Final - Ch 5, 23, 24 - EBP, Legal, Ethics
A nurse educator recommends that for some circumstances, making a decision under a "veil of ignorance" may be most appropriate. The nurse educator explains that a "veil of ignorance" pertains to which ethical theory? a. Justice and equity b. Deontology c. Relativism d. Virtue ethics
A
A nurse is attempting to become a more virtuous person as defined by Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008). The nurse most likely will demonstrate which of the following when providing nursing care? a. Compassion, discernment, integrity, and trustworthiness b. Discernment, compassion, understanding, and empathy c. Trustworthiness, integrity, sympathy, and following the rules d. Integrity, compassion, understanding, and making the best decision that is fair for all
A
A nurse is doing some charting and needs a tool that will help with legal protection. The nurse remembers that one useful tool is the acronym FLAT, which stands for: a. factual, legible, accountable, and timely. b. factual, legal, accurate, and time frame. c. fully accountable, legitimate, accurate, and truthful. d. foresight, legitimate, accountable, and timely.
A
A nurse is sexually harassed by one of the Chief Residents on the unit. After experiencing several months of this harassment, the nurse files a complaint with the union representative. The attorney for the hospital informs the union representative that the hospital was unaware of the sexual harassment. Which of the following statements is accurate in terms of the hospital's liability? a. Lack of knowledge of the sexual harassment does not eliminate the hospital's liability. b. The hospital is not liable because the nurse should have reported the first incident of sexual harassment. c. Liability for the sexual harassment would only exist if the nurse was sexually harassed by another nurse. d. The hospital is not liable because the nurse should have filed the complaint in the office of EEOC before involving the union representative.
A
A nursing instructor asks a student to name the four elements required to provide proof of liability. Which response by the student would indicate that further teaching is needed? a. Obligation created by law, contract, or standard practice that is owed to the professional by the complainant b. Breach of this obligation either by omission or commission c. Physical, emotional, or financial harm to the complainant d. Proof that the breach of obligation caused the complainant harm
A
The nurse follows practice protocols and clinical guidelines primarily because they help to produce better patient care by reducing: a. variations in care and increasing efficiency. b. the need for individual patient variations. c. waste of resources available in the hospital. d. the number of inpatient care days per year.
A
The nurse wishes to employ Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt's five-step process of evidence-based practice. The nurse recognizes that the five-step process includes: a. asking relevant questions, searching for evidence, appraising the evidence, integrating evidence with clinical practice and patient preferences in order to make practice decisions, and evaluating the practice decision. b. knowledge discovery, evidence summary, translation into practice, integration into practice, evaluation. c. grading the research, leveling the evidence, source of evidence, strength of evidence, publishing the evidence. d. designing the research study, selecting research subjects, controlling variables, collecting data, analyzing.
A
When engaging in evidence-based practice, the nurse would use which of the following criteria to determine the relevance of the study or report? a. Level of evidence b. Clearinghouse to purge outdated research c. Quasi-experimental pre-post study research d. Scale for grading research for recommendation
A
Which of the following would be a potential positive outcome for an organization when it integrates evidence-based practice? a. Improved recruitment of nurses b. Reduced mortality and morbidity c. Higher turnover of nurses d. Reduced pt satisfaction
A
You are passing medications on a mental health unit. One of the patients refuses to take her morning medications stating, "That medicine makes me feel weird." You see the patient's breakfast tray and question the charge nurse on whether it would be wrong for you to crush the medication and mix it into the patient's applesauce without the patient's knowledge. Which ethical principle would you be violating? a. Autonomy b. Beneficence c. Fidelity d. Veracity
A
You are working in the Labor and Delivery Department. One of your patients is ready to deliver and is being rushed to the delivery room. The patient's regular physician is not available so another doctor will be doing the delivery. You ask the doctor if the patient's husband can come into the delivery room. The doctor immediately asks whether the patient is a private patient or on public assistance. Stunned by the question, you respond that the patient is on public assistance. The doctor then tells you that the husband cannot go into the delivery room. Which ethical principle has been violated a. Justice b. Fidelity c. Beneficence d. Nonmaleficence
A
A nurse manager wishes to assure that the hospital is in compliance with the Patient Care Partnership. The nurse manager goes on the AHA Web site, which has a checklist that can help assure compliance. On the checklist, the nurse manager would most likely find which of the following items? Select all that apply. a. Ethics committee b. Communication in-services for employees c. Process for patient follow-up on concerns d. Statement of patient rights e. Assistance with paying hospital bills f. Patient education on the use of advanced directives
A B C D F
As a new graduate, you strongly believe in the ethical principles. You plan to practice nonmaleficence by including which of the following in your practice as a nurse? Select all that apply. a. Always work within your Standards of Nursing Practice b. Observe all safety rules and precautions c. Take shortcuts in order to reduce time-on-task so that you can accomplish more d. Perform procedures according to facility protocols e. Never ask for assistance because you are a BSN graduate and competent in all areas f. Keep your education and skills up to date with competency building and life-long learning
A B D F
A nurse asks an attorney specializing in health care about what constitutes negligence. Which of the following would the attorney say is needed to legally determine that a nurse has been negligent? Select all that apply. a. The nurse had a duty to perform. b. There was a breach of this duty, either by omission or commission. c. There is proof that the breach of duty caused the harm. d. The patient was not harmed. e. There was actual harm, which can be physical, emotional, or financial, to the patient. f. The nurse was overworked.
A B E
As an RN, you recognize that to practice the ethical principle of autonomy (i.e., respect for an individual's right to self-determination and individual liberty) you would practice which of he following? Select all that apply. a. Protect the physical privacy of patients b. Be sure that patients have consented to all treatments and procedures c. Provide attorney's with all relevant information if it will help a patient's legal case d. Release patient information of any kind to all family members who request it e. Discuss patients with other professional nurses who are not involved in the patient's care f. Become familiar with state laws and facility policies dealing with advance directives
A B F
A nurse asks an attorney specializing in health care for examples of malpractice. Which of the following would the attorney give as examples of malpractice? Select all that apply. a. A nurse administers digoxin to the wrong patient, and the patient dies. b. A nurse hangs an IV after checking the label, but the pharmacist placed the wrong contents in the IV, and the patient dies. c. A patient has been admitted to the hospital under an order of commitment, but she elopes and is killed by a drunk driver outside the hospital. d. A nurse does not restart an IV for a client in sickle cell crisis when the original IV infiltrates. Lacking needed fluids, the patient dies. e. A nurse places a patient in restraints without a physician's order, and the patient suffocates while trying to get out of the restraints. f. A client is experiencing complications of labor, and the nurse contacts the physician while he is at a major fundraising event.
A C D E
You are attending a conference on the legal aspects of nursing management. The speaker informs the participants that nursing malpractice can involve which of the following? Select all that apply. a. Medication problems b. Personal problems c. Treatment problems d. Personnel problems e. Communication problems f. Monitoring/observing/supervising problems
A C E F
A nurse has heard that a fellow nurse at another hospital was charged with assault on a patient. The nurse asks the nurse manager whether assault is the same as battery. The nurse manager explains that assault differs from battery in that it: a. is the act instead of the threat being done without permission. b. is the threat instead of the act being done without permission. c. concerns being offensive without permission. d. concerns the thought without the act or the threat.
B
A nurse has received several summons to appear for jury duty. The nurse does not respond to the summons and throws them in the trash. The nurse is in violation of which of the following? a. Contract law b. Tort law c. Criminal law d. Federal law
B
A nurse manager is employing strategies to enhance the development of an ethical and socially responsible workplace environment, such as: a. written organizational codes of conduct and communication reinforcing ethical behaviors according to the tort law. b. training programs in ethics and encouraging confrontation and arguments related to ethical deviation. c. written organizational codes of conduct and leadership by default. d. ethics hotline and training programs in social constructs.
B
A nurse manager wishes to implement a risk management program because it: a. helps protect hospitals from bioethical problems. b. has an emphasis upon quality improvement and protection from financial liability. c. can be combined with quality management goals; hence, there is no need for specially trained people. d. may investigate nurses who do not practice according to evidence-based practice.
B
A nurse researcher is analyzing the results of a descriptive research study. The analysis involves the interpretation of scores for a number of statistical tests. The nurse researcher would be conducting which of the following types of analysis? a. Qualitative analysis b. Quantitative analysis c. Meta-analysis d. Integrative review
B
A nurse researcher is conducting a study that has as its main objective the accurate portrayal of the characteristics of people, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occur. The research is implementing which type of study? a. Comparative research b. Descriptive research c. Correlation research d. Research utilization
B
A nurse researcher is planning a study using a procedure for quantitatively combining the results of many research studies that measure the same outcome. The data will be combined into a single pool or summary estimate of results. The nurse's research will most likely involve which of the following designs? a. Correlation b. Meta-analysis c. Follow-up study d. Longitudinal research
B
A nurse trained in another country is seeking licensure in the United States. While becoming familiar with the American legal system, the nurse learns that there are three types of public laws that include which of the following? a. Constitutional, governmental, and criminal b. Criminal, constitutional, and administrative c. Criminal, tort, and administrative d. Administrative, governmental, and civil
B
A patient approaches you as you are about to leave to attend a mandatory. The patient asks if you would be able to answer some questions about his medication. You politely tell the patient that you have to attend a mandatory meeting and promise to talk with him when you return in an hour. Once you return from the meeting, you complete your assigned nursing care, chart on the patients, and leave for home. While watching your favorite TV program that evening, you remember that you never returned to discuss the medications with the patient who had approached you that morning. Which ethical principle have you violated? a. Autonomy b. Fidelity c. Veracity d. Justice
B
A patient has an advance directive that indicates no CPR should be performed under any circumstance. When the nurse enters the patient's room and finds that he has coded, the nurse immediately begins CPR. The nurse is at risk for which of the following? a. Negligence b. Battery c. Assault d. Licensure
B
A patient's son has medical power of attorney and has arrived at the patient's bedside to discuss care options with her. The patient has just been dialyzed, has not received any pain medication, and is rational in her decision making. The patient's son decides that she should not receive any more dialysis treatments due to the acute state of her illness, the discomfort that she has suffered, and her inability to care for herself. The patient disagrees. Which decision should be followed? a. The patient's son b. The patient c. Both, and the hospital ethics committee should convene and decide d. Neither, this is a legal decision and should be done by a court of law
B
A student nurse did not realize that individuals may differ in their philosophies. The nurse educator explained that philosophies: a. are a way of looking at the world through rose-colored glasses. b. are a rational investigation of truths, reality, and human behavior. c. are an investigation into behaviors and truths but not necessarily into reality. d. stem from a person's beliefs, opinions, and principles of bioethics.
B
A student nurse has heard about something called the Nurse Licensure Compact. When the student asks a nurse educator, the nurse educator explains that the Nurse Licensure Compact is a: a. plan for all nurses to need only one license with a large annual fee. b. project of the National Council of State Boards of Nursing. c. type of specialized organizational tool used in licensure and NCLEX exams. d. spinoff of EEOC legislation.
B
Nurses who clarify their values based on the three-step process espoused by Raths, Harmin, and Simon (1978) will be involved in which of the following? a. Choosing, acting, and evaluating b. Choosing, prizing, and acting c. Assessing, choosing, and acting d. Assessing, acting, and prizing
B
Today is the first day of your leadership clinical. You are assigned to work with one of the nurse managers. After receiving report, you decide to do a room check, greeting each patient with the name he prefers to be called. You introduce yourself to each patient and ask if there is anything she needs. You are practicing which ethical principle? a. Justice b. Beneficence c. Nonmaleficence d. Autonomy
B
When using available evidence, the nurse must be aware of what two major challenges? a. Balancing the benefits and harm to justify a recommendation of the evidence b. Reviewing the body of knowledge and evaluating for clinical decision making c. Recommending or not recommending the research evidence for clinical practice d. Reviewing the clinical trials and grading the research according to the AHRQ scale
B
You decide to conduct a study that begins with cigarette smoking and then looks at lung cancer. Which type of study will you conduct? a. Outcome study b. Prospective study c. Retrospective study d. Time series study
B
A nurse researcher conducts a study of pregnant African American women between the ages of 15 and 35. The purpose of the study is to determine if weekly nutritional counseling sessions and participation in a structured weekly support group have any impact on the mother's post-delivery B/P or the infant's APGAR score. What would be the independent variable or variables in the study? Select all that apply. a. Age of subjects b. Nutritional counseling sessions c. Mother's post-delivery B/P d. Infant's APGAR score e. African American female f. Structured weekly support group
B F
A new nursing graduate is working on a unit project regarding patient care and GI treatments. While interviewing a patient, who has been incessantly complaining about his lack of daily bowel movements (complete with graphic details about the type and consistency), the new nursing graduate tells the patient that if he is not quiet she will give him an enema he will never forget. This is an example of: a. invasion of privacy. b. battery. c. assault. d. defamation.
C
A nurse educator explains to a new graduate that Ethics is: a. behaviors concerning moral choices and opinions. b. behavior according to certain customs or beliefs. c. a branch of philosophy dealing with right and wrong. d. a type of thinking where criticism is accepted.
C
A nurse educator informs the class that the reasonable person standard is: a. it takes a reasonable man to maintain a good relationship. b. reasonable men tend to have reasonable children and make good partners. c. used to demonstrate a breach of duty. d. used by state Boards of Nursing to evaluate the male-female ratios according to clinical position.
C
A nurse educator is discussing the topic of virtue ethics. The nurse educator explains that virtue ethics espouses that: a. people are born virtuous. b. people's actions are based on moral rules and unchanging principles. c. virtues such as truthfulness develop over time. d. whatever a person thinks is right is.
C
A nurse entrepreneur is working with an attorney to develop a contract for a health care-related business that is being started. The attorney explains to the nurse entrepreneur that, according to contract law, an agreement must contain which of the following in order to be legal? a. Agreement between two people that states what the first party must do b. Agreement between two people in which a fee was paid up front c. Mutual understanding of the obligations that the contract imposes on each party d. Must be a written document
C
A nurse is assigned to six acutely ill patients. The nurse is very careful with administering all medications and treatments accurately and safely to all clients. Legally, which of the following should the nurse be most concerned with? a. Hear no evil, see no evil, speak no evil. b. Haste makes waste. c. If it wasn't charted, it wasn't done. d. A bird in the hand is worth more than two in the bush.
C
A nurse is in a situation where there is a conflict between two ethical principles. The nurse must make a decision, but there seems to be no "correct" decision. The nurse is experiencing which of the following? a. Ethics b. Bioethics c. Ethical dilemma d. Ethical situation
C
A nurse manager is preparing to develop a research proposal. The manager reviews the Iowa Model of Evidence-based Practice to Promote Quality Care and decides to base the research question around one of the "problem-focused triggers" identified in the model. The nurse manager will most likely choose which of the following triggers? a. Philosophies of Care b. New Research or Other Literature c. Identification of Clinical Problem d. National Agencies or Organizational Standards and Guidelines
C
A staff member asks a nurse manager why the hospital has an ethics committee. The nurse manager explains that a benefit of ethics committees is that they: a. provide guidance that assists with difficult decisions. b. are interdisciplinary and provide a way to decide what is wrong and right. c. provide guidance that assists with decisions concerning ethical dilemmas. d. provide guidance that assists with decisions related to ethics and nursing practice.
C
A student asks a nurse educator about what part of the law tort law deals with. The nurse educator responds that tort law is concerned with: a. torts and pies, and always being correct. b. always being correct and failure to show up for jury duty. c. failure to show up for jury duty and touching people when they do not want to be touched. d. touching people when they do not want to be touched and always being correct.
C
A student nurse asks a nurse educator about the origins of nursing practice. The nurse educator would most likely respond that nursing practice: a. evolved from Florence Nightingale's work in the Korean War. b. has been strongly influenced by religion and tradition. c. evolved from meeting the needs of society. d. has been influenced by a concern for the welfare of society and the needs of individual providers.
C
A student nurse has learned that Good Samaritan laws were enacted to protect the health care professional from legal liability. The student nurse asks a nurse educator about when the Good Samaritan laws would not be applicable. Which of the following would a nurse educator give as an example of care rendered that does not fall under Good Samaritan laws? a. A doctor who delivers a baby during a football game b. A nurse who sets a broken leg while hiking in the mountains c. An EMT who, upon their arrival at the accident, intubates an accident victim who stopped breathing and who was forcibly thrown onto their vehicle d. A nurse who stops to help at the scene of a water-skiing accident
C
Angry at a classmate, a nursing student spreads a rumor that the classmate is HIV positive. The nursing student can be charged with which of the following? a. Assault b. Battery c. Slander d. Libel
C
As a registered nurse, you have a legal and ethical obligation to do which of the following? a. Delegate responsibility to others b. Show up for work on time c. Advocate for patients d. Respect the wishes of patients no matter what
C
As a student, you have learned that your duty as a nurse is to do good to others and maintain a balance between those items that may cause harm and those that may cause good. Which ethical principle is this behavior based on? a. Fidelity b. Nonmaleficence c. Beneficence d. Veracity
C
As part of your research, you wish to combine study results and thus integrate the results of multiple studies on a given topic. This action is referred to as: a. qualitative analysis. b. quantitative analysis. c. meta-analysis. d. matched case-control study.
C
Decisions regarding the care of patients should not be based on : a. research evidence. b. clinical experience. c. nurse values and preferences. d. patient values and preferences.
C
During an ethics class, students discuss the fact that questions such as "Is it right?", "Is it fair?", and "Who gets hurt?" would be components of which of the following? a. Ethical principles b. Values clarification c. Ethics test d. Patient rights
C
In developing research, a possible variable the nurse may be considering would be which of the following? a. Study intervention b. Placebo c. Body temperature d. Control group
C
The 2006 annual Gallup Poll on professional honesty and ethical standards stated that: a. nurses, pharmacists, and elementary school teachers were ranked highest. b. clergy and nurses were ranked in the middle. c. nurses were ranked number one. d. policemen and clergy were ranked highest.
C
The nurse is engaged in a process approach of reviewing, interpreting, critiquing, and evaluating research and other relevant literature for direct application to patient care. When asked by a coworker, the nurse explains that this process is called: a. evidence-based medicine. b. evidence-based practice. c. evidence-based care. d. critical thinking.
C
There is a going-away party for one of the nurses, who has been promoted to a managerial position in another hospital that is part of the same health care organization. Photographs have been taken of nurses around the unit as a way for the nurse to remember fellow colleagues. If patients are inadvertently photographed and no consent for this is obtained, this is an example of: a. assault. b. battery. c. invasion of privacy. d. defamation.
C
Using a whiteboard to organize nursing assignments per shift or to provide patients information about their practitioner or diagnosis is a violation of which of the following? a. Civil law b. Tort law c. HIPAA d. OSHA
C
When asked about teleology, a nurse educator may provide an example of teleology such as: a. "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you." b. "Murder is always wrong." c. "The achievement of a good outcome justifies using less than desirable means to attain it." d. "A person's character must be developed so that he will be predisposed to behave virtuously."
C
When engaging in evidence-based health care, the nurse understands that it was originally started as a way to: a. teach medical students the art and science of medicine. b. promote technological advances in medicine. c. integrate individual experience with clinical research. d. incorporate collaboration within all health care disciplines.
C
You are conducting an in-service and ask the participants to identify the law that is concerned with the protection of the rights of citizens. Which response by the participants would be correct? a. Tort b. Civil c. Administrative d. HIPAA
C
A nurse researcher conducts a study of pregnant African American women between the ages of 15 and 35. The purpose of the study is to determine if weekly exercise classes and participation in a structured weekly support group have any impact on the mother's post-delivery B/P, request for pain medication, or the infant's APGAR score. What would be the dependent variable or variables in the study? Select all that apply. a. Age of subjects b. Weekly exercise classes c. Mother's post-delivery B/P d. Infant's APGAR score e. Request for pain medication f. Structured weekly support group
C D E
A family member asks a nurse why the cost of health care is so high. The nurse would be correct in responding that some significant contributing factors may be related to which of the following? a. Cost containment and the nursing shortage b. HMOs and Medicare c. Ethical dilemmas and expensive procedures d. Cost containment and technology
D
A group of newly hired nurses ask a nurse manager if they should carry malpractice insurance. The nurse manager tells them that there are a number of good reasons for nurses to carry their own malpractice insurance. Which of the following would not be included? a. Their institution's insurance may not cover them if they fail to comply with its policies and procedures. b. Nurses are being named individually in lawsuits. c. Their institution may fail to cover them if they acted outside the scope of their employment. d. Nurses are being considered easy targets for lawsuits.
D
A group of nurses wishes to create an evidenced-based environment within the institution where they work. Which of the following is an attribute of such an environment? a. Maintaining the status quo b. Using the organizational external structure c. Maintaining the culture d. Creating a capacity to change
D
A group of nursing students in a class on nursing ethics begin to share their personal beliefs about truth and ideals. These personal beliefs are examples of the student's: a. relativism. b. teleology. c. morals. d. values.
D
A health care organization espouses beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, justice, autonomy, respect for others, and veracity. A nurse employed by the organization understands that these are all examples of which of the following? a. Philosophies pertaining to nursing b. Ethical dilemmas c. Philosophies related to organizational law d. Ethical principles and rules
D
A nurse is asking a more senior nurse for suggestions regarding consulting and collaborating with an attorney. Which combination of suggestions by the senior nurse for consulting and collaborating with attorneys would be correct? a. Choose an attorney from the yellow pages and keep costs sensible. b. Be attentive and do not set your own course. c. Retain a specialist and do not notify your carrier of a possible liability until you are sure. d. Weed through the writing and set your own course.
D
A nurse manager at a home health care agency who ensures that all contracts have been completed and payments are timely is displaying the principle of: a. veracity. b. respect for others. c. autonomy. d. fidelity.
D
A nurse manager is discussing with a colleague the fact that in 2003 the American Hospital Association replaced the Patient Bill of Rights with a document entitled the Patient Care Partnership. Which of the following statements regarding what has been included in the new document is correct? a. The patient has the right to considerate and immediate care. b. The patient has the right to have an advance directive concerning power of attorney for business decisions. c. The patient has the right to review the records of themselves and their family members. d. The patient has the right to high quality hospital care; a clean, safe environment; and involvement in their own care.
D
A nurse researcher develops a research proposal to determine if there is a relationship between the number of days female oncology patients spend in the hospital and their scores on a patient satisfaction survey. Which of the following would be the independent variable? a. Female b. Oncology patient c. Score on satisfaction survey d. Number of hospital days
D
A nurse researcher is conducting a study that consists of subjects who are randomly placed in two groups. Individuals in Group I receive a new experimental treatment. Individuals in Group II receive the traditional treatment. The nurse is most likely conducting which type of study? a. Cohort study b. Case-control study c. Outcome research d. Randomized clinical trial
D
A nurse with 20 years of OB-GYN experience was asked to float to the ER. She refused. Was she correct in this decision and why? a. Correct. If she did this once, she might be expected to float on a regular basis. b. Incorrect. She felt she had enough seniority to not have to float. c. Incorrect. She just did not want to float. d. Correct. With her lack of experience, she felt she could not safely care for her patients.
D
A patient in the emergency department has a cardiac arrest, and a lawsuit is filed alleging that the triage nurse failed to appreciate acute cardiac symptomatology. The nurse's action or inaction is an example of which of the following? a. Negligence b. Invasion of privacy c. Ignorance d. Malpractice
D
After graduation from nursing school, you married your high school sweetheart whose religious beliefs were different from your own. Throughout the past year, you have learned to cherish some of those beliefs and have decided to consider converting to your spouse's religion. Which phase of values clarification are you in? a. Acting b. Accepting c. Choosing d. Prizing
D
An instructor wants to determine whether a group of nursing students understands the process for conducting evidence reports in nursing using a PICO-based approach. Which of the following comments by the students would indicate that learning has occurred? a. Select problem, identify methods for assigning level of evidence, report evidence, report findings, make recommendations, give summary b. Select problem, report evidence, identify methods for assigning level of evidence, report findings, make recommendations, give summary c. Select problem, report findings, report the evidence, identify methods for assigning level of evidence, give summary, and make recommendations d. Formulate a well-built question, identify articles and other evidence-based resources that answer the question, critically appraise the evidence to assess its validity, apply the evidence, reevaluate the application of evidence and areas for improvement
D
In a staff meeting, questions have been raised about a colleague's veracity. You recognize that veracity deals with which of the following? a. Being first in line b. Volunteering to work overtime c. Having a great deal to do d. Admitting mistakes promptly
D
The nurse is aware of the growing development of evidence-based care. The nurse would recognize that an issue driving this development is: a. increased variability in implementation of practice and variance analysis. b. requirement of evidence-based standards of care by PEW. c. decreased numbers of well-designed RCTs. d. growth of advanced practice roles.
D
A nurse conducts a study of perceptions of caring on five oncology units. At the beginning of the study, all of the nurses on the oncology units were asked to complete a survey identifying what they perceived as nurses' demonstration of caring. Prior to discharge, each patient that the nurses had cared for and their family members were given a short questionnaire to evaluate their perceptions of the nurses' demonstration of caring. Which of the following were the dependent variables? Select all that apply. a. Age b. Gender c. Ethnicity d. Patients' perception of nurse's caring e. Nurses' caring behaviors f. Family members' perception of nurses' caring
D F
