Final
Doctoral Degree
- 12 to 24 month program - must have master in PA - types of doctorate degree > Doctor of Physician Assistant Studies > Doctor of Medical Sciences
Typical Post Graduate Residencies
- 12 to 24 months - emergency medicine usually longer than 18 months - 40-80 hours a week, 6 days a week - provide stipend ($40k to $60k)
Where PAs work internationally
- 15 countries where PAs are allowed to work, each have their own standards of education however are still developing with only 1-10 programs in each country Canada UK Netherlands Liberia India Ghana South Africa Australia Saudi Arabi Germany New Zealand Afghanistan Israel Bulgaria Ireland
Feldshers
- 1650 - originally a German military medical assistant - introduced to german military army by Peter the Great (17th Century) - continue to practice in Russia (primary, preventative, maternity in rural areas) - 1863 Johanna Maria Heden
Loblolly Boys
- 1798 - John Wall: first loblolly boy, assigned by US Navy to assist on the USS Constellation - 1799: act of Congress mandated Navy ships have area for sick/injured > assists ship surgeon in medical care, collect amputated limbs, coal to heat tar to cauterize, buckets of sand so surgeons don't slip on blood) - 1800's: surgeon's steward-Apothecary-Bayan-Hospital Corpsman
Officier De Sante
- 1803 (ABOLISHED 1892) - "health officer" - Rene Fourcroy: proposed the position to alleviate healthcare personnel shortages in military and civilian sector- rural areas - Suture, minor procedures, prescribe medication
Practicante
- 1898 (ABOLISHED 1931) - Puerto Rico - Increased access to care in rural areas - diagnosis, treatment, suturing, setting fractures - reported to doctors in urban areas
Barefoot Doctors
- 1965 (END 1981) - provide medical services to rural Chinese population - illness prevention, family planning, treat acute illness, hygiene - 3-6 month training
International PA Timeline
- 1965 Liberia: the first Liberian Health Assistant/PA Program is developed in Africa with the collaboration of the World Health Organization and the United Nations CHildren's Funds (UNICEF) - 1984 Canada: The first canadian PA class graduated from The Canadian Forces Medical Services School at Borden, Ontario - 2003 The United Kingdom: Uk PAs agree to change their name to Physician Associate - 2014 Bulgaria: The first two Bulgarian PA programs are developed, developed off US PA school curriculum (4 year bachelor's degree) - 2018 The United Kingdom: PAs in the Uk gain governmental salutary regulations
History of PA Degrees
- 2 year masters since Duke program - required healthcare experience and "clinical hours:
Pros of Masters
- 2 years of training - getting into the field faster - large range of responsibilities for less time in school - not as much college debt - able to commit - face to fcae with teacher - many programs avaiable
Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine
- 3 year accelerated program designed for certified Physician Assistant - 12 students accepted, 6 in a chosen residency and 6 in primary care - Prerequisites: certified PA, min GPA of 2.7, physics course with a lab, organic chem course with lab, US Citizen or permanent residency, min 23 on the MCAT 0r 40th percentile on the new one
Undergraduate Phase
- 5 or 6 year program - both with two years of graduate school - allows for completion of prerequisites
Salary (US Army Physician Assistant Salary)
- 79,000 to 145,000 - average: $111,693 - bonuses and compensation available - depends on level of experience
Johanna Maria Heden
- A Swedish midwife - first known licensed female feldspar in Sweden - first known formally educated female surgeon in Sweden
Schools Offering Doctoral Degrees
- AT Still University - University of Lynchburg - Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences - Lincoln Memorial University (not online) - still growing - currently no direct entry programs
Military PAs vs. Civilians PAs
- After meeting all requirements the applicant must be accepted into any branch of the military and than accepted into IPAP - advantages include branch pays for schooling to become a PA, student not confined to hospital or clinics - similar to civilian PAs however serve military personnel and their families
Speciality Certification/ Certification of Added Qualification (CAQ)
- CAQ allows PAs to earn accreditation in seven listed specialties - to qualify PAs must satisfy two basic prerequisites - CAQ has four core requirements
Doctor of Medical Science
- DMSc - Administrative or Academic focused - Teaches increased sense of social responsibilities - typically used in educational leadership, industry leadership, advocating for healthcare policies at fewer, state, and local levels
Doctor of Physician Assistant Studies
- Doctor of Science in Physician Assistant Studies (DScPAS) - clinically focused - typically used in primary care, hospital medicine, emergency medicine
Short Term Medical Trips
- International Impact through Medicine Foundations - Mobile Medics International > Philippines
Elective Rotations
- Mancha, Peru - Arusha, Tanzania - Bangalor, India
Background: United Kingdom
- New European Union rules restricted the number of hours a doctor can work - Led to access problems and longer wait times in clinics and ED - British NHS officials saw potential in PAs
Prescribing as a PA
- PA can prescribe in 48 states (not kentucky or florida) - in 38 states there are no restrictions on what PAs can prescribe - in most states the PA must obtain separate DEA registration to prescribe narcotics (oxycodone, morphine, fentanyl) - getting a doctorate PA degree can be beneficial
Certificate of Added Qualifications Requirements
- PA-C Certification - possess a valid, unrestricted license to practice as a PA in the US or for a government agency - 150 credits for category 1 CME of the specialty - 2000-4000 hours of experience working in the specialty - Physicians attestation of knowledge and skills - CAQ exam - all qualifications must be obtained - $100 administrative fee and $250 exam registration fee - CAQ is valid for ten years
PAs in the Armed Forces
- PAs sent overseas for a 12-13 month time - possibility of live combat
Physician Assistant Doctorate
- PhD in Physician Assistant studies - Adopted by many others healthcare professions - length and form of schooling varies > between 12-24 months > many online, some in school setting - generally aimed at clinical growth, leadership opportunity, and research development - typically require a capstone project
Accelerated Medically Trained Clinician (AMTC)
- Physician Assistant: USA, India, Netherlands, Liberia, Afghanistan, Canada, Saudia Arabia - Physician associate: Ireland, Scottland - Clinical Officers: Tanzania, Malawi, Uganda - Feldsher: Russia, Mongolia - Medex: Guyana - Clinical Associate: South Africa - Health Assistant: Ethiopia - Medical Assistant: Ghana
Residency/ Fellowship Opportunities
- Postgraduate Training Programs aka Residencies or Fellowships - advanced learning in various medical/ surgical subspecialties > most are 12 months long some are 24 months > most provide stipends of $40k -$75k > hours range from 40-80 per week > over 84 programs
Four Main Branches Military PAs Can Work
- US Army - US Air Force - America's Navy - US Coast Guard - each have their own set of specialties within
Partnership for Youth Success Program (PaYS)
- army program - PAs eligible for civilian employment after the army by enrolling - recruitment option guarantees a job interview - relationship with John Hopkins, Cleveland Clinic, Mercy Medical center +
Maintaining Certification
- as of 2014 a ten year certification maintenance was standard - in the cycle of two years, PAs must log 100 credits online and submit a certification maintenance fee > category 1: regular, certification programs, self assessments > category 2: educational - PAs must take PAN- RE at the end of their ninth or tenth year > PAs on the six year cycle will take it at the end of their fifth or sixth year - one month extension if you fail to complete the requirements by december 31st
Order of Ceritfication
- bachelor's degree - healthcare hours - graduate from accredited 2-3 year master program - pass PANCE - begin working - pass PANRE
Residency vs. Fellowship
- both considered postgraduate training - residency: geared more towards ew graduates and new professionals, clinical or nonclinical, focus on advancing knowledge and skills within a specialty - fellowship: not required to practice medicine, necessary for training in subspecialties
Surgical specialties
- cardiovascular and thoracic surgery - general surgery - neurosurgery - orthopedic surgery - vascular - bariatric - otorhinolaryngology (head and neck surgery) - plastic/ reconstruction - trauma surgery - urology/ urogynecology - transplant - robotic
Cons of Masters
- complaints form higher providers - the title implies that they are not professionals rather sole assistants - little opportunity for advancements - its only a masters whats should PA be able to do then,
Doctoral Degree Curriculum
- dedicated to research development - courses include >evidence based research and performance improvement > healthcare administration > global health issues > healthcare law > disaster medicine
Cons of a Residency
- delays practitioners from entering the clinical setting on a full-time basis - PAs who go directly into specialties tend to make just as much or more, as well as working less hours than a PA in residency while still learning on the job
NCCPA history
- demand for primary care in 1960s due to specialization - 1968: graduates and students at duke established the profession of PAs - 1972: several PA training programs came together and formed the Physician Assistant Education Association (PAEA) - created august 1974 at a meeting in Chicago - National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) developed and administers certifying exams - NCCPA assumed responsibility for requirements and standards and issues certificates
Pros of Residency
- develop abilities in specialized practice - employers give reference to residency trained physicians - employers are willing to pay more for a PA who completed a residency - Association of Postgraduate PA Program (APPAP) serves as a resource
PANCE
- earliest you can apply is 90 days before expected program completion - must have graduated from Accredited Review Commission on the education of Physician Assistant (ARC-PA) program - earliest you can test is seven days after program completion - 180 days from the beginning of the exam is the timeframe to take it - can only take is once in a 90 day time frame or three times a calendar year - $500 advanced payment - no test between december 18-31
History Behind Post Grad Residencies
- early 1970s to accommodate growing PA profession - Montefiore Medical Center is home to country's first postgraduate residency for PAs > established 1971 in the Bronx by Marvin Gliedman (MD), Richard Rosen (MD), Clara Vanderbilt (R-PAC) > formalized into a 12 month residency
PANRE
- eligible to take during the final two years of certification maintenance cycle - may take up to two times in 5th or 9th year and three times in 6th to 10th year - max of four total attempts > however only once in a 90 day time frame - 180 days from the beginning of the exam time frame to finish it - no test between december 18-31 - $350 fee
Specialties Benefitted
- emergency medicine - surgery
Specialties
- every specialty the hospital has - focuses in emergency and trauma - common specialties: emergency, most surgical, nuclear, aeromedical, internal, family, pediatrics - nuclear medicine is important due to the improving technology with nuclear weapons - aeromedical medicine is specific to the military and treats the fight team under extreme pressure
Residency Pros
- experience and knowledge - fast paced environment - ands on opportunities - improve judgment by observation of others - increase interest or dissuade - some employers prefer experience - slow transition from school to independent work - employers could pay more for a PA with these credentials - some banks offer residents loan repayment or defer
Cons of Doctorate
- financial and time commitment - increase stress - decreased patient care if continuing as a clinician while working to obtain your doctorate
responsibilities
- first line contact as a consultant - preoperative and postoperative outpatient care - first assist in the operating room (prepare patient and close wound) - preoperative care - often seen in hospital setting of large and small hospitals
PANCE Exam Content
- five hours long - five blocks with sixty questions each - 60 minutes for each block with 45 minute break in between - two dimensions (disease/disorder and skills/task) - medical content = 95% - up to 20% is general surgery - professional practice issues is 5% - practice exams available for $50
PANRE
- four hours long - 240 multiple choice questions > increments of 60 questions with 60 minutes to complete each block > 45 minutes (total) allowed for breaks - only allowed to take the PANRE in a 90-day period - $350 exam fee
PANRE Exam Content
- four hours long - four block with 60 questions each - 60 minutes per block with 45 minute break - two dimensions (knowledge of organ systems/disease/disorders and skills/tasks)
How PAs can get involved
- global health services partnership - go to other countries to teach medical providers as well as work and gain experience - global healthcare network - PAs are the solution to the global health personnel shortage
Benefits for Practicing and Students PAs Internationally
- global presence = greater collective learning - PA students benefit most from international practice - cost effective for developing nations - alleviates oressure on physicians in nations with underdeveloped healthcare systems
Residency Requirements
- graduate from an ARC-PA - eligibility for proper license - board certification - Proof of basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACVLS) - applicant usually selected based on academic achievement, interpersonal skills, and interest in field - highly competitive (10-30 interviewees with only 1-4 residents selected)
PAs for Global Health (PAGH)
- grassroots non-profit organization - puts PAs in touch with organizations that lead missionary trips to undeserved areas - designed by the AAPA to meet interest of volunteer work, global health, and the PA role
Pros of Doctorate
- higher pay - job advancement and leadership opportunities - may serve as an advantage in job competition
PAs in 3rd world counties
- lack of funding Liberia - 1965: PAs highly recognized and accepted - lack of permanent office space, equipment, supplies, vehicles for monitoring and supervision, and lack of subsidies and government Kenya - lack of government support and low pay - clinical officers are well established, well-compensated, have a lot of autonomy - can serve in doctors without borders - trained for surgical procedures (hernia, cataract repair, C-section) - outnumber physicians, system would not stand without COs
Doctoral PA Program Requirements
- masters in PA - high GPA - evidence of leadership - strong clinical background - licensed and certified
Opportunities for PAs
- military - national health service corp - non-governmental organizations
PAs for Global Health
- mission trips to: Haiti, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Somalia, Kenya, Ghana, Uganda, India, Afghanistan, Pakistan - PAs need at least two years of skill to practice internationally - most organizations seek PAs with 3-5 years of emergency or primary care medicine - should be familiar with subspecialties
Cons of Doctoral Degree
- more debt - doctorate degree with lack of independence - role doesn't change only the title - few program available (only online) - increased stress
PA Certification by State
- most require that PAs graduate from an accredited PA program and that PAs pass the PANCE - not all require you to have NCCPA certification to get your star license
Residency Cons
- must wait to officially start working independently - some say they learn just as much on the job - salaries eventually max out - delays number of available PAs - residents work longer with lower pay
PAs with Doctorate
- not bound to specialty - dependent practitioner
Responsibilities
- obtain medical histories - perform comprehensive exams - treat minor injuries - interpret lab test and X-rays - provide instructions for at home care procedures - prescribe meds to soldiers - carry out treatment plans - supervise medics and act as platoon leader
National PA Week
- october 6th - 12th - commemorates fist class of PA graduated from Duke (October 6th 1967) - recognized contributions of PAs to national health
National Commission on Certification of PAs
- only certification organization for PAs - purpose is to provide certification programs that reflect true skills and knowledge - PANCE and PANRE test - assure PAs are meeting requirements - by Dec 2018 there was 131,000 certified PAs
Doctoral Degree
- perform advanced healthcare research, teach at graduate level, fine tune their skills, develop specialization - graduation requirement requires research or dissertation
New Alternative to the PANRE (quarterly exam)
- pilot program started in January 2019 - all online no onset exams - 4 quarters each year for 2 years > Jan-Mar, Apr-Jun, Jul-Sep, Oct-Dec - 25 questions each exam, 200 questions in total > rather than 240 questions in one sitting (regular PANRE) - immediate feedback
Background: Netherlands
- rising number of older patients with one disorder - PAs improver pride patient ration and reduce cost of care
Aeromedical PAs (APA)
- same responsibilities as PAs as well as practicing and teaching flight safety, spend time flying and observing flight procedures, also spend time with flight surgeon -Physical Requirements: swim one mile in a flight suit, swim 25 yards underwater after jumping from a 15 foot height, know advanced swimming techniques, additional physical tests - half their time in flight and half in clinics - responsible for patients and other flight crew members (mental stability) - six week flight and ground school course - ten week course for working during flights and basic operations - nine week classroom specific to medicine in aviation
Pros of Doctoral Degree
- set apart from typical Masters - administrative or higher level positions - leadership positions - easier transition to specialties - clinical growth - salary increase - work while gaining further degree - standardizes the education
Need For Globalization
- shortage for doctors in rural areas - rising healthcare costs - increases in physician specialization
Post Graduate Residencies
- stage of graduate medical training - mandatory for physicians voluntary for PAs - allow PA to gain both clinical and didactic knowledge as clinical experience is combined with classroom lectures - majority are related to surgical specialties (cardiac/orthopedic) - postgraduate training available in emergency medicine, critical care, dermatology, OBGYN and oncology - a year or longer
Background: Canada and Australia
- struggle with physician shortages in rural areas - underrepresentation of indigenous healthcare providers - have turned to developing a US modeled PA practitioner to work closely with doctors and improve access to care
Interservice PA Program (IPAP)
- to provide uniformed service with highly competent, compassionate PAs who model integrity, strive for leadership and excellence and are committed to lifelong learning - 1996, military combined the PA programs to form IPAPs, University of Nebraska agreed with the IPAP to provided faculty and administrative support - location: Army Academy of Health Science in Fort Sam Houston, Texas
Why a specialty
- training process - lifestyle they want - geographical region - market forces- jobs that are available - salary
Master's Degree
- typically earned through a 4+2 (some have accelerate 3+2) - Master of Physician Assistant Studies - @ DeSales: Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies
Graduate Phase
- usually two years - "professional phase" 24 month training > 12 months didactic and 12 months clinical - graduate with a MPAS *graduate with a masters of SCIENCE in physician assistant studies at desalts (MSPAS) - eligible to take PANCE
Certification of Added Qualification (CAQ)
- voluntary credential available for certified PAs in seven specialties - offers recognition for commitment to a specialty - can be used to increase recognition, compensation, responsibilities, reimbursement - adds practice-related credibility to a CV
Postgraduate Action Steps
1. become nationally certified by passing the PANCE 2. obtain a state license in your practicing state 3. obtain an NPI number 4. obtain a federal DEA number
Accreditation council for Graduate Medical Education
26 physician specialties, 126 subspecialties
PAs wihtout
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Benefits and Compensation
Active Duty - health professional loan repayment (amount of repayment depends on length of service after the loan was made, max of $40,000 repayment) - specialty pays for board certified PAs - May receive pay for continuing education Army Reserve - retirement benefit at age 60 with 20 years of service - may receive pay for continuing education and training - travel opportunities and humanitarian missions
Interservice PA Program (IPAP)
Application Requirements: - only military applications - security clearance requirements - under the age of 42 by commission - SAT score 1000 (460 on math) - US citizen - 60 semester hours before applying - basic life support certification
CAQ
Certificate of Added Qualifications
PA-C
Certified PA
Four states that do not require a recertification
Colorado, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin
MPAS
Master of Physician Assistant Studies
History of Physician Assistants
Mid 1960s - recognize the shortage of primary care physicians 1965 - Eugene Stead of Duke Univ Med Center, created the first class of PAs - He selected four navy hospital corpsmen who had received medical training during their military service to become PAs - knowledge from the training of doctors during WWII October 6 1967 - the first PA class graduated from the Duke Univ PA Program 1970s - occupation gained federal acceptance, solution to shortage - accreditation standard, national certification process, standardized examinations were created - 1973: Association of Physician Assistant (the accrediting body) 1971 - Army starts using PAs - gradually replace general medical officers assigned to battalions - specialty positions in aviation, medicine, orthopedics, and emergency - need for PAs developed at all levels of leadership 2015 - army removed limitations on female PAs into combat units - PAs lead in tactical and clinical setting (filling commands roles, senior positions, administrative roles)
NCCPA
National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants
Interservice PA Program (IPAP)
PANCE - US News and World Report listed IPAP as #11 in US programs
PANCE and PANRE
Physician Assistant Nation Certificatio/Recertification Exam
Interservice PA Program (IPAP)
Program Overview: 1. phase one - 13 months - basic medical science courses 2. phase two - 16 months - 22 clinical sites across the country (military of military affiliated) - allows IPAP students to obtain necessary PA skills 3. Degree Requirement - bachelor of science from phase one from the University of Nebraska - Master of PA Studies after phase two
rounds vs grand rounds
Rounds: a series of professional calls on hospital patients made by a doctor or nurse Grand rounds: presenting the medical problems and treatment of a particular patient to an audience consisting of doctors, residents, and medical students
Possible Residency Subspecialties
acute care cardiology family medicine internal medicine pediatrics surgery and many more
Orthopedic Surgery
acute, chronic, traumatic, overuse injuries and other disorders of the musculoskeletal system responsibilities - office visits - assist in surgery - preoperative care - procedures - suturing, casting, injections, splinting Physician Assistant in Orthopedic Surgery salary: 98k 115k 138k Justin Fatula, PA-C, 2006
Oncology
branch of medicine that studies cancers categories: medical, surgical, radiation, pediatrics The Association of Physician Assistant in Oncology medical, 96k, 110k, 130k surgical: 96k, 111k, 130k
Cardiothoracic Surgery
cardio: surgery of the heart and great vessels thoracic: surgery of the chest responsibilities: - assist in operating room - pre/postoperative care in hospital - office patients: postoperative checks, suture removal -Association of Physician Assistants in Cardiovascular Surgery - salary: 113k, 142k, 175k
Seven Specialties
cardiovascular/Thoracic Surgery Emergency Medicine Hospital Medicine Nephrology Orthopedic Surgery Pediatrics Psychiatry
Vascular Surgery
diagnosis and comprehensive management of disorders of the arterial, venous, and lymphatic system (excluding inter cranial and coronary arteries) responsibilities: - office visits and follow ups - assist in surgery - preoperative - consultations American Association of Surgical Physician Assistant Salary: 98k 117k, 137k Briana Kich
Otorhinolaryngology (Head and Neck)
diagnosis and treatment of ENT, head and neck disorders responsibilities: - in/outpatient, surgery, assit in perioperative care procedures: - cerumen removal, cautery for control of epistaxis, nasal packaging, incision and drainage, flexible nasopharyngoscopy Society of Physician Assistant in Otorhinolaryngology/ Head and Neck Surgery salary: 93k, 107k 125k
Emergency Medicine
diagnosis and treatment of acute illnesses and injuries that require immediate medical attention evaluate, treat, determine disposition of patients in the ED 110k, 117k, 141k
Master Degree Curriculum
didactic - anatomy - physiology - pharmacology (I-III) - clinical medicine (I-III) - pathophysiology (I-III) clinical - emergency medicine - pediatrics - family medicine - internal medicine - OB/GYN - Psychiatry - General Surgery
St. Luke's University Health Network
didactic - lecture - grand rounds - journal clubs - attend physicians rounds - simulation labs - procedure labs clinical - core rotation time: 2 months in medical/surgical critical care, 1 month in trauma/emergency medicine - emergency medicine: 5 additional months and 2 weeks in cardiothoracic and neuro - critical care: additional 2 months of surgical care, as well as one in medical critical, trauma, neuro, cardithoracic
Gastroenterology
digestive system and its disorders - medical specialty but can also do procedures evaluate and treat Gi disorders, GERD, celiac, esophageal, gastric, biliary/pancreatic and diverticular disease salary: 93k, 104k, 118k
Infectious Disease
disease caused by organisms and communicable diseases in/outpatient setting - travel clinics, HIV clinics 92.5k, 108k, 132k
The National Physician Associate Expansion Programme (NPAEP)
growth of PAs have been slow in the UK, outside the US PAs are hard to find - program created to introduce more PAs to the UK - goal was to recruit 200 PAs from the U.S. to work in the UK
TraumaSurgery
injured and critically ill patients responsibilities: - care of critical ill (ACLS/ATLS) - in/outpatient salary: 102k, 113k, 128k
Journal club
keeping abreast of new knowledge, promoting awareness of current nursing research findings, learning to critique and appraise research, becoming familiar with the best current clinical research, and encouraging research utilization
Dermatology
medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of disease and tumors of the skin and appendages medical, surgical , see patients across lifespan asses and treat 98k, 120k, 140k
Psychiatry
medical specialty devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study and treatment of mental disorders including abnormalities related to mood, behavior, cognition and perception inpatient, outpatient, acute and chronic evaluate and treat patients 96k110k, 128k
Cardiology
myocardial, circulatory and valve disease in/outpatients, office patients, admission and discharge, rounds 97k, 110k, 130k
Neurology
nervous system disorders investigate, diagnose, treat 93k, 105k, 117k
Urogynecology
noncancerous conditions concerning the female pelvic organs and their supporting muscles and tissues as well as pelvic reconstruction PAs may be office based or hospital care OB/GYN salary: 95k, 105k, 125k
Challenges for PAs Internationally
recognition/understanding of the PA profession - doctors and nurses are universal - difficult for PAs to work interchangeably - don't have the title "doctor" - hard to group into a category Accelerated Medically Trained Clinician (AMTC) - gives PAs a category along with others
Neurosurgery
surgery of the CNS and PNS and spinal column responsibilities - assist in surgery - preoperative care - office patients American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants salary: 102k 119k 143k
Plastic/ Reconstruction Surgery
surgical and nonsurgical techniques to change the appearance and restore function of a person's body responsibilities: inpatient/outpatient - cosmetic, reconstruction, burn management, minor office based procedures salary 96k, 111k, 130k
General Surgery
surgical treatment of abdominal organs, thyroid glands, hernias, occasionally breast responsibilities - opening and closing incision - preoperative care: write orders, drain removal, daily care - postoperative care: staples/suture removal, recheck - in/outpatient American Association of Surgical Physician Assistants Salary: 96k 110k 124k
Collaboration between the Peace Corps and the Global Health Services
the Global Health Services formed a partnership with three global health partners (the peace corps, seed global health, and the US president's emergency plan for aids relief) - primary purpose of the partnership to bring higher quality care and more care to countries in need - 4 key areas: 1. deploying qualified and committed nurse and physician educators for 1 year 2. working with partner academic institutions to identify and support urgently needed expertise and educational resources 3. aligning efforts and resources with the priorities of host governments and other institutions committed to health system strengthening 4. providing financial assistance to and practical support for US educators that volunteer through GHSP to facilitate effective and fulfilling service
Between 2000-2006
the number of hospital based PAs increased by 1/3 and in 2004 ACGME limited resource work hours to 80 per week
Critical Care Medicine
treats patients in the ICU and CCU and covers all aspects of acute and emergency care for the critical ill or injured patient PAs work as part of pulmonologists, surgeons, pharmacists, consultants, anesthesiologist, and therapists hospital based, medical and surgical Society of Critical Care Medicine- section for PAs 103k 117k 144k
Urology
unrinary tract of male and female but reproductive system of only males office based and surgery/hospital - consultations, robotic surgery, cystoscopies salary: 97k, 111k, 130k
