Field Craft 3
What are reasons that mosquitoes are the most important anthropod to the miltary
- Mosquitoes are everywhere - Capable of transmitting a large number diseases -
Signs and symptoms of malaria
-Fever alternating with chills -Headache -Muscle Aches -Sweats -Abdonminal pain with diarrhea
Immediate Danger Signals related to suicide
-Talking about their death or hinting suicide -Giving away important possessions -Obsession with death, sad music, or sad poetry -Uncharacteristic behaviors -Significant change in performance -Has specific plans to commit suicide and access to lethal means -Buying a gun in connection with any of the above
How many species of scorpians are deadly to humans in the southwestern US
1
When do symptoms of a black widow spider start
10-60 minutes after the bite
Black widow spider symptoms
10-60 minutes- severe pain, muscle spasm of abdomen and trunk 24-36 Hours- Headache, N/V
What is the incubation period of malaria
7-30 days
Sandfly Fever
Acute, self limiting viral disease transmitted through the bite of a sandfly.
What type of mosquitoes transmit Dengue Fever
Aedes Mosquito
What type of vectors carry Encephalitis
Andes and Culex Mosquitoes
Where can fleas be found
Animal beds, burrows, nests
Passive transmission
Anthropod carries the pathogen from one host to another, pathogen does nothing during the transfer except go along for the ride
What is a effective measure against the plague
Antibiotics
Habitat for a mosquito
Anything that can hold water provides a habitat for mosquito larvae
Where can a soldier get help
BAS, ED, Community Mental Health Service, Social Work Services, Chaplain, Army Community Service
Active transmission is also known as
Biological Transmission
Signs and Symptoms of Brown Recluse Spider Bite
Bite initially mild, or goes unnoticed Pain at site begins 1-4 hours later and a red area appears along with a pustule or vesicle Fever, myalgias, N/V
Vector
Carrier, a term used to describe an anthropod that transports a disease causing organism or pathogen from one host to another
What body system does Encephalitis involve
Central nervous system
Treatment of malaria
Chemprophylaxis- Prophylactic medication for malaria Avoid getting bitten by mosquitoes
Leishmaniasis
Common disease in 3rd world countries, you get it from bitten by a infected sandfly
Dengue fever has a extended________ phase
Convalescent
Two types of poisonous snakes in the US
Coral snake, pit viper
What population is most at risk for death if infected with the west nile virus
Elderly Population
West Nile Virus is a strain of ___________________
Encephalitis
How does a human get malaria
From getting bitten by a malaria infected female moquito
Other factors that affect suicidality
Genetic vulnerabilities Developmental history Current environment
When it comes to prevention combat medics must be able to:
Identify high-risk individuals Be proactive and care for individuals Promote positive coping skills to deal with life crises Be aware of suicidal thoughts and behaviors in individuals Know the community wide operational resources for referral of individual demonstrating self destructive behavior Ensure that individual's problems are properly addressed
When do the first symptoms of lyme disease typically present it self
In the summer
Methods of preventing mosquito bites
Insect Bed Nets, long sleeved clothing, chemical repellents with DEET, Education
What not to do regarding suicide
Leave the suicidal person alone Assume theyre not the suicidal type Make judgments Don't keep deadly secrets
What paired with a Immediate Danger Signals related to suicide increases the risk of suicide
Life stress event , appears to be depressed history
What are prevention and personal protective measures from diseases transmitted by filth flies and cockroaches
Locating and removing food sources Field latrines should be constructed, maintained Use sprays, sticky traps in conjunction with other pest elimination measures
Major contributing factors to suicidal behavior
Made a previous suicide attempt loss of family or friend through suicide Victim of childhood abuse or witnessed family violence Previously abused drugs and/or alcohol Alcohol abuse or dependency by significant family member
Field TX of Snake Bite
Maintain ABC Look for allergic/anaphylaxis Start IV in unaffected extremity Remove watches and jewelry from affected extremity Reassure and keep calm Gently clean site Immobilize bitten side
West Nile Virus Symptoms
Most people infected are symptomatic 20 percent develop mild symptoms including fever, headache and body aches 1 in 150 people develop more severe form of this disease with symptoms including high fever, neck stiffness, coma, seizures, paralysis and death
Vaccines for Leishmaniasis
No vaccines
Treatment of scabies
Ointments and cleaning clothes
Filth Flies transmit disease through ___________ transmission
Passive
What are Fleas efficient vectors of
Plague, typhus, Tularemia
__________________ is primary in the army's effort to reduce suicide
Prevention
What is the Army Suicide Prevention Program Model based on?
Prevention, Intervention, and the Integration of installation/community resources
Prevention of ticks
Proper protective wear Use of DEET Search the body for ticks Clean skin with soap and water after a tick removal
First symptom of lyme disease
Red macule or papule some time in a bulls eye shape
Scorpian treatment
Refer to MO Ice application to relieve localized pain
Treatment of black widow bites
Refer to MO Observation Occasionally, antivenom
Tx of brown recluse spider bite
Refer to Mo Ice and Elevate Tetanus Anitbiotics if secondary infection exists Occasional surgical excision of the ulcerated area is needed
What factor accounted for the largest part of amry suicides
Relationship problems
What to do if a battle buddy is suicidal
Remove potential means of harm Ask directly Convey concerns Get help
Chloroquine
Standard antimalarial medication. But many strains of malaria are chloroquine resistant
It is vital we create a __________________ environment that promotes______________________
Supportive, Positive coping skills
Crushing the vector
THe vector is smashed onto the skin of the host. When the host wipes off the dead bug, the pathogen is rubbed into the skin
Prevention of Lice
Thorough cleaning a) All bedding, pillows b) Clothing hats c) Brushes combs etc. d) Stuffed animals bagged for couple of weeks e) clothes Otherwise spread to others/ reinfect self Do not share bedding or clothes
Which anthropod is the most efficient at transmitting disease
Ticks
Venom
Toxin produced by some animals
Active Transmission
Transmission into the host that requires the parasite to actively work to gain entry into the host
Treatment for Dengue Fiver
Treatment is supportive, no real specific treatment
Where does sandfly fever thrive
Tropical and subtropical areas of europe, africa, south america and asia
Fecal Contamination
Vector defecates into a wound on the host. As the would itches, scratching and rubbing by the host causes the pathogen to enter the host's body : Example Chagas' disease
Inoculation
Vector injects the pathogen into the host with it's saliva while it feeds on the host ( Mosquitos)
Regurgitation
Vector vomits the pathogen into the host while it feeds on the host( Fleas)
Where are fleas abundant at
Warm summers High humidity areas
Where do sand flies like to attack
Wrist, ankles, any exposed part of the body
What increases the risk of attempting suicide two fold to five fold
adverse childhood events
Anthropods
animals including ticks, spiders, mites and other insects as welll as crustaceans such as shrimp lobsters and crabs
Scorpians are _________________
arachnid
When to maintain a high index of suspicion for lyme disease
area where there is a lyme disease endemic
Prevention of scabies
avoid people with scabies, handwashing, maintain good hygine
Most effective mean of controlling malaria
avoiding mosquito bites
What are sandflies
blood sucking gnats that look like small mosquitoes
Three type of "louse"
body louse, head louse, crab louse
How do fleas infect humans
by biting them
Head lice transmission
contact frequent in schools and institutions
Scabies
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite
BOdy lice transmission
crowded living, unsanitary conditions, poor hygine
How does the brown recluse spider look
dark, violin shaped area on the back.
Cockroaches can cause
diarrheal disease such as cholera
Signs and Symptoms of lyme disease
distinctive skin lesion neurological, orthopedic and cardiac involvement Bulls eye rash headache stiff neck muscle and joint aches
Filth Flies can cause
dysentery and diarrheal disease
How often should DEET be reapplied on the skin
every 4-6 hours
Where are scabies found
in skin folds, such as fingers, toe webs, axilla genital area
Envenomation
injection of a poisonous material by sting, spine, bite, or other means
Prevention and Personal protective measures of Sandfly fever
insect repellent with DEET Avoid dogs and other domesticated animals
Chiggers Bite signs
itching and small welts
What does brown recluse spider bites do
local tissue destruction
Passive transmission is also called
mechanical transmission
Where do filth flies and cockroaches live
near animal or human waste, garbage, decomposing plants/animals, mud in high organic content
Symptoms of Snake BIte
noticeable bite or scratch on the skin, pain and progressive swelling, rapid pulse, labored breathing, N/V, weakness to unconsciousness, anaphylaxis, anaphylactic shock
Consider all snake bites to be_______________
poisonous
Prevention and protection from plague
removing carriers Sprays, foggers, traps to eliminate pests Isolate suspected case of plague
Crab lice transmission
sexual contact
How do female black widow spiders look like
shiny black, red hourglass marking on her abdomen
Healing speed for brown recluse spider bite
slow
Treatment of West Nile Virus
supportive only Prevention, personal protective measures
Mites are generally found in
tall grass or underbush close to watering holes and resting places
Where can ticks be found
tall grass, underbush in close proximity to mammal resting places and watering holes
What type of setting does malaria thrive
tropical
What does a large population of flies and cockroaches indicate
unsanitary conditions
Initial sting of scorpian
very painful with little no swelling or redness
Where are brown recluse spiders found?
woodpiles, garages, dark places