final exam 2
is sometimes regarded as the real founder of Greek medicine. He was the first to advance a thoroughgoing naturalistic account of all illness. His account made no reference to demons or to supernatural causes. He was
. Hippocrates.
was one of the first to emphasize a purely descriptive and objective social science that rejected moralistic approaches to human behavior.
. Niccolo Machiavelli
wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers and cautioned against empirical and rational inquiry.
Al-Ghazali
advocated an empirical approach to medicine. He was one of the first to practice dissection.
Alcmaeon
Famous for his Book of Optics, _______ rejected the Platonic theory of extramission or that light rays are emitted from the eye.
Alhazen
Which of the following best characterizes Aristotle's beliefs about dreams?
All of the above.
These two Greek scholars are remembered for, among other things, advancing early versions of evolutionary theory.
Anaximander and Empedocles.
The Greek physician ___________, practicing in Rome, was one of the first to distinguish between delusions and hallucinations.
Asclepiades
as author of the Confessions, provided the world with a powerful psychological autobiography. He was one of the first to emphasize the importance of unconscious processes.
Augustine
was a philosopher in his own right, but he was even more famous for his extensive commentaries on the work of Aristotle which became a major intellectual force in Europe.
Averröes
The Zoroastrian holy book was the
Avesta
had a concept of soul very similar to Aristotle's concept of soul. Soul includes vegetative, animal, and human functions.
Avicenna
The most influential philosopher and physician of the early Islamic world was
Avicenna.
________ may be called the founder of the Middle Ages
Boethius
Which of the following statements would most likely come from Heraclitus?
Constancy is an illusion, only change is real
The world is composed entirely of atoms." "My friend, you are clearly mistaken. The basic stuff of all reality is water." The argument is between
Democritus and Thales
Women in ___________ enjoyed far greater social status than in most ancient cultures.
Egypt
________ believed that the four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) combined with two first principles (love and strife). He believed that harmony and balance were important to survival.
Empedocles
__________ was a stoic who advocated resignation to things beyond human control.
Epictetus.
found Medieval scholasticism to be limited and brought forward Greek and Roman concerns with the immediate quality of this life.
Francesco Petrarch
was one of the first to assess psychological states by observing physiological reactions. Indeed, he concluded that one of his patients was in love because her heart rate and facial expressions changed each time the name of the object of her love was mentioned.
Galen
was the astronomer who was the first to systematically employ the telescope in the study of astronomy. With the telescope he discovered imperfections on the moon, rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter, and sunspots.
Galileo Galilei
Which ancient culture accepted a monotheistic God and had notions of mental disorders?
Hebrew
was an early investigator of the nature of loving relationships.
Heloise
A Chinese naturalistic philosopher is often compared to Aristotle. He was
Hsün Tzu
was known for expertise in geometry and for being an early advocate of music therapy.
Hypatia
As the plague swept Europe, were often blamed and persecuted as scapegoats.
Jews
was the German astronomer and mathematician who added to heliocentric theory with his discovery that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
This Renaissance scholar was one of the first to write on individual differences, aptitude and temperament. He was
Juan Huarte.
One could reasonably argue, that in terms of methods employed and problems investigated, _____ is the true originator of modern psychology.
Juan Luis Vives
was deeply interested in the functions and workings of memory; he also investigated such topics as association and forgetting.
Juan Luis Vives
believed that muscles play a key role in the support of habit, a position compatible with twentieth century behavioral psychologies.
Julius Caesar Scaliger
gained a place in the history of psychology predominantly due to his contributions to knowledge of the senses, particularly the anatomical, physiological, physical, geometrical, and psychological properties of vision.
Leonardo da Vinci
________ was the founder of atomic theory.
Leucippus
proposed a theory of evolution of social groups, religion, and language.
Lucretius
The book Guide of the Perplexed, written by ________, was an early attempt to reconcile faith and science by arguing that many scriptural texts were written for very simple people and should not be taken literally.
Maimonides
The key figure in the initiation of the Reformation was
Martin Luther.
The founder of modern skepticism was
Montaigne.
daughter of Pythagoras and Theana, was one of the first to give advice on child rearing, emphasizing moderation, balance, and mild foods and temperatures.
Myia
was the Polish astronomer often regarded as the founder of heliocentric theory and the author of On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres.
Nicolaus Copernicus
made his greatest contributions in medicine and the application of chemistry to medicine, but he also argued against demonology and for harmony with nature.
Paracelsus
This philosopher was one of the first to emphasize a philosophy of being. He believed that truth is known through reason rather than the senses.
Parmenides
argued that reason is no less a gift from God than the scriptures and should not be blindly rejected. He saw doubt in a positive light because it motivates study.
Peter Abelard
The Academy is to _______ as the Lyceum is to _______.
Plato . . . Aristotle
Which of the following is remembered as a sophist who advanced a thoroughgoing relativistic doctrine?
Protagoras
Development of the geocentric cosmology is attributed to , while the development of the heliocentric cosmology is attributed to .
Ptolemy . . . Copernicus.
__________is to skepticism as is to Neo-Platonism.
Pyrrho . . . Plotinus
The school of philosophy known as skepticism was founded by
Pyrrho.
wrote Opus Majus, which contained chapters on topics such as optics, philology, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and four general causes of human errors.
Roger Bacon
________ and ________ were among the first to emphasize psychological forces in the development of mental disorder.
Socrates . . . Plato
___________, an early Greek cosmologist, believed that the primordial substance of the world, is water.
Thales
Which of the following, best captures the conclusion in the text regarding the effects of the Reformation on the development of science?
The role of the Reformation in Renaissance science remains subject to interpretation.
Almost single-handedly, was able to convince church authorities that they had nothing to fear from Aristotle. Following the influence of this theologian, Aristotle was a regular part of the curriculum at the University of Paris.
Thomas Aquinas
This philosopher was known for his attacks on Greek polytheism and for anthropomorphic concepts of the Gods.
Xenophanes
The essential feature of Greek thought, following Aristotle is
a new emphasis on narrow practical concerns and with how to be happy
The expression Renaissance Person is used to describe
a versatile person with knowledge in many areas.
Taken quite simply, the term pneuma, as used by Galen, refers to
air that is drawn in as we breath, and distributed to the various tissues.
Plato believed in a three part soul or psyche consisting of
appetite, spirit, and reason
Galen's medical doctrines were
assimilated into Christian theology and became rigid dogma
Astronomers' challenges of geocentric cosmology helped introduce empirical knowledge into a culture whose primary source of knowledge was
authority.
The Greeks were interested in , the nature of the universe and the origin of the universe.
cosmology . . . cosmogeny
In Babylonia, phenomena were often explained in terms of
demons
Oliva Sabuco, a Renaissance Spanish scholar and apparent author of New Philosophy on the Nature of Man, emphasized the importance of
equilibrium or balance as a key to health.
The term empiricism is roughly equivalent to the English term
experience.
The principle of parsimony or "Ockham's Razor" states that
explanations containing fewer assumptions are to be preferred to those containing more assumptions.
Anaximander is often remembered as the
first recorded evolutionary theorist
Which of the following is true of the claims of the text regarding Montaigne's influence?
his influence pervaded three centuries and four continents and he had extensive influence on subsequent philosophers
Most of the major schools of thought in Rome were focused on
how to live a happy and untroubled life.
In his later years, Bacon studied science and philosophy. He was primarily interested in the problems of
human knowledge.
Aristotle's position on the relationship between soul and body is best described by the term
hylomorphism.
Galen believed that most mental disorders are the result of
imbalance in the various humors and qualities.
The plague contributed to doubts about the adequacy of authorities and institutions because
institutions were powerless to protect people from the plague.
The Medieval Period was characterized by
intellectual progression and regression occurring simultaneously.
In India in the fourth millennium B.C.E., the suggested way to acquire knowledge was via
intuition
The early Christian church in Rome emphasized
knowledge by revelation.
The literal meaning of the term philosophy is
love of wisdom
Hippocrates was the first to advance a classification of emotional disorders. His classification included the following categories:
mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy
Democritus argued for a strict
materialistic determinism.
Parmenides embraced a thorough
monism
The expression Renaissance Humanism refers to
new interest in human anatomy, human problems, secular music, etc.
For the Pythagoreans, the world was driven by and based in
number
According to Aristotle, which of the following is most accurate?
perception
The original human malady according to Montaigne is
presumption, arrogance, or unjustified vanity.
Socrates believed that knowledge is more likely to be achieved through
reason
Which of the following is true regarding Aristotle's distinction between recollection and memory?
recollection involves effort, while memory can be spontaneous
The method for seeking knowledge on which Tertullian centered his worldview was
revelation.
Which of the following might best characterize Aristotle's advice about how to attain goodness and happiness?
seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate
According to Aristotle, humans seek pleasure and happiness but are often frustrated in their attempts to secure these states. Aristotle believed that "good fortune" plays a role in the attainment of happiness but even without luck we can attain a modicum of happiness by practicing goodness and by
seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things.
Socrates believed that virtue is attained through ________, while evil results from ________.
self-knowledge . . . ignorance
Plato believed that can result in only appearance and opinion while is the only way to true knowledge.
sensory information . . . reason
One characteristic that Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas had in common was that each one
sought to reconcile faith and reason.
The stoics and the Epicureans believed in moderation, but psychologically the stoics emphasized ________ while the Epicureans emphasized ________.
suppression . . . expression
Sophists were
teachers who received money in exchange for instruction
According to the text, the Renaissance covers a period of time that includes
the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.
The term Renaissance means
the rebirth.
When comparing humans and animals, Montaigne argued that
there are no grounds for our claims that we are superior to the animals.
Which of the following statements would be most consistent with Plato's theory of forms?
there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason
All of the following were true of the Renaissance period EXCEPT
tremendous improvement in the social status of women
Mathematics during the Renaissance
was original and distinctive and a subject of great interest.
Anaximander's term Apeiron means
without boundary