. proactive interference. d. the spacing effect. b. memory construction. e. positive transfer. c. source amnesia.

E