final exam 2

is sometimes regarded as the real founder of Greek medicine. He was the first to advance a thoroughgoing naturalistic account of all illness. His account made no reference to demons or to supernatural causes. He was

. Hippocrates.

was one of the first to emphasize a purely descriptive and objective social science that rejected moralistic approaches to human behavior.

. Niccolo Machiavelli

wrote The Incoherence of the Philosophers and cautioned against empirical and rational inquiry.

Al-Ghazali

advocated an empirical approach to medicine. He was one of the first to practice dissection.

Alcmaeon

Famous for his Book of Optics, _______ rejected the Platonic theory of extramission or that light rays are emitted from the eye.

Alhazen

Which of the following best characterizes Aristotle's beliefs about dreams?

All of the above.

These two Greek scholars are remembered for, among other things, advancing early versions of evolutionary theory.

Anaximander and Empedocles.

The Greek physician ___________, practicing in Rome, was one of the first to distinguish between delusions and hallucinations.

Asclepiades

as author of the Confessions, provided the world with a powerful psychological autobiography. He was one of the first to emphasize the importance of unconscious processes.

Augustine

was a philosopher in his own right, but he was even more famous for his extensive commentaries on the work of Aristotle which became a major intellectual force in Europe.

Averröes

The Zoroastrian holy book was the

Avesta

had a concept of soul very similar to Aristotle's concept of soul. Soul includes vegetative, animal, and human functions.

Avicenna

The most influential philosopher and physician of the early Islamic world was

Avicenna.

________ may be called the founder of the Middle Ages

Boethius

Which of the following statements would most likely come from Heraclitus?

Constancy is an illusion, only change is real

The world is composed entirely of atoms." "My friend, you are clearly mistaken. The basic stuff of all reality is water." The argument is between

Democritus and Thales

Women in ___________ enjoyed far greater social status than in most ancient cultures.

Egypt

________ believed that the four elements (fire, earth, air, and water) combined with two first principles (love and strife). He believed that harmony and balance were important to survival.

Empedocles

__________ was a stoic who advocated resignation to things beyond human control.

Epictetus.

found Medieval scholasticism to be limited and brought forward Greek and Roman concerns with the immediate quality of this life.

Francesco Petrarch

was one of the first to assess psychological states by observing physiological reactions. Indeed, he concluded that one of his patients was in love because her heart rate and facial expressions changed each time the name of the object of her love was mentioned.

Galen

was the astronomer who was the first to systematically employ the telescope in the study of astronomy. With the telescope he discovered imperfections on the moon, rings of Saturn, moons of Jupiter, and sunspots.

Galileo Galilei

Which ancient culture accepted a monotheistic God and had notions of mental disorders?

Hebrew

was an early investigator of the nature of loving relationships.

Heloise

A Chinese naturalistic philosopher is often compared to Aristotle. He was

Hsün Tzu

was known for expertise in geometry and for being an early advocate of music therapy.

Hypatia

As the plague swept Europe, were often blamed and persecuted as scapegoats.

Jews

was the German astronomer and mathematician who added to heliocentric theory with his discovery that the planets move in elliptical orbits around the sun.

Johannes Kepler

This Renaissance scholar was one of the first to write on individual differences, aptitude and temperament. He was

Juan Huarte.

One could reasonably argue, that in terms of methods employed and problems investigated, _____ is the true originator of modern psychology.

Juan Luis Vives

was deeply interested in the functions and workings of memory; he also investigated such topics as association and forgetting.

Juan Luis Vives

believed that muscles play a key role in the support of habit, a position compatible with twentieth century behavioral psychologies.

Julius Caesar Scaliger

gained a place in the history of psychology predominantly due to his contributions to knowledge of the senses, particularly the anatomical, physiological, physical, geometrical, and psychological properties of vision.

Leonardo da Vinci

________ was the founder of atomic theory.

Leucippus

proposed a theory of evolution of social groups, religion, and language.

Lucretius

The book Guide of the Perplexed, written by ________, was an early attempt to reconcile faith and science by arguing that many scriptural texts were written for very simple people and should not be taken literally.

Maimonides

The key figure in the initiation of the Reformation was

Martin Luther.

The founder of modern skepticism was

Montaigne.

daughter of Pythagoras and Theana, was one of the first to give advice on child rearing, emphasizing moderation, balance, and mild foods and temperatures.

Myia

was the Polish astronomer often regarded as the founder of heliocentric theory and the author of On the Revolution of the Celestial Spheres.

Nicolaus Copernicus

made his greatest contributions in medicine and the application of chemistry to medicine, but he also argued against demonology and for harmony with nature.

Paracelsus

This philosopher was one of the first to emphasize a philosophy of being. He believed that truth is known through reason rather than the senses.

Parmenides

argued that reason is no less a gift from God than the scriptures and should not be blindly rejected. He saw doubt in a positive light because it motivates study.

Peter Abelard

The Academy is to _______ as the Lyceum is to _______.

Plato . . . Aristotle

Which of the following is remembered as a sophist who advanced a thoroughgoing relativistic doctrine?

Protagoras

Development of the geocentric cosmology is attributed to , while the development of the heliocentric cosmology is attributed to .

Ptolemy . . . Copernicus.

__________is to skepticism as is to Neo-Platonism.

Pyrrho . . . Plotinus

The school of philosophy known as skepticism was founded by

Pyrrho.

wrote Opus Majus, which contained chapters on topics such as optics, philology, mathematics, experimental science, moral philosophy, and four general causes of human errors.

Roger Bacon

________ and ________ were among the first to emphasize psychological forces in the development of mental disorder.

Socrates . . . Plato

___________, an early Greek cosmologist, believed that the primordial substance of the world, is water.

Thales

Which of the following, best captures the conclusion in the text regarding the effects of the Reformation on the development of science?

The role of the Reformation in Renaissance science remains subject to interpretation.

Almost single-handedly, was able to convince church authorities that they had nothing to fear from Aristotle. Following the influence of this theologian, Aristotle was a regular part of the curriculum at the University of Paris.

Thomas Aquinas

This philosopher was known for his attacks on Greek polytheism and for anthropomorphic concepts of the Gods.

Xenophanes

The essential feature of Greek thought, following Aristotle is

a new emphasis on narrow practical concerns and with how to be happy

The expression Renaissance Person is used to describe

a versatile person with knowledge in many areas.

Taken quite simply, the term pneuma, as used by Galen, refers to

air that is drawn in as we breath, and distributed to the various tissues.

Plato believed in a three part soul or psyche consisting of

appetite, spirit, and reason

Galen's medical doctrines were

assimilated into Christian theology and became rigid dogma

Astronomers' challenges of geocentric cosmology helped introduce empirical knowledge into a culture whose primary source of knowledge was

authority.

The Greeks were interested in , the nature of the universe and the origin of the universe.

cosmology . . . cosmogeny

In Babylonia, phenomena were often explained in terms of

demons

Oliva Sabuco, a Renaissance Spanish scholar and apparent author of New Philosophy on the Nature of Man, emphasized the importance of

equilibrium or balance as a key to health.

The term empiricism is roughly equivalent to the English term

experience.

The principle of parsimony or "Ockham's Razor" states that

explanations containing fewer assumptions are to be preferred to those containing more assumptions.

Anaximander is often remembered as the

first recorded evolutionary theorist

Which of the following is true of the claims of the text regarding Montaigne's influence?

his influence pervaded three centuries and four continents and he had extensive influence on subsequent philosophers

Most of the major schools of thought in Rome were focused on

how to live a happy and untroubled life.

In his later years, Bacon studied science and philosophy. He was primarily interested in the problems of

human knowledge.

Aristotle's position on the relationship between soul and body is best described by the term

hylomorphism.

Galen believed that most mental disorders are the result of

imbalance in the various humors and qualities.

The plague contributed to doubts about the adequacy of authorities and institutions because

institutions were powerless to protect people from the plague.

The Medieval Period was characterized by

intellectual progression and regression occurring simultaneously.

In India in the fourth millennium B.C.E., the suggested way to acquire knowledge was via

intuition

The early Christian church in Rome emphasized

knowledge by revelation.

The literal meaning of the term philosophy is

love of wisdom

Hippocrates was the first to advance a classification of emotional disorders. His classification included the following categories:

mania, melancholia, paranoia, epilepsy

Democritus argued for a strict

materialistic determinism.

Parmenides embraced a thorough

monism

The expression Renaissance Humanism refers to

new interest in human anatomy, human problems, secular music, etc.

For the Pythagoreans, the world was driven by and based in

number

According to Aristotle, which of the following is most accurate?

perception

The original human malady according to Montaigne is

presumption, arrogance, or unjustified vanity.

Socrates believed that knowledge is more likely to be achieved through

reason

Which of the following is true regarding Aristotle's distinction between recollection and memory?

recollection involves effort, while memory can be spontaneous

The method for seeking knowledge on which Tertullian centered his worldview was

revelation.

Which of the following might best characterize Aristotle's advice about how to attain goodness and happiness?

seek the golden mean, avoid extremes, try to be moderate

According to Aristotle, humans seek pleasure and happiness but are often frustrated in their attempts to secure these states. Aristotle believed that "good fortune" plays a role in the attainment of happiness but even without luck we can attain a modicum of happiness by practicing goodness and by

seeking moderation or the golden mean in all things.

Socrates believed that virtue is attained through ________, while evil results from ________.

self-knowledge . . . ignorance

Plato believed that can result in only appearance and opinion while is the only way to true knowledge.

sensory information . . . reason

One characteristic that Avicenna, Maimonides, and St. Thomas Aquinas had in common was that each one

sought to reconcile faith and reason.

The stoics and the Epicureans believed in moderation, but psychologically the stoics emphasized ________ while the Epicureans emphasized ________.

suppression . . . expression

Sophists were

teachers who received money in exchange for instruction

According to the text, the Renaissance covers a period of time that includes

the fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth centuries.

The term Renaissance means

the rebirth.

When comparing humans and animals, Montaigne argued that

there are no grounds for our claims that we are superior to the animals.

Which of the following statements would be most consistent with Plato's theory of forms?

there are universal, timeless, and true principles apprehended through reason

All of the following were true of the Renaissance period EXCEPT

tremendous improvement in the social status of women

Mathematics during the Renaissance

was original and distinctive and a subject of great interest.

Anaximander's term Apeiron means

without boundary