FINAL EXAM BIOL 575

In an inverse estuary (Mediterranean-type circulation), water flow is __ the estuary at the surface and __ the estuary along the bottom. A. into, out of B. out of, into C. up, down D. down, up E. longitudinal, lateral

A. into, out of

Larvae that have a yolk sac are described as being _____. A. lecithotrophic B. planktotropic C. merozooplankton D. dependent E. r-selected

A. lecithotrophic

Which of the following have the lowest salinity range? A. limnetic B. oligohaline C. mesohaline D. polyhaline E. euhaline

A. limnetic

Long-lived planktonic larvae have __________ rates of endemism than those with limited dispersal. A. lower B. higher C. the same

A. lower

Cryptic species _______identical but genetically different. A. morphologically B. are not C. morpholy D. sometimes

A. morphologically

When the Mixing Depth is less than the Critical Depth, there is _______ net phytoplankton growth. A. positive B. reduced C. zero D. negative E. alternative

A. positive

The process that results in the formation of inorganic compounds from organic compounds is _________. A. remineralization B. decomposition C. regeneration D. inorganic fixation E. metabolism

A. remineralization

The Intermediate Disturbance, Equal Chance, and Gradual Change Hypothesis assume that species composition is seldom in a ______. A. state of equilibrium B. competitive network C. closed system D. tipping point E. transition

A. state of equilibrium

. The compensation depth is the depth at which ______ equals the rate of gross primary production. A. the respiration rate B. the photic zone C. the mixing depth D. nutricline E. grazing rate

A. the respiration rate

In fish, gill rakers are a special adaptation to minimize the impacts of _____ on the gills. A. turbidity B. salinity C. parasites D. zooplankton E. osmotic pressure

A. turbidity

In Michaelis-Menten kinetics, Vmax is the maximum __________ rate .A. uptake B. growth rate C. velocity parameter D. excretion

A. uptake

Homogeneous salinity from surface to bottom is characteristic of _____ estuaries. A. well-mixed B. fjord C. salt wedge D. reverse E. positive

A. well-mixed

Major ocean currents have can be classified as thermohaline or _________. A. wind-driven B. Eckman transport C. clockwise D. tidal E. reverse

A. wind-driven

the stringing cells found in many coral species are termed ___ a. stringers b. nematocyts c. cnidoblasts d. cnidaria e. B and C

B and C

Sulfate (SO4) is the ____ most abundant ion in seawater. A) 2nd B) 3rd C. 4th D. 5th E. 6th

B) 3rd

Small Reynolds Numbers (Re) indicate that viscosity can be ignored. A) True B) False

B) False

According to Stokes' Law, a sphere will increase its sinking speed in proportion to the ____ of the radius. A) inverse B) square C) cube D) square root E) reciprocal

B) square

Usually, around _____% of phytoplankton gross primary production is excreted as dissolved organic matter. A. 10 B. 20 - 30 C. 90 D. 50 E. 50 -60

B. 20 - 30

Sea level has been much lower for the last _____ years. A. 25 million B. 250,000 C. 25,000

B. 250,000

Marine and Terrestrial primary production are approximately equal at _____ Pg C y-1. A. 5 B. 50 C. 500 D. 5000 E. 0.5

B. 50

Following the K-T Mass Extinction Event ___ million years ago, almost 11% of marine species went extinct. A. 250 B. 64 C. 125 D. 3.5 E. 92

B. 64

Estuaries and lagoons comprise ______% of coastline along Atlantic & Gulf Coast and 10-20% on Pacific Coast. A. 70 - 80 B. 80 - 90 C. 60 - 70 D. 40 - 50 E. 30 - 40

B. 80 - 90

In Ekman transport, the direction of NET water movement is _____˚ to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. A. 45 B. 90 C. 270 D. 180 E. 25

B. 90

For consumers, approximately _____of assimilated energy is used for reproduction. A. 40 - 80% B. < 10% C. 20 - 30% D. 30 - 40% E. 50%

B. < 10%

The saltmarsh cord grass Spartina alterniflora uses the ______ pathway of photosynthesis. A. C3 B. C4 C. C2 D. shortest E. carbonic anhydrase

B. C4

The three major branches on the General Phylogenetic Tree are _______, Bacteria, and Archea. A. Fungi B. Eukarya C. Aracnida D. Archetypa E. Eubacteria

B. Eukarya

It is possible for the critical depth to be shallower than the compensation depth. A. True B. False

B. False

The Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis can only occur in the dark. A. True B. False

B. False

_____ are habitat determining species that substantially alter, sometimes even create, the structural habitat on which other species depend. A. Founders B. Foundation species C. Turnkey species D. Structural species E. Cryptic species

B. Foundation species

An N:P molar ratio less than 16 usually indicates _______ limitation. A. P B. N C. S D. Si E. A and D

B. N

Usually, fixed ____ is the limiting nutrient for freshwater systems and fixed _____ limits primary production in ocean habitats. A. N, P B. P, N C. P, Fe D. Fe, P E. Fe, N

B. P, N

Which of the following is the largest in areal extent? A. Ecoregion B. Realm C. Province D. Biome E. Ecosystem

B. Realm

Most of variation in biological, physical, & chemical properties is ______ the continental shelf in the South Atlantic Bight. A. along B. across C. variable D. offshore from E. undetermined for

B. across

Adult fish that live in the sea and migrate to freshwater for breeding are ______. A. amphidromous B. anadromous C. catadromous D. ecotonal

B. anadromous

Dissimilative sulfate reduction is a major source of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in ______ environments. A. oxic B. anoxic C. pelagic D. oligotrophic E. polluted

B. anoxic

Major ocean currents have a ________ rotation in the northern hemisphere. A. cyclonic B. anticyclonic C. counterclockwise D. tidal E. reverse

B. anticyclonic

Diatom vegetative sizes are maintained by ____ reproduction. A. sexual B. asexual C. binary fission

B. asexual

The boundary between the continental shelf and the continental rise is the __________. A. continental margin B. continental slope C. deep ocean floor D. hadal zone E. mesopelagic

B. continental slope

The excretion of dissolved organic matter (DOM) by phytoplankton _____ with excess nutrient supply. A. increases B. decreases C. stays constant

B. decreases

A salinity between 5 and 10 ppt can be considered to be an ______ between freshwater and marine habitats. A. diversion B. ecotone C. ecotype D. barrier E. sink

B. ecotone

A plant or animal species that is restricted to one or a few localities in its distribution is said to be ________. A. extirpated B. endemic C. allopatric D. expatriated E. sympatric

B. endemic

Maximum tidal ranges occur during _______. A. solstices B. equinoxes C. the spring D. the winter

B. equinoxes

Micromonas is the smallest known ________ phytoplankton species in the world's oceans. A. virus B. eukaryote C. diatom D. dinoflagellate E. prokaryote

B. eukaryote

A morainal sill and steep walls are characteristic of _____ type estuaries. A. bar-built B. fjord C. tectonic D. drowned river valley E. canyon

B. fjord

_____ is induced by density and elevation differences between freshwater runoff and salt water. A. tidal flow B. gravitational circulation C. Ekman transport D. tidal pumping

B. gravitational circulation

_____ allow nitrogen fixation by some cyanobacteria in oxic environments. A. nodules B. heterocysts C. homocysts D. filaments E. nodes

B. heterocysts

Disturbance that occurs at intermediate levels usually ____ species diversity. A. inhibits B. increases C. negatively affects D. has no effect on E. hinders

B. increases

Low survival rates zooplankton larvae is known as the _______. A. funnel effect B. larval bottleneck C. predation principle D. bottle effect E. larval gap

B. larval bottleneck

The "larval bottleneck" is used to describe _______ of larvae that eventually reach adulthood. A. high survival rates B. low survival rates C. predation D. immortality E. settlement

B. low survival rates

____ is usually the most abundant form of combined inorganic N in runoff, riverine input, groundwater discharge, and atmospheric deposition due to rapid oxidation of ammonium. A. nitrite B. nitrate C. ammonium D. urea E. amines

B. nitrate

______ is the most abundant (non-gaseous) chemical species of BIOAVAILABLE nitrogen in deep ocean waters. A. nitrite B. nitrate C. ammonium D. A and C only E. urea

B. nitrate

Nitrate reductase is an enzyme that converts nitrate to ________. A. amino acids B. nitrite C. nitrile D. proteins E. urea

B. nitrite

The observation that many similar species occur in close proximity in the seemingly uniform environment of the water column is known as "the _____ of the plankton". A. paradigm B. paradox C. principle D. competition

B. paradox

If the water column is anoxic, sediments will be a source for ________ diffusing into the water column. A. oxygen B. phosphate C. silicate D. bacteria E. A, B, C, and D

B. phosphate

Plankton ranging in size from 0.2 - 2.0 μm in size are termed ____. A. femtoplankton B. picoplankton C. bacteria D. nanoplankton

B. picoplankton

The Optimal Foraging Theory and the Time in Patch Model are generally applied to explain the costs vs. benefits of different _____ strategies. A. reproductive B. predation C. mating D. swimming E. parasitic

B. predation

A fish that is a male first, and female second is a _____ hermaphrodite. A. synchronous B. protandrous C. protogynous D. simulataneous

B. protandrous

The tides in South Carolina are _______. A. diurnal B. semidiurnal C. mixed D. greater than 6 meters E. microtidal

B. semidiurnal

In the South Atlantic Bight, coastal currents flow _____ and offshore currents flow ______. A. north, south B. south, north C. west, east D. east, west

B. south, north

The primary driving force for tides is ________. A. the sun B. the moon C. Earth's rotation D. wind E. density differences

B. the moon

On the continental shelf, circulation is primarily _______. A. thermohaline B. wind-driven C. both A and B

B. wind-driven

Niche Diversification, Circular Networks, and Compensatory Mortality Hypotheses assume that high diversity is maintained _____ continual changes in species composition. A. with B. without C. under D. constantly E. suboptimal but

B. without

50. _________ phytoplankton usually grow well under well- mixed conditions, while ________ phytoplankton prefer stratified water columns. A. flagellated, non-motile B.non-motile, flagellated C. eukaryotic, prokaryotic D. diazotrophic, non-diazotrophic

B.non-motile, flagellated

Why is there such a large difference in the percentage of benthic species vs. pelagic species? A) More benthic area relative to water volume B) The benthos is more habitable than the water column C) Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column D) Mostly due to coral reef species

C) Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column

The Redfield ratio is _________ C:N:P A. 106:1:16 moles B. 106:16:1 grams C. 106:16:1 moles D. 106:1:16 grams E. A and B

C. 106:16:1 moles

The turnover time of bacteria in sediments is approximately _____ times per year. A. 10 B. 100 C. 200 D. 400 E. 750

C. 200

The _____ Effect may occur when population sizes are small and result in extinction. A. Founder B. Allele C. Allee D. Hardy E. Paradox

C. Allee

Why is there such a large difference in the percentage of benthic species vs. pelagic species? A. More benthic area relative to water volume B. The benthos is more habitable than the water column C. Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column D. Mostly due to coral reef species

C. Benthic habitats are more easily sampled than the water column

A SCUBA diver was at a depth of 50 m (150 ft) in clear ocean waters and accidently sliced his finger on an angry coral. What is the color of the liquid oozing out of the injured finger? A. Red B. Ultraviolet C. Blue D. Orange E. Yellow

C. Blue

_____ is said to occur when positive interactions between species lead to enhanced survival. A. Cooperation B. Synergy C. Facilitation D. Commensalism E. Vacillation

C. Facilitation

Which of the following would be a good estimate of cellular metabolism? A. CO2 uptake B. O2 production C. O2 consumption D. temperature E. enzyme

C. O2 consumption

_________ is the most successful and most abundant genus on Earth. A. Synechococcus B. Homo C. Prochlorococcus D. Trichodesmium E. Microcystis

C. Prochlorococcus

The only "true" pelagic macroalga in the open ocean is _______. A. Pycnococcus B. Ulva C. Sargassum D. Prochloroccus

C. Sargassum

_____ is usually used to infer estimated sinking rates for phytoplankton and other small cells. A. the Reynolds number B. Fick's Law C. Stokes' Law D. temperature E. the Redfield Ratio

C. Stokes' Law

The main determinant of the metabolic rate of an organism is its _______. A. size B. biomass C. Surface Area D. trophic level E. age

C. Surface Area

In terms of the total amount of nitrogen fixed, the most important nitrogen fixer (diazotroph) in the open ocean is probably_______. A. Trichocystous B. Oscillatoria C. Trichodesmium D. Prochlorococcus E. Synechococcus

C. Trichodesmium

Genetic diversity, species diversity, and diversity of the environment are all components of _________ .A. marine ecology B. diversity indices C. biodiversity D. ecodiversity E. biotic indices

C. biodiversity

Nutrient controls of phytoplankton growth would be an example of a _____ effect. A. web B. top-down C. bottom-up D. Allee E. Arrhenius

C. bottom-up

On the continental shelf and the open ocean, tidal circulation is ______. A. east - west B. west - east C. circular D. north - south E. south - north

C. circular

An ADCP measures _____. A. chlorophyll B. temperature and salinity C. current velocity D. vertical flux E. diffusion

C. current velocity

The intensity of competition between species in the intertidal zone generally ____ with increasing latitude. A. stays constant B. increases C. decreases D. grows exponentially E. becomes more important

C. decreases

Diatoms are heavy due to their silicified ______. A. flagella B. spines C. frustules D. skeletons E. spikes

C. frustules

The sum of material and energy gains and losses is _____ A. respiration B. reproduction C. growth D. NPP

C. growth

Estuaries filled entirely by ocean-transported sediment are said to be ____. A. positive-filled B. negative-filled C. inverse-filled D. turbid estuaries E. reverse estuaries

C. inverse-filled

Invertebrates that spend a portion of their life cycle as zooplankton are termed ______. A. larvae B. holozooplankton C. merozooplankton D. anadromous

C. merozooplankton

Tides that have semidiurnal and diurnal characteristics are ______ tides. A. diurnal B. semidiurnal C. mixed D. wind E. solar

C. mixed

In the open ocean, the oxygen minimum zone usually occurs below the ________ zone. A. nutrient maximum B. bathypelagic C. photic D. abyssopelagic E. pH maximum

C. photic

A fish that is a female first, and male second is a _____ hermaphrodite. A. synchronous B. protandrous C. protogynous D. simulataneous

C. protogynous

Most of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool in the marine environment is ________. A. edible B. labile C. refractory D. bioavailable E. precipitated

C. refractory

A steep halocline and high freshwater discharge are characteristic of _____ estuaries. A. well-mixed B. fjord C. salt wedge D. reverse E. positive

C. salt wedge

Spring tides have a periodicity of ____solar days. A. 30.7 B. 28.4 C. 7.5 D. 14.8 E. 6

D. 14.8

A semi-diurnal tidal day has a period of ____ hours. A. 6 B. 12 C. 24 D. 24.8 E. 28.4

D. 24.8

When did the most recent major species radiation begin?A. In the Triassic Period B.In the Jurassic Period C. 65,000 years ago D. 65,000,000 years ago E. During the Cretaceous Period

D. 65,000,000 years ago

Photoacclimation can be achieved by __________ of photosynthetic units (PSUs). A. increasing the size B. increasing the number C. turning off D. A or B E. A, B, or C

D. A or B

Under oxic conditions, phosphate adsorbs (sticks to) onto__. A) oxyhydrides B) calcium carbonate C) clay minerals D. A, B, and C

D. A, B, and C

Why is the rapidly increasing concentration of atmospheric CO2 a problem for calcareous organisms? A. It lowers dissolved oxygen concentrations B. It enhances calcification C. It affects the grazing rates of zooplankton D. It causes dissolution of calcium carbonate E. It not a real problem

D. It causes dissolution of calcium carbonate

_____ is a process in which the water mass remains intact but is transported downstream. A. diffusion B. dispersive mixing C. dispersion D. advection E. bulk transport

D. advection

Many species use ______ coloration to defend themselves against predation. A. danger B. inverse C. imposematic D. aposematic E. aposentic

D. aposematic

Changes in biomass at one trophic level that affect lower trophic levels are known as _____ effects. A. chain B. waterfall C. transformation D. cascade

D. cascade

Ecosystems are composed of _______. A. populations B. species C. communities D. communities and the abiotic features of the seascape E. biospheres

D. communities and the abiotic features of the seascape

Rotary tidal currents are usually found on _______. A. the west coast B. the east coast C. the western side of estuaries D. continental shelves

D. continental shelves

Nitrification and denitrification are said to be _______ processes. A. oxic B. anoxic C. uncoupled D. coupled E. A and C

D. coupled

Organisms that are found associated with the bottom habitats are said to be ______. A. merozooplankton B. holozooplankton C. pelagic D. demersal E. tychopelagic

D. demersal

Silica may be the limiting nutrient for _______ growth if N and P concentrations are in excess. E) light-limited A. cyanobacteria B. dinoflagellates C. cryptophytes D. diatoms E. A and D

D. diatoms

The Chesapeake Bay and Charleston Harbor are good examples of ______ estuaries. A. bar-built B. fjord C. tectonic D. drowned river valley E. canyon

D. drowned river valley

. In ocean basins located large distances from continents, _____ may be a limiting nutrient for phytoplankton. A. phosphorus B. organic matter C. sulfur D. iron E. molybdenum

D. iron

The removal of a _____has major impacts on ecosystem function. A. predator B. herbivore C. bacteria D. keystone species E. redundant species

D. keystone species

Most open ocean species of phytoplankton are picoplankton (0.2 - 2 μm). This is likely due to ______. A. low temperatures B. turbulence C. low sunlight D. low nutrient concentrations E. high grazing

D. low nutrient concentrations

The bathypelagic region is deeper than the ________ region in the ocean. A. aphotic B. hadalpelagic C. abyssopelagic D. mesopelagic E. hadal

D. mesopelagic

Prokaryotes use ______ to convert N2 gas to organic N and ammonium. A. denitrification B. nitrification C. ammonification D. nitrate fixation

D. nitrate fixation

34. Under oxic conditions, _______ readily adsorbs (binds) to particles and calcium carbonate. A. nitrate B. nitrite C. ammonium D. phosphate E. A,B and C

D. phosphate

Non-tidal flows are also known as tidal _____. A. vectors B. excess C. flows D. residuals E. mixing vectors

D. residuals

A major sink for labile dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in epipelagic ocean waters is _____. A. excretion B. respiration C. outgassing D. the microbial loop E. atmospheric deposition

D. the microbial loop

A low Reynolds number indicates that ______ is more important for organism movement than inertial forces. A. salinity B. temperature C. pressure D. viscosity E. turbulence

D. viscosity

The termination of some phytoplankton blooms may be caused by ______. A. too much sunlight B. high nutrient concentrations C. a reduction in herbivore biomass D.viruses E. sinking out of the photic zone

D.viruses

_____ can exist in solid, liquid, and gas states under normal environmental conditions on Earth. A. N B. P C. S D. Fe E. A and C

E. A and C

Atmospheric dust can be a major source of _________ for the open ocean. A. iron B. silica C. microbes D. phosphorus E. A,B,C, and D

E. A,B,C, and D

The complete nitrogen cycle requires _________ environments. A. low pH B. dark C. anoxic D. oxic E. C and D

E. C and D

The primary sink for silica in the world's ocean is __________ environments. A. atmospheric B. terrestrial C. deep ocean D. diatoms E. C and D

E. C and D

A major source of "new" iron for the oligotrophic North Atlantic Ocean is ______. A. regeneration B. upwelling C. downwelling D. river input E. atmospheric dust

E. atmospheric dust

19. The primary wavelengths for light absorption by chlorophyll a are _____ and _____. A. green, red B. blue, green C. yellow, green D. orange, yellow E. blue, red

E. blue, red

Two major groups of MOTILE phytoplankton are_____and _______. A. diatoms, dinoflagellates B. cyanobacteria, cryptophytes C. diatoms, cyanobacteria D. diatoms, cryptophytes E. chrysophytes, cryptophytes

E. chrysophytes, cryptophytes

Most harmful species of phytoplankton are ____. A. diatoms B. bacteria C. cryptophytes D. viruses E. dinoflagellates

E. dinoflagellates

Which of the following have the highest salinity range? A. limnetic B. oligohaline C. mesohaline D. polyhaline E. euhaline

E. euhaline

_______ prevents taxa from evolving locally and spreading into other regions. A. currents B. insolation C. planktotrophic larvae D. competition E. isolation

E. isolation

Chloroplast stacking (pigment packaging) is a method used by phytoplankton for _______. A. nutrient uptake B. photosynthesis C. respiration D. buoyancy E. photoacclimation

E. photoacclimation

The primary nutrient responsible for eutrophication is estuarine and coastal water is ____ a. orthophosphate b. iron c.fixed N d. sulfate e. seaweed

Fixed nitrgoen

. The surface area of a cell is important for biogeochemical cycling because.... A. Rates are directly proportional to surface area B. Rates are inversely proportional to surface area C. Only small cells are important for biogeochemical cycling D. Smaller cells have lower uptake rates

Rates are directly proportional to surface area

Coral zooxanthellae are a) Dinoflagellates b) Bacteria c) Cynobacteria d) Diatoms

a) Dinoflagellates

The net export of adult fish from a Marine Protected Area (MPA) is called the ______. a. a spillover effect b. recruitment subsidy c. overflow effect d. loss term e. lottery effect

a. a spillover effect

In the Pacific Ocean, ___ reef types are usually the oldest due to long times for subsidence to occur. a. atoll b. barrier c. fringing d. coral e. emergent

a. atoll

Ocean acidification is caused by increasing ____ a. atomospheric CO2 b. pH c. global warming d. pollution e. waste disposal

a. atomospheric CO2

DDT a pesticide, has a very large ___ factor a. bioconcentration b. biomagnification c. mortality d. volatillity e. degration

a. bioconcentration

Prior to the 1950's most fish were harvested for a. human consumption b.non-human food c. fish oil d. poulty and pork production

a. human consumption

global warming may result in the catastrophic release of ___ from oceanic gas hydrates a. methane gas b. carbon dioxide c. ethane gas d. oxygen e. sulfide

a. methane gas

Heavy metals can cause a variety of ____ a. neurological disorders b. tropic shifts c. phytoplankton effects d. cryptic effects

a. neurological disorders

Autochthonous caron orginates______ a. within the system b. outside the sytem c. from allochthonous sources

a. within the system

the OPTIMUM growth temperature for most coral reefs is ____ C a. 18-36 b.26-28 c. >30 d. <20 e. >40

a.18-36

A bottom tall is a tree of ___ fishing gear a.active b.passive c. non-destructive d. selective

a.active

If only 1-3% of the NPP reaches the ocean floor what happens to the other 97% a. Consumed by zooplankton b. Degraded by bacteria while sinking c. Trapped in the microbial loop d. It is denitrified

b. Degraded by bacteria while sinking

____ is the allowable biomass that can be harvested yet allow the population to remain in a steady state, a. MYS b. MSY c. YSM d. fecundity e. recruitment

b. MSY

Sea cucumbers are closely related to ..... a. Polychaetes b. Starfish c. Annelids d. Ascidians e. Acorn worm

b. Starfish

Warm water coral reefs cover an area of ca. 7 ____ acres a. miilion b. billion c.trillion d. hundred thousands

b. billion

What is the likely source for the dust associated pathogens affecting corals reefs in the florida keys? a) Winds blowing west to east over florida b) Winds blowing from the northwest over the keys c) The sahara d) Large afternoon thunderstorms over southern florida

c) The sahara

When phytoplankton cells age or die, the C:N ratio _____. A) increases B) decreases C) stays constant

A) increases

. Water column stratification favors the growth of _________ phytoplankton cells. A) small B) large C) diatom D) senescent

A) small

16. Marine species constitute more than ___% of the known species on Earth. A. 14 B. 8 C. 5 D. 60

A. 14

A system rate of primary production in an estuary was found to be 300 g C m-2 y-1. What is a good estimate of the biomass (in g C m-2) of predatory (meat eating) benthic macrofauna in this system? A. 3 B. 30 C. 60 D. 0.3 E. < 10

A. 3

Intertidal zonation along the coast of South Carolina is due primarily to _____ A. Competition B. Physical conditions C.Wave energy D. Winter temperatures E. SC doesn't have intertidal zonation

A. Competition

Plants use ___ as the electron acceptor for oxygenic photosynthesis, resulting in O2 as a byproduct. A. H2O B. NO2 C. H2S D. SO4 E. NH4

A. H2O

Why is the number of trophic levels limited to 5? A. The amount of available energy at the 5th level is too low to sustain life B. There are only 5 types of feeding categories C. Phytoplankton production is too low D. The 5th level is nutrient limited E. Some systems actually have 6 trophic levels

A. The amount of available energy at the 5th level is too low to sustain life

The Great Lakes are considered to be a series of estuaries. A. True B. False

A. True

Respiration increases the concentration of dissolved CO2 and results in ______ in pH. A. a decrease B. an increase C. no change D. buffering E. a stable

A. a decrease

If a copepod was the size of a human, how big would a bacterium be? A. a single grain of rice B. a hot dog C. a hamburger D. a pizza E. a potato

A. a single grain of rice

Sediment reworking and mixing by infauna and epifauna is known as ________. A. bioturbation B. downwelling C. biomixing D. burial E. grazing

A. bioturbation

_____ light is attenuated more quickly than _____light in near coastal and estuarine waters. A. blue, red B. black, white C. infrared, ultraviolet D. red, blue E. reflected, absorbed

A. blue, red

Interference competition, exploitation competition, and _____ are the primary modes of interspecific competition. A. competitive exclusion B. predation C. resource D. parasitism E. mimicry

A. competitive exclusion

As the attenuation coefficient for PAR increases, the depth of the photic zone ______. A. decreases B. increases C. stays the same

A. decreases

The more closely-related the two competitors, the more ___ the outcome of competition will be. A. even B. uneven C. distinct D. limited E. unfortunate

A. even

Nitrate concentrations are usually _____ below the permanent thermocline. A. high B. low C. the same as surface waters D. in the form of ammonium E. C and D

A. high

Oligotrophic phytoplankton species with larger cells usually have a ____ half-saturation constant (Kt) than smaller cells for nutrient uptake. A. higher B. lower C. constant

A. higher

Black and smelly marsh sediments are highly reduced and rich in ________ A. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) B. adsorbed phosphate (PO4) C. oxygen (O2) D. Hydrogen sulfate (SO4)

A. hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

According to biogeographic theory, species richness _____ with increasing island area. A. increases B. decreases C. varies with D. has no relation to E. dissipates with

A. increases

The concentration GRADIENT (dC/dZ) in the diffusive boundary layer ______ as flow around a particle increases. A. increases B. decreases C. does not change

A. increases

The intensity of intertidal zonation of fauna ______ with decreasing latitude. A. increases B. decreases C. is constant D. exponentially increases

A. increases

For most estuaries, net water flow is ____ the estuary along the bottom and ____ the estuary at the surface. A. into , out of B. out of, into C. up, down D. down, up E. longitudinal, lateral

A. into , out of

The loss of zooxanthelle from coral tissues is known as ____ a. excystment b. whiting c. bleaching d. bubbling e.immunosuppression

c. bleaching

Nutrient loading to esturaries is positively correlated with a. agriculture b. runoff c. human population d. livestock e. rainfall

c. human population

Nutrient pollution coastal us highly correlated with ____ a. fishery production b.industrial activity watershed c. the human population in the watershed d. temperature e. recreational activity in coastal waters

c. the human population in the watershed

There has been a ____ fold increase in N loading into the sea in the past 100 years a. 10 b. 20 c.3 d. 15 e. 2

c.3

Currently the human population on Earth exceeds ___ billion people a. 3 b.2 c.6 d.14 e.20

c.6

More than __ % of the oceans pollution comes from land sources a. 25 b.50 c.75 d.85 e.100

c.75

reef building corals are also known as ___ corals a. hard b. stony c. hermatypic d. ahermatypic e. soft

c.hermatypic

the US exclusive economic zone extends ___ miles from the coastline a. 12 b. 20 c. 100 d. 200 e. 500

d. 200

coral reef are endangered due to a. eutrophication b.global warming c. acidification d. pollution e. ALL

e. ALL

the endosymbiotic algae associated with corals are known as ___ a. diatoms b. zooxnthelle c. dinoflagelletes d. cyanobacteria e. B and C

e. B and C

TRUE OR FALSE in terms of diversity, deep sea habitats are similar to estuaries.

false

What happens to calcium carbonate at lower temperatures?

the solubility of calcium carbonate increases

A high kt for a phytoplankter suggests that it would grow faster when nutrient concentrations are low. A. True B. False

B. False

TRUE OR FALSE Corals may recover from bleaching events

True

The center of origin for modern day coral reefs is believed to be the ____. a. atlantic ocean b. indo pacific region c. indian ocean d. great barrier reef e. pacific attolls

b. indo pacific region

the ___ treaty establishes exclusive economic zones a. law of ocean b. law of sea c. united states d. UNESCO e. united states

b. law of sea

A heterotrophic coral has a P:R ratio that is ____ a. greater than 1 b. less than 1 c. equal to 1 d. 1.5 e b and d

b. less than 1

Volatile chemicals and components added to oil in he refining process makes it ___ to organisms a. less toxic b. more toxic c. palatable d. degradable e. xenobiotic

b. more toxic

Biological invaders frequently displace ____ populations a. exotic b. native c. non-endimic d. stressed e, host

b. native

___ sources of pollution are difficult to regulate a. point b. non-point c. industrial d. anthropogenic

b. non-point

_____ are semi-toxic pelletiezed plastic microspheres that are shipped around the world by the billions a. noodles b. nurdles c.microdots d. PCB's e. curdies

b. nurdles

Allichthonous carbon originates______ a. within the system b. outside the system c. from autochthonous

b. outside the system

A Drift Net is a type of ____ fishing gear a. active b. passive c. non-destructive d. selective

b. passive

There has been a ___ fold increasing in N loading to the sea in the past 100 years a. two b. three c. four d. five e. six

b. three

Most large coral reef systems are located between the ___ degree isotherms a. 10 b.20 c.30 d.40 e. 35

b.20

The spur and groove morphology of coral reefs serves to a. a funnel for food b.dissipate wave energy c. promote sediment removal d. help drainage

b.dissipate wave energy

_________ phytoplankton usually grow well under mixed conditions, while ________ phytoplankton prefer stratified water columns. a. flagellated, non-motile b.non-motile, flagellated c.eukaryotic, prokaryotic d.diazotrophic, non-diazotrophic e.diatoms, cyanobacteria

b.non-motile, flagellated

The addition of a young adult to a fishery is a. fecundity b.recruitment c. activation d. progression

b.recruitment

____ is the fourth most popular seafood in the USA a. salmon b. shrimp c. catfish d. Pollock e. tuna

d. Pollock

Currently anthropengic N production is ____ natural N production a. less than b. more than c. slower than d. equal too e. related to

d. equal too

an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter to an ecosystem is___ a. autochtthonous b. allochthonous c. outwelling d. eutrophication e. pollution

d. eutrophication

the majority of the worlds coral reefs are found in the ____ a. atlantic ocean b. caribberan c. westen indian ocean d. indoPacific e. eastern pacific ocean

d. indopacific

in the US 20,000 acres of wetlands are lost per year due to ____ a. flooding b. reconstruction c. evaporation d. infilling e. reclamation

d. infilling

___ compounds are exotic , man made organic componuds not readily decomposed by natural processes a. labile b. refractory c. oil d. xenobiotic e. xenophobic

d. xenobiotic

____% of the US human population lives within 100 miles of the coast a. 30 b.50 c.90 d.70 e.86

d.70

More than ___ % of the Ocean pollution comes from land a. 15 b.30 c.60 d.75 e. 90

d.75