Final exam 115

In cats, all white fur is dominant to colored fur, and short hair is dominant to long hair. Suppose two white, short-haired cats mate. If they are both heterozygous both genes, what is the probablility that one of their kittens will have long, colored fur?

1 out of 16 (6.25%)

What is the "biodiversity crisis"?

A significant percentage of species that are endangered or threatened, if not extinct in the wild

In which population would you expect the most rapid evolutionary change?

A small population with a high mutation rate in a changing environment.

What group of organisms best describe the closest relatives to eukaryotes?

Archaea

You discover a new species. It has bilateral symmetry, the blastopore develops into a mouth, two gut openings, a layer of mesoderm-derived tissue surrounding the gut, a body made of repeating subunits, and it sheds its cuticle during development. What phylum is it most likely a member of?

Arthropoda

Which group of land plants was never the dominant group in forests at any point in Earth's history?

Bryophytes

Bryophyte spores are genetically distinct from one another. The best explanation of this phenomenon is because...

Crossing over and independent assortment occurred.

How does the current concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere compare to historical concentrations?

Currently much higher than it has ever been in the past 800,000 years

Based on the theory of endosymbiosis, would you predict that the DNA sequence of a gene in the chloroplasts of green algae would most similar to the sequence of the same gene in...

Cyanobacteria

In the above tree, which letter represents the origin of the Tracheophyta?

F

Across all sexually reproducing organisms, what is always produced after Meiosis II?

Haploid cells

Suppose some scientists hypothesized the natural selection was involved the change in number of spots, and they wanted to get more evidence supporting their hypothesis. They carry out an experiment to test the relationship between the number of spots on a father guppy and the number of spots on his sons. For what necessary element for natural selection would this experiment provide evidence?

Heritability of trait

Scientists are trying to treat certain genetic diseases by insert a functioning allele into a person's cells to replace the non-functioning allele causing the disease. Understanding what basic biological process would help scientists accomplish this?

Horizontal gene transfer

While out walking, you see a red flower, shaped like a deep, narrow vase. It has no smell that you can detect. What type of pollinator would predict is most likely to visit the flower?

Hummingbird

The Florida panther is a distinct population of cougar that lives in southern Florida. In the 1970s, the population of Florida panthers was as low as 20 individuals, and there was a higher incidence of heart and immune problems relative to other populations of cougars. Why did the Florida population have a higher incidence of these problems?

Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in the Florida population

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation between each of the two populations?

Increase

There two lakes with no connection between them. Both lakes harbor a population of rare unicorn catfish. Recent construction in the area has damage some of the unicorn catfish environment in the lakes. There used be over one thousand unicorn catfish living in the lakes, now the population size in each is only 50 catfish. What will happen to the amount of genetic variation between the two populations?

Increase. The smaller populations are now experiencing strong genetic drift, which tends in increase variation between populations.

What evolutionary advantage did true leaves offer to land plants?

Increased surface area for photosynthesis to provide energy for other, energetically expensive adaptations

Which two phyla are the most important endoparasites of humans?

Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

It is possible for person with type B blood to have had two parents with type O blood?

No

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. To see if there is any evidence of this, you have taken fin clippings from 200 trout in the river. One of the genetic markers you test has two alleles, and the genotypic data is shown below. The frequency of the A1 allele is 0.58. Which assumption of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium is most likely being violated in this population?

No gene flow

Where on the "Tree of Life" do viruses belong?

None of the above

What is the difference between a sporophyte and gametophyte?

Sporophytes are diploid and generate spores, gametophytes are haploid and generate gametes

Which type of environment is likely to be the most suitable for an asexually reproducing species?

Stable environments

What role do bacteria that utilize nitrogen in energy acquisition play in ecosystems?

The help cycle nitrogen in ecosystems, converting it into forms that certain plant species can utilize.

What does a megaspore produce?

megagametophyte

If a population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, this implies that..

the population is evolving at the gene not in equilibrium

The clade that includes lycopods (Lycopodophyta), ferns (Monilophyta), gymnosperms, and flowering plants (angiosperms) is characterized by being the first to have ALL of the following synapomorphies EXCEPT:

true leaves

Which type of vaccine requires certain viral genes (such as for a spike protein in a viral capsid) to be incorporated into genome of the individual receiving the vaccine?

virus vector vaccine

What is the maximum number of alleles per gene that an individual can have (assume a diploid species)?

2

Which answer is the best estimate for the carrying capacity of a population whose size over time is described by the following graph (x-axis = time; y-axis = population size)?

700

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the lysogenic cycle?

Cells infected by a virus in its lysogenic phase can continue to grow and divide.

Taxonomic ranks

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which of the following populations will not experience any genetic drift?

Genetic drift is a necessary consequence of finite populations.

Is photosynthesis homologous or convergent in protists?

Homologous - all chloroplasts in protist can be traced back to a single instance of endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium Convergent - different lineages of protists acquired the ability to photosynthesize independently

Why has a high reproductive rate been selected for in parasitic platyhelminthes?

Individuals with higher reproductive rates were more likely to have at least some offspring successfully locate and infect a new host.

Why is the logistic growth model a more realistic model for population growth?

It acknowledges that resources are not infinite

Which body form in cnidarians usually engages in sexual reproduction?

Medusa

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between natural selection and evolution?

Natural selection is one mechanism of evolution

What is the maximum number of alleles per gene that a population or species can have (assume a diploid species)?

No limit

Which of the following statements about productivity pyramids in terrestrial ecosystems is true?

Primary producers will always have more energy/biomass; the pyramid can never be inverted

What is the agricultural benefit of legumes' mutualistic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

The bacteria convert nitrogen in the atmosphere to usable forms of nitrogen, increasing nitrogen content of soil in fields planted with legumes

When does allopatric speciation take place?

When a geographic barrier separates two populations When separated populations that have diverged from each other com back into contact When a second reproductive isolation mechanism evolves

Sporophytes first arose in the BLANK by means of BLANK

bryophytes ... delayed meiosis

Prokaryotes do not reproduce sexually, but they do acquire genetic changes via ___.

conjugation

Red-green color-blindness is a recessive, X-linked trait in humans. Suppose a color-blind male and female homozygous for normal vision have a child together. What is the probability the child will be color-blind?

0%

Assuming a Hardy-Weinberg population and the frequency of the b allele is 0.20. What is the frequency of individuals with Bb genotypes?

0.32

You are a conservation officer tasked with designing a wildlife refuge in a fragmented landscape. You determine you have the resources for four natural areas. Which of the following refuge designs is the best, and which is the worst?

3 is the best, 2 is the worst

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the expected ratio of phenotypes among their offspring?

6 long wings and brown body to 2 long wings and yellow body to 6 short wings and brown body to 2 short wings and yellow body

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. Suppose I now cross a true breeding hairy plant with purple flowers with a hairless plant that has white flowers. The F1 all turn out to be purple flowered and hairy. When I cross these plants, my F2 generation should exhibit what phenotypic ratio?

9 hairy and purple : 3 hairy and white : 3 hairless and purple : 1 hairless and white

A healthy person practicing normal hygiene most likely has...

A diverse community of bacteria on their body

Which of the following foxes has the greatest fitness?

A fox that lived for 7 years and had 10 offspring

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. What happened 10,000 years ago to begin this process?

A mutation occurred that kept the lactase gene on into adulthood

What best describes the body structure of multicellular fungi?

A network (mycelium) of branching filaments (hyphae)

You have an individual with the dominant phenotype and want to test the hypothesis that it is a homozygote. What is a logical prediction from this hypothesis?

All of the offspring of a testcross (with the recessive phenotype) have the dominant phenotype

In Drosophila, there is a gene that affects eye color. One allele is responsible for eyes that are purple in color, and the other allele is responsible for normal, red colored eyes. Crossing a pure-breeding fly with red eyes and a pure-breeding fly with purple eyes results in offspring that all have red eyes. Which allele is dominant?

Allele for red eyes

Anabaena is a genus of cyanobacteria that have heterocysts. Which of the following is NOT correct about them?

Anabaena cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

In the pictures above, there is the diploid parent cell and the four daughter cells from the parent cell going through meiosis. Based on four daughter cells, when did nondisjunction occur during meiosis?

Anaphase I

Based on the above tree, which of the following groups of species constitute a monophyletic group?

Angiosperms and gymnosperms

What distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms?

Angiosperms have flowers, gymnosperms don't

With which of the following groups of organisms are fungi capable of forming mutualistic interactions?

Animals Plants Bacteria Protists

The cichlid fish in the great African lakes (such as Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi) are classic examples of sympatric speciation. Which of the following is most likely to be the closest relative of a cichlid species living Lake Victoria?

Another cichlid species living Lake Victoria

Which of the following statements about bacterial genomes is true?

Bacterial chromosomes are found in a nucleoid region which is not contained within a nuclear membrane.

Courtship in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is characterized by a series of actions on the part of the male: antennal probing, wing movements, rotating around the female, chasing the female, and licking. Eventually, the female may permit the male to proceed with copulation. Mating in these flies usually occurs on rotting fruit, where other species of Drosophila may be feeding as well. What type of reproductive isolation keeps these species separate from one another?

Behavior isoloation

Which evolutionary innovation allowed sporophytes to continue growing and potentially reproducing after releasing spores?

Branching

Chemotrophic bacteria...

Can gain their energy by the oxidation of organic compounds.

In Drosophila, there is a gene that affects wing development. One allele is responsible for wings that are curled up, and the other allele is responsible for wings that lay flat. Flies with curled wings are unable to fly and have difficulty finding and attracting mates. Which allele is dominant?

Cannot be determined

Which of the following is present in ALL viruses?

Capsid proteins

You find a flower that is mottled purple and dark red in color, and has a distinctly unpleasant scent, like rotting meat. It produces little to no nectar. What is the most likely group of pollinators for this flower?

Carrion flies

In terms of the Modern Synthesis, evolution can be defined as the...

Change in the allele frequencies of a population over generations

Minks are weasel-like predators. When American minks (Mustela vison) were introduced in eastern Europe, it found itself co-existing with the native European mink (Mustela lutreola). Over the course of ten years, the native European minks increased in size, and the introduced minks decreased in size. What is this an example of?

Character displacement

You are studying the metabolism of a new species of bacteria. You conduct an experiment with the following treatment groups and results. The control group had access to light, carbon dioxide, and organic molecules.

Chemoautotrophic

Which of the following characteristics is common to ALL animals?

Chemoheterotrophic

Which of the following characteristics of fungi most accurately reflects their relatedness to plants vs. animals?

Chemoheterotrophic metabolism

What special type of cell to sponges have to create water movement and filter food?

Choanocytes

What phylum are humans a part of?

Chordata

What is the result of crossing over?

Chromosomes that are a mixture of maternal and paternal DNA

The table below is from a study on fecal transplant as a treatment of recurrent C-diff infections. What role do the factors in the table play in the study?

Controlled variables

Which of the following is a good way to preserve genetic variation in endangered populations?

Create conservation with the largest size possible.

Now imagine people have filled in the stream to build a shopping center. The construction also destroyed some of the unicorn catfish habitat in the two lakes, and there are now only 50 catfish in each lake. What will happen to the genetic variation within each of the two populations?

Decrease

What is the primary function of fruit?

Disperse seeds

Imagine two lakes that are connected by a stream. The very rare unicorn catfish lives in the lakes, but can swim between the lakes using the stream. There are about 1000 unicorn catfish in each lake. What is the likely degree of divergence or variation between the two populations in the two lakes?

Divergence or variation between the populations is low

Based on segregation and independent assortment, what are the possible gamete genotypes produced by a diploid individual with genotype EeFf?

EF, Ef, eF, ef

What public health achievement have vaccines made possible?

Eradication of previously serious diseases

Which of the following is an accurate differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have nuclei, prokaryotic cells do not

Across sexual life cycles, the change from haploid to diploid and the subsequent change from diploid to haploid is controlled, respectively, by...

Fertilization followed by meiosis

Many Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) populations around the world have evolved to be resistant to the insecticide DDT. Which of the following statements most accurately describes how this evolution happened?

Flies carrying the resistant allele were more likely to survive to adult hood and pass that allele to a greater proportion of the offspring in the next generation.

Based on the above tree, where did true leaves evolve?

G

In the above tree, which letter shows the location where true leaves (megaphylls) evolved?

G

Which generations of the fern life cycle are capable of photosynthesis?

Gametophyte Sporophyte

Greater potential for adaptation in new or changing environments is one likely driving force behind which evolutionary trend in plants?

Gametophyte dominance to sporophyte dominance

Vascular, seedless plants include ferns, and non-vascular plants include mosses. How has the dominant generation evolved from non-vascular plants to angiosperms?

Gametophytes are dominant in non-vascular plants; sporophytes are dominant in angiosperms

Which factor likely helped drive the transition of the ancestor of land plants from aquatic to terrestrial life?

Greater access to light and carbon dioxide

Which of the following is NOT an example of an ecosystem service?

Gypsy moth caterpillars defoliating trees in New England.

Which of the following is a true statement about horizontal gene transfer?

HGT can occur between species, no matter closely or distantly they are related to each other

What reproductive isolation mechanism is usually the first to appear in allopatric speciation?

Habitat isolation

Prior to reproduction, most cells in a normal fungal mycelium are...

Haploid

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. This situation is an example of...

Heterozygote advantage

What effect does increased carbon dioxide levels have on mollusc shells?

Higher concentration of carbon dioxide in the water acidifies the ocean, removing carbonate ions that the mollusc need to make their shells.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the phylum Chordata?

Hollow dorsal nerve cord Notochord Pharyngeal slits Post-anal tail NOT backbone

According to the information below, is bilateral symmetry homologous or convergent in bilateral animals?

Homologous

Mammals are born with an active lactase gene that helps digest the lactose in milk while they are nursing. When they stop nursing, the lactase gene turns off, lactase is no longer produce, and they can no longer digest milk. Approximately 10,000 years ago, some populations of cattle-rearing prehistoric humans began to be able to digest milk as adults, and this ability spread through a large segment of the human species. How did the lactase allele that stayed on into adulthood increase fitness?

Individuals with the persistant allele had access to more food sources, were better nourished, and more likely to survive and reproduce

On the island of Trinidad, there are many streams flowing out of the mountainous center of the island down to the sea. These streams consist of a series of pools separated by small waterfalls as the streams flow down the mountainsides. Trinidad is famous for the guppies that inhabit many of these pools. Guppies are rather small fish, and guppies in a given pool cannot traverse the waterfalls to reach higher pools upstream, and they carefully avoid being washed over the falls to lower pools downstream. This means that each pool has a more or less isolated population of guppies inhabiting it. As a result, the streams and fish of Trinidad are particularly famous among biologists for the opportunities they present to conduct evolutionary experiments that can be replicated in different pools. In pools where the guppies live with no larger fish species, the male guppies often have brilliantly colored strips or spots during the mating season. This is a result of...

Intersexual selection

If humans were to immediately eliminate all carbon dioxides contributions from farming and burning plant matter, how would that affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

It would continue to increase.

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. Many medical non-profit organizations are promoting the "No More Malaria" campaign, the goal of which is to eradicate malaria. If they are successful, what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele?

Its frequency will decrease, eventually to zero

Which of the following statements regarding the jointed appendages of arthropods is correct?

Jointed appendages can increase the potential movement speed of species

What molecule or material provides vascular tissue with its rigidity, providing the structural support for upright growth?

Lignin

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the phenotype of the male fly?

Long wings and brown body

You find a new species of insect with very large mandibles (jaws) in the males of the species. You hypothesize that they evolved through intersexual selection. What evidence would you look for to support that hypothesis?

Look for females tending to choose males who have larger mandibles

Below is a phylogenetic tree showing the evolutionary relationships among groups of annelids, with the evolution of several traits marked on the tree. Which of the following traits is NOT an example of a homology within the annelids?

Loss of setae Loss of setae appears twice on the phylogenetic tree, meaning that this trait evolved more than once and is not homologous

Peafowl (Pavo cristatus) are well-known birds native to southern Asia. Males, called peacocks have long tails or "trains" patterned with numerous eyespots they they can hold upright in a display, and have long claws on their legs. Females, called peahens, have much short, undecorated tails. In a 2005 study, a researcher named Loyau and her colleagues examined the role of intrasexual selection in peafowl. Which of the following pieces of evidence from their study support the presence of intrasexual selection among male peacocks?

Males with longer legs were more likely to acquire and defend territory from other males to display their trains

Which of the following structures is made of haploid cells?

Megagametophyte

Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the theory of endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria have their own nucleus

Which of the following is NOT a difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis happens before adulthood, meiosis happens after adulthood is reached. Mitosis happens throughout life; it is not restricted pre-adulthood. In some species, meiosis in certain individuals begins well before adulthood (in the case humans, before birth).

In sexual life cycles, gametes can be produced by ...

Mitosis or meiosis

The figure below shows the relationship between bacterial diversity on skin and the severity of atopic dermatitis (higher SCORAD means more severe dermatitis). Ignoring the colors and the three groups, what is the overall relationship between diversity of skin bacteria and severity of dermatitis?

More severe dermatitis association with less diverse skin bacterial community

Why is a family member that lives with you the best source for a stool sample for fecal transplant?

Most likely has a similar healthy gut flora as you do

What is the ultimate source of all genetic variation?

Mutation

What is wrong with the statement "Early hominins needed to use tools to advance, so natural selection gave them proportionally larger brains to develop and utilize tools"?

Natural selection to does not create variation to fill a perceived need.

Many scientists have conjectured that mutation rate is a selectable parameter. This would mean that the rate at which mutations occur in a population can evolve through natural selection. If this is true, would we expect to see populations with naturally selected mutation rates of zero? (I.e. populations where no mutations ever occur due to natural selection)

No, a mutation rate of zero will ultimately result in an inability adapt to new environments

Which of the following is not hypothesized to form the direct basis of a plastid in some lineage of photosynthetic protists?

Nuclei

What will happen when two species are attempting to co-exist on a limiting resource?

One will be eliminated from that environment

Why do we not see species with both high survivorship to sexual maturity and high fecundity?

Organisms cannot take in enough energy to ensure survival to adulthood and to produce large numbers of offspring

When you eat a peach, what part of the plant are you eating?

Ovule

Scientists from Korea University in Seoul performed a series of experiments comparing plains soap to soap with triclosan added (Kim et al, 2015). They were testing the hypothesis that antibacterial soap does a better job disinfecting hands than plain soap. They mixed known concentrations of various bacterial species with plain or antibacterial soap solutions for 20 seconds. The then determined the concentration of living bacteria remaining. Their results are shown below. The horizontal axis shows the different species of bacteria, and the vertical axis shows the concentration of bacteria.

People washing their hands with antibacterial soap will have a lower bacterial population than people washing with plain soap.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about phylogenies?

Phylogenetic trees are scientific hypotheses proposing a set of evolutionary relationships

You go to go graduate school to study biology, and take a mycology (study of fungi) class. Another grad student, who didn't go to as good of a school as Miami University, is surprised to observe that the cells in a mushroom have two nuclei. Even more surprising, the nuclei are genetically different! You, of course, are not surprised by this. You explain that the cells in the mushroom have undergone _________, but have not yet undergone ________.

Plasmogamy; karyogamy

Which of the following is NOT part of an ovule?

Pollen grain

Which of the following is NOT a step in the extinction vortex?

Population will have harmful traits selected for by natural selection

Venus flytraps are able to photosynthesize and harness energy from the sun into chemical energy. These plants grow in nitrogen-poor soil, and so they obtain their nitrogen requirements by luring, trapping, and digesting herbivorous insects. What trophic level do venus flytraps occupy in a food web?

Primary producer Herbivore

Which of following distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

Prokaryotic cells lack a defined nucleus Prokaryotic cells have a single, circular chromosome

When during meiosis does crossing over take place?

Prophase I

You are studying a new type of animal. This animal has a body cavity with mesoderm-derived muscle on the on outside of the cavity. The digestive tract runs through middle of the cavity, but only connected to the body at the mouth and anus; there is not connection between the gut and the muscle on the outside. This animal is...

Pseudocoelomate

As I write this question, my father is on a trout fishing trip in West Virginia, something we did together for many years. During spawning season, female rainbow trout lay about 2000-3000 eggs. She covers them with gravel, but otherwise provides no care for the eggs or the hatched juveniles. Are rainbow trout most likely r-selected or K-selected species?

R-selected

Conjugation, when two Parameciums exchange micronuclei, is an example of

Reproduction Sex

What function does the fluid-filled coelom provide in annelids in particular?

Serves as hydrostatic skeleton for muscles to contract against

What potential evolutionary advantages does sexual reproduction offer?

Sexual populations can adapt more quickly Sexual reproduction allows beneficial mutations in different individuals to be brought together in the same individual (the offspring) Sexually reproducing individuals are more likely to have some of their offspring survive despite changes to their environment

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the 3 domains of life?

Some prokaryotic organisms are as different from each other as they are from eukaryotic organisms

Hypothetical data on the stomatal density and cuticle thickness of three plant species is given below. Which species is most likely to be a desert-dwelling species?

Species B 57 13.2

What does a microgametophyte produce?

Sperm Microgametophytes produce sperm, which will fertilize the egg in the megagametophyte.

The ability to move into drier environments is a likely driving force behind what trend in plant evolution?

Sperm transport by pollen

What is the dispersal agent in ferns?

Spores

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH moss and fern life cycles?

Spores are the dispersal agent

What feature or features of land plants were made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis?

Sporophytes Stems

What feature of land plants was made possible by the evolution of delayed meiosis?

Stems

Which of the following is a characteristic unique to land plants?

Stomata

The common ancestor of all insects was wingless and molted throughout its life. However, most insects belong to a monophyletic subgroup called the Pterygota, which have evolved wings, and molting stops at adulthood. The possession of wings and the cessation of molting in adults are...

Synapomorophies

If a hypothesis is supported by one experiment, the next step in the scientific method is to...

Test the same hypothesis using a different prediction

Sickle cell anemia is caused by a recessive mutant allele at one of the hemoglobin genes. Individuals that are heterozygous for the mutant allele are resistant to malaria. What is the long-term fate of the sickle cell allele in this situation?

The allele will be maintained in the population along with the normal hemoglobin allele

A fruit fly from a pure-breeding line of flies with round, red eyes (the wild type traits) is crossed with a fly from a pure-breeding line of the flies with star-shaped, purple eyes. The offspring all have round, red eyes. The offspring are crossed with each other, and the phenotypic ratio among their offspring are almost exactly 9 round red eyes to 3 round purple eyes to 3 star-shape red eyes to 1 star shaped purple eyes. What possible conclusions can you make?

The genes for eye shape and eye color are on different chromosomes The genes for eye shape and eye color are on the same chromosome, but far apart from each other

What can happen when a piece of bacterial DNA becomes packaged in a viral capsid?

The genetic information on the bacterial DNA could become incorporated into another bacterium's genome when the virus carrying the bacterial DNA infects another cell

One experiment that scientists have conducted with these guppies is to introduce predators to some of the pools that previously had only guppies. They counted the number of colorful spots on male guppies over several generations. How would you predict that number of spots would change when predators are introduced to the ponds?

The number of spots would decrease because the new environment with predators has a greater fitness cost for colorful spots.

From previous studies I know that the gene for making hairs on leaves is controlled by two alleles: H - the dominant allele codes for hairs and the recessive allele h is unable to make hairs. I also know that flower color is controlled by another gene such that the dominant allele P codes for purple flowers whereas the recessive allele p is unable to produce pigment. I cross a purple flowered plant with a white flowered plant. All 250 of the plants in the F1have purple flowers. From this I can hypothesize that...

The purple flowered parent was homozygous dominant

Which of the following statements is true for BOTH seed plant and fern life cycles?

The sporophytes is photosynthetic and independent

Which of the following trees would be chosen as the phylogenetic hypothesis in a Maximum Parsimony analysis?

The tree that requires the fewest number of evolutionary transitions when mapping the data onto the tree

Which of the following is incorrect regarding homologous chromosomes?

They are exact copies of each other

How are megaspores transported in seed plants?

They are not transported; they stay in the megasporangium

What role did cyanobacteria play in the early history of the Earth?

They began the process of oxygenating the atmosphere

Why are small, isolated populations at greatest risk of extinction?

They experience more genetic drift and less gene flow

Why do mosses and liverworts never grow more than a few centimeters tall?

They lack vascular tissue to transport water to greater heights

What will happen if you take snails of each species from populations where they live by themselves, in allopatry, and place them in the same environment?

They will compete over sand grains for food resources

A desert-dwelling plant is more likely to have...

Thicker cuticle on leaves

In 2005, several panthers from a larger Texas population were introduced to Florida. Why did was this done?

To artificially restore gene flow and increase the genetic diversity of the Florida population

What group is detonated by the letter F on the tree above?

Tracheophyta

The data matrix below shows character states of 5 different characters for four species of mammals, with the outgroup designating the ancestral state for each character. Map the evolution of the derived states for each character onto the two trees below. Which of the two trees is most likely to reflect the true evolutionary history of the four species?

Tree 1

A species is iteroparous, has a high degree of parental care, has a small number of offspring at each reproductive event, and has low mortality early in life. What survivorship curve does this species most likely have?

Type I Survivorship Curve

Once inside a hot cell, what does a virus first do during a lytic cycle?

Use the host cells' ribosomes to make more virus capsid proteins

Which of the following is the broadest taxonomic group (i.e. which answer includes the other answers as subgroups)?

Viridiplantae

Which of the following groups has members with genomes composed of RNA?

Viruses

Which of the following is a unique feature of echinoderms?

Water vascular system

It is possible for person with type O blood to have had two parents with type B blood?

Yes

You are a conservation biologist working on the Cache la Poudre River, a federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Colorado. You are worried that a nearby trout hatchery is not taking precautions against flooding, and the brook trout adapted to the environment of a commercial fish farm are regularly being washed into the wild brook trout population in the Cache la Poudre River. Is there evidence that trout hatcher is not taking sufficient precautions?

Yes

When studying the sequence of a particular gene in gorillas, scientists found that the sequence was very similar to sequence of the same gene in chimpanzees. Horses had a sequence that was slightly less similar. Snapping turtles had a gene sequence that was also similar, but with a few more differences than the horse. This is evidence for which evolutionary theory?

common descent

Cacti in the deserts of southwestern North America and some euphorbs of the deserts of Africa have barrel-shaped stems, short-lived leaves, and spines, yet these two types of plants are from different evolutionary lineages. This is an example of...

convergent evolution

Sexual reproduction has been favored in eukaryotes in part because it...

produces offspring that may be more likely to survive under changing environmental conditions

Reproductive strategies that include organisms that reproduce in one "big bang" --having all their offspring in a single event are called _______, whereas those that have multiple reproductive events over their lifetime are called ______.

semelparous; iteroparous

In Drosophila, long wings are dominant to short wings, and brown body color is dominant to yellow body color. A female fly with a short wings and heterozygous for body color has a child with a male fly who is heterozygous at both genes. What is the genotype of the female fly?

wwBb