FHIE 1

Common hip and ridge conditions include:

loose misaligned or missing pieces separation of wood hips and ridges rust installation problems

Roll roofing is commonly used in what flashing detail?

valley flashing

List 5 areas where flashings are found.

valleys; chimneys; pipes or stacks; roof/wall intersections; sloped roofs that intersect flat roofs; skylights; eaves; rakes; hips and ridges.

There are 2 types of double glazing systems on skylights: hemetically sealed and _________.

ventilated

What is a secondary function of some ridge flashings?

ventilation of the roof space

In general, is there a higher risk of leakage at a patched area of roof?

yes

What are 4 overall goals of the roof inspection?

1. Identify the roofing material. 2. Determine whether it was properly installed. 3. Determine whether it is performing properly or leaking. 4. Determine whether it is near the end of its life.

Give 8 conditions to watch for on clay tile roofs.

1. Installation problems 2. cracked or broken 3. pitted or spalling 4. missing 5. fasterner problems 6. flashing problems 7. underlying membrane problems 8. previous repair

Give 3 examples of typical roof/sidewall flashing installation defects.

1. Missing step or counter flashing. 2. Step flashing not tucked under shingles. 3. Flashing is too short or narrow. 4. Siding is not cut back. 5. Inadequate overlap of adjacent pieces of flashing. 6. Inappropriate or missing troughs or pans. 7. Counterflashing not let into mortar joints.

List the three main functions of roofs.

1. Protect the building from rain, snow, wind, hail, and fire. 2. Support some of the mechanical equipment for the house. 3. Make an archetectural statement.

What are the drawbacks to adding a second layer of roofing over a first?

1. The dead load is increased. 2. Nails may not be long enough to penetrate to the roof sheathing. 3. Old flashings may not be replaced. 4. The roof sheathing can't be properly inspected. 5. Roofing materials may not dry properly.

What things might you see that suggest patching has been done on a roof?

1. asphalt-based products on the roof surface 2. caulking 3. different roofing or flashing materials

What are the 2 types of closed valleys?

1. closed cut or half woven valley 2. fully woven valley

List 6 common failure modes for asphalt shingles.

1. cupping 2. clawing 3. cracking 4. blistering 5. loss of granule material 6. tearing off

Name 3 poor slate repair methods.

1. face nailing new slates 2. replacing slates with metal or other roofing materials. 3. covering the damaged area with asphalt.

List valley flashing installation problems.

1. flashing is cut too short at the eaves 2. base flashing is missing 3. exposed fasteners 4. uniform valley width 5. uncut points 6. excessive lengths of metal without joints 7. missing upstand (splash diverter) 8. shingles not sealed with asphalt at the valley 9. wood shakes and shingle joints are broken into the valley 10. closed cut valleys do not have the shingles trimmed back 2 inches. 11. individual shingles are used on a closed valley.

List 9 common roof problems.

1. old 2. damaged 3. patched 4. missing materials 5. exposed fasteners 6. poor installation 7. vulnerable areas 8. ice dam potential 9. multiple layers

What are 6 common problems on metal roofs?

1. rust 2. fastener failure 3. loose or missing shingles or flashing details 4. installation problems 5. dents 6. buckling

Give 4 reasons for slate roof failure.

1. slate wears out 2. fasteners or flashing wears out 3. slates are mechanically damaged 4. poor installation

Give at least 3 typical valley flashing conditions.

1. torn or worn 2. rusted 3. patched 4. installation problems

On a 10-year old house, how old would you expect the roof to be?

10 years old

What is the typical life expectancy of an asphalt shingle roof?

12-25 years

Windows should not be used as skylights. Anything that has more than a _____ degree of slope off vertical should not be treated as a window.

15

What is an ice dam?

A buildup of ice at the bottom of the roof.

Why can a minor leak be more of a problem than a major one?

A minor leak can cause considerable damage before it is noticed.

When roof/sidewall flashing is installed, the wood siding can be used as the counter flashing. Why is it considered good practice to keep the siding slightly away from the roof surface? What is the recommended clearance?

Allows for ease of painting. Keeps end grain of wood siding materials from absorbing water and rotting. Recommended clearance is as much as 2 inches.

Step flashing should be nailed to: the wall the roof both either

Either, but usually to the roof.

List the clues that a house may have had or be prone to ice damming.

Evidence of damage at wall-ceiling intersection. Stained siding near the soffits Leakage through windows. Etc.

A flashing is not required on the bottom edge of the chimney. True or False?

False

During an inspection, you should never lift on the edge of a skylight. True or False?

False

Fiber-cement shingles can be bent without breaking. True or False?

False

The roof covering is typically part of the structure of the home. True of False?

False

Where a steep roof meets a masonry wall at the side, counter flashing should be used. The counter flashing should be nailed or bolted to the surface of the brick wall and the joint filled with caulk. True or False

False

You should walk on clay tile roof. True or False?

False

You will never find 3 layers of asphalt shingles on a roof. True or False?

False

What are the limits to a roof inspection?

Fasteners, flashing, and at least half of the roofing materials are concealed. The inspection is also not complete until you look at the underside of the roof.

What is the fundamental difference in strategy between a flat roof surface and a sloped roof surface?

Sloped roofs shed water while flat roofs are watertight.

What causes ice dams?

Heat loss through the roof leading to melting of snow. This water then refreezes when it gets down to the colder eaves area.

What tools could be used on an interior inspection of a skylight?

ladder, moisture meter, ir camera

Where can you look on a roof to determine the number of layers?

Look at gable ends or edges of the roof. Also check the nailing pattern from the underside of the roof.

What things do you look for to determine whether the shingles are old?

Look for loss of granules, cracking, clawing, cupping, missing shingles, or widening of slots between tabs.

Which style of roof (slope and soffit width) is most prone to ice damming?

Low-sloped roof with a wide soffit.

What's the difference between a Spanish tile and Mission tile?

Mission tiles come in 2 pieces--pans and covers. Spanish tiles come in 1 piece and have interlocking sides.

The primary implication of sidewall flashing problems is _____________.

leakage

What are the implications of a valley flashing problem?

leakage

Once a roof is installed, can you see all the important installation details?

No

Should you walk on a concrete roof?

No

Should you walk on a slate roof?

No

Is caulking an acceptable substitute to letting the flashing into the mortar joints? Explain.

No, a caulked joint will be an ongoing maintenance problem.

Is your chimney inspection finished when you get off the roof?

No, you must inspect the area below the chimney flashing for damage.

Is a sloped roof waterproof? Explain.

No--they just shed water like an umbrella. They are not designed to control standing water.

What conditions should you watch for with concrete tiles?

Same as #44 above.

What is the implication of poor chimney flashings?

leakage

What is the purpose of the asphalt and the felts in a built-up roof system?

The asphalt is the waterproofing material. The felt holds the asphalt in place, adds strength, distributes the forces and stabilizes the layers of asphalt.

What is the implication of driving nails or staples too deep?

The fasteners may drive right through the material and not hold them in place.

Why is it often difficult to identify flaws in the membrane of a built-up roof?

The gravel coating conceals the membrane.

Why should open valleys widen at the bottom? (2 reasons)

The lower sections of the valley are exposed to more water than the upper sections. Valleys that widen are less likely to collect snow and ice.

What is the implication of not driving nails or staples deep enough?

The may sit proud and tear through the overlaying shingle. They may not be deep enough to hold the shingle in place.

What is the pitch of the roof and how is it usually expressed?

The slope expressed as the ratio of the rise over the run.

What things suggest that slate is near the end of its life?

The surface of the slate may turn white or brown and may be soft or flake easily.

Fiber-cement shingles contain some of the same components as concrete tiles. True or False?

True

Leaking skylights can lead to structural problems. True or False?

True

Slate roof are the most expensive to install and maintain. True or False?

True

What problem may result from exposed nail heads through metal flashing into the roof?

leakage

List common skylight conditions.

leakage; rot; mechanical damage; patching; cracked glazing; lost seal; missing or low curb; incomplete flashings; loose; window used as a skylight

Which is the best of the 3 options above?

Upgrade attic insulation and ventilation

What are 3 possible actions to minimize ice damming?

Upgrade insulation and ventilation; add eave protection; or add electric heating cables.

Is a flat roof system a 'shedding' system or a 'watertight' system?

Watertight

Can ice damming be an issue on skylights?

Yes

Which metal flashing material is not compatible with masonry mortar, according to some authorities?

aluminum

Roll roofing is most similar to what other material we have discussed?

asphalt shingles

Is it more common for a roof to leak at the flashings or at other areas in the roof surface?

at the flashings

Nailing flashings to both the roof and the wall is: a. better because it holds the flashing securely. b. worse because it doesn't allow for movement of the wall and roof.

b

What are the 3 parts of an asphalt shingle?

base material; asphalt layer; granule layer

Roofs intersecting walls above need flashings similar to ________________.

bottom chimney flashings

Anything that restricts the drainage of water is a vulnerable area. Give as many examples as you can.

butterfly roofs; wide chimneys near the edge of the roof; skylights; drains from upper roof discharging onto lower roofs; changes in materials; asymmetric valleys; changes in slope; anything that obstructs drainage.

Fasteners on hips and ridges should be mostly exposed / concealed.

concealed

Metal roofs are commonly made out of what materials?

copper stainless steel galvanized steel terne zinc aluminum

Name 4 common failure modes for roll roofing.

cracking; blistering; buckling; loss of granules

What the the common failure modes for wood shingles and shakes?

curling; cupping; splitting; rotting; wear through; burn through.

What are some of the causes of aging?

exposure to uv light; wind exposure; ventilation; pitch; complexity; foot traffic; concentrated water; tree branches; color

List common flashing materials.

felt paper rubberized asphalt rubber metal roll roofing

Roof/sidewall flashings are similar to what flashing we discussed earlier?

flashings at the side of chimneys

What 2 general shapes are clay tiles likely to be?

flat or curved

What shapes are concrete tiles?

flat or curved

What is the best spot from which to inspect the valley flashing?

from the eaves

Common roof/sidewall flashing materials include:

galvanized steel; aluminum; galvalume; lead; copper; lead-coated copper.

In what part of the roof are missing shingles or shakes most likely?

hips and ridges

Slate is a _________ product that lasts __________ than asphalt shingles.

natural longer

What areas of a roof are most prone to ice damming?

north slopes; bottom of valleys; low-sloped roofs; roofs with changing slopes; roofs with wide soffits; roofs over porches and balconies.

Which type of skylight is most likely to be successful: a skylight mounted on a curb or a skylight mounted directly on a roof?

on a curb

Top quality flashings at roofs meeting masonry walls above are 2-piece flashings. Most found on existing homes are ________- piece.

one

Pipe flashing might be found at which roof penetrations?

plumbing stacks, electrical masts, exhaust vents

What are the 2 common materials that are used for open valley flashings?

roll roofing and metal

Common stack flashing conditions include:

rust; damage; installation problems; vertically misaligned

List common masonry chimney flashing conditions.

rust; damaged; loose; missing base or cap (counter) flashing; missing reglets; base flashing not interwoven with shingles; inadequate overlap or height; missing cricket

Another name for roll roofing is ___________.

selvage roofing

Are valley flashings a watertight or shedding type of flashing?

shedding type of flashing

Which side of the roof will age more quickly in climates where UV light is the main aging factor?

south and west

Common stack flashing materials are _________.

steel; rubber; lead; copper; aluminum