Final Exam

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a child looks at rain and thunder and says that they are caused by the change in weather. the sensorimotor stage, this is termed as artificialism.

false

a feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span

false

according to arne ohm and susan mink, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind

false

according to jeffrey arnett, the age of self-focus is characterized by adults experimenting with careers and romantic possibilities

false

according to piaget, objective responsibility is the assignment of blame according to the motives of the actor rather than the amount of damage done

false

according to research, intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to increase during the summer vacation

false

according to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive

false

according to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world

false

alcohol enhances cognitive functioning

false

an intelligence quotient (IQ) is independent of his or her chronological age (CA)

false

biofeedback training increases stress, tension, and anxiety in people

false

discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

false

during middle adulthood, people are at their height of sensory sharpness, strength, reaction time, and cardiovascular fitness

false

genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes

false

girls can become pregnant immediately after menarche

false

glen is an accomplished guitarist. he can play the guitar with his eyes closed. when he does this, he is quite aware of which frets his fingers are on. he does this with the aid of his vestibular sense.

false

hallucinogens are known to create physiological dependence.

false

hypnosis impairs the functioning of the immune system

false

in a study conducted to test the effect of medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. the latter would be considered an experimental group

false

in an experiment, the presence of dependent variable does not depend on independent variables

false

in male adolescents, ejaculatory ability is the evidence of reproductive capacity

false

in retrograde amnesia, there are memory lapses for the period following a trauma such as a blow to the head, an electric shock, or an operation

false

in stratified sampling, each member of a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

false

in the context of classical conditioning, extinguished conditioned responses cannot be recovered

false

in the context of hypnosis, a positive response to each suggestion of the hypnotist sets the stage in which the subject is less likely to follow further suggestions

false

in the context of the wechsler scales, nontechnically oriented college students often attain higher performance than verbal intelligence quotients (IQ)

false

insomnia is a sleep disorder in which the air passages are obstructed

false

it takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs

false

media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal

false

neurons carry messages from the axon terminals through the axon to the dendrites

false

nicotine increases the appetite and reduces the metabolic rate of a person

false

norepinephrine is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands

false

operant conditioning is a simple form of learning in which organisms come to anticipate or associate events with one another

false

positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed

false

prospective memory involves recalling information that has been previously learned

false

psychoanalysis is the name of the theory of personality developed by sigmund freud but not the method of psychotherapy he had developed

false

rapid eye movement sleep and deep sleep hinder learning and memory

false

regularization in problem solving refers to standing back from the problem for a while as some process within may continue to work on it

false

short term memory is also known as semantic memory

false

sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking all occur during light sleep

false

sociocultural psychologists study those things we refer to as the mind

false

spontaneous recovery of learned responses occurs only in operant conditioning

false

structuralists emphasized the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns

false

structuralists tended to ask, "how do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

false

students who obtain higher grades are more likely to behave aggressively following exposure to violent video games

false

the communication systems of the birds and the bees have high semanticity

false

the embryonic stage of pregnancy lasts from the beginning of the third month until the birth of the baby

false

the method of savings is a measure of time taken for short-term memory to become long term

false

the method of savings was devised by ebbinghaus in order to study the efficiency of recall

false

the organ of corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea

false

the term parapsychological phenomena refers to the perception of objects or events through sensory organs

false

the term preconscious is descriptive of body processes of which we cannot become conscious

false

the two main divisions of the central nervous system are the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

false

when the eyeball is too short, the images of nearby objects are focused in front of the retina, causing farsightedness

false

when we sleep, our brain waves become identical to those emitted when we are conscious

false

with age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed

false

women who smoke show increased bone density

false

remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system

glial cells

case studies are subject to inaccuracies

true

direct artificial stimulation of the occipital lobe produces visual sensations

true

explicit memory is memory for specific information

true

humans can detect the odor of 1 one-millionth of a milligram of vanilla in a liter of air

true

in contrast to structuralists, gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units

true

in long term memory, we tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure

true

in pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned unconditioned response

true

in the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy

true

in the context of classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is on the information learned by the organism

true

in the context of psychological researches, debriefing is the process of explaining the purpose and methods of a completed procedures to a participant

true

in the context of withdrawal symptoms associated with substance use, cravings are typically accompanied by signs of anxiety such as shakiness, rapid pulse, and sweating

true

many case studies are clinical, that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them

true

odors trigger firing of receptor neurons in the olfactory membrane high in each nostril

true

one of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation

true

paulina is kindergarten teacher. every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "well done" and "keep it up". Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

true

people with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems

true

selective optimization with compensation is the reshaping of a person's life to concentrate on what he or she finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment

true

sensory receptors embedded in the skin fire when the surface of the skin is touched

true

social-cognitive theorists grant cognition a key role in studying and explaining behavior

true

the herig-helmholtz illusion is a visual illusion

true

the state of consciousness called hypnotic trance can be induced by asking people to narrow their attention to a small light

true

when children reared by adoptive parents are more similar to their natural parents in a particular trait, strong evidence exists for a genetic role in the development of that trait

true

when you are given a new phone number and you write it down or immediately dial the number, you are retaining the number in your short term memory

true

which of the following was proposed by functionalists?

adaptive behavior patterns are learned and maintained

a two year old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. according to piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding.

accommodation

as opposed to a dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experimenters so that its effects may be determined

biological

brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. he strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _______ perspective

biological

intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety

epinephrine

specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation, and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion

experimental psychologists

Erik Erikson focuses more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction

false

primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work

industrial psychologist

which of the following is a function of norepinephrine

it is involved in general arousal, learning and memory, and eating

which of the following is true of estrogen production in females

it stimulates the growth of tissue in the hips

ned is feeling stresses because of his workload at the offie. He is also experiencing insomnia with rapid weight loss. Ned's condition is an example of a _________ correlation.

negative

shawn is in her mid-fifties. her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. she cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. at the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. shawna is facing the difficulties _______

of the sandwich generation

some researchers consider the _______ to be the "executive center" of the brain, where decisions are made to keep information in working memory and solve problems

prefrontal cortex

according to piaget, the _____ is the second stage of cognitive development in children

preoperational stage

on a bright, sunny day, manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The ____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light

pupils

in boys, pituitary hormones stimulate the testes to increase the output of ________, which in turn causes enlargement of the penis and testes and the appearance of body hair

testosterone

identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists

they note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others

which of the following is a defining characteristics of biologically oriented psychologists

they study the role of hereditary in behavior and mental processes such as psychological disorders, criminal disorder, and thinking

was the founder of the school of functionalism

william james


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