Final Exam Biology (Chapters 17,18,19)
The following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. Purkinje fibers 2. AV bundle 3. AV node 4. SA node 5. bundle branches The sequence in which excitation would move through this system is which of the following?
4, 3, 2, 5, 1
Define cardiac cycle. (Module 18.9A)
Cardiac cycle is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next.
Why can cardiac tamponade be a life-threatening condition? (Module 18.2C)
Cardiac tamponade can be life-threatening because accumulating fluid in the pericardial cavity restricts heart movement.
________ transport(s) oxygen and CO2 in the RBCs.
Hemoglobin molecules
How does a treatment with anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM) prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN)?
It destroys fetal RBCs that enter the maternal circulation.
Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? (Module 19.5C)
It is beneficial for capillary pressure to be low to allow time for diffusion between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid.
Abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles would most change the shape of the ________ in an ECG tracing.
QRS complex
Depolarization of the ventricles is represented on an electrocardiogram by the
QRS complex.
Materials can move across capillary walls by
Reabsorption, filtration, and diffusion all are correct
Why is RhoGAM administered to pregnant Rh women ? (Module 17.8B)
RhoGAM contains anti-Rh antibodies, which circulate in the mothers' bloodstream to destroy any fetal RBCs there, thereby preventing the mother from making antibodies against the developing fetus's red blood cells.
________ is to contraction as ________ is to relaxation.
Systole; diastole
Why is the left ventricle more muscular than the right ventricle? (Module 18.6A)
The left ventricle must generate enough force to propel blood through the systemic circuit, whereas the right ventricle must generate only enough force to propel blood the short distance from the heart to the lungs in the pulmonary circuit.
Which of the following statements is false concerning the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space?
The net filtration pressure is usually zero.
Which blood type(s) can be safely transfused into a person with type O- blood? (Module 17.7C)
They can receive only O- blood.
________ refers to all the factors that resist blood flow in the entire circulatory system.
Total peripheral resistance
Why are valves located in veins but not in arteries? (Module 19.4A)
Valves are located in veins to prevent blood from flowing backward because venous pressure is too low to keep the blood moving back toward the heart.
Why is ventricular fibrillation fatal? (Module 18.13C)
Ventricular fibrillation is fatal because the ventricles quiver and do not pump blood to the systemic circulation.
When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect
a rise in hematocrit, the release of erythropoietin, a drop in oxygen levels. All answers are correct.
In which of the following would the blood flow be highest?
a vessel 1.0 cm in diameter and 2 meters long
In which of the following would the resistance be greater?
a vessel 10 microns in diameter
List the five general classes of blood vessels. (Module 19.2A)
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins
White blood cells that release histamine at the site of an injury are
basophils
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium.
bicuspid
Erythropoiesis is stimulated when
both oxygen levels in the blood decrease and blood flow to the kidney declines.
________ are the only blood vessels whose walls are thin enough to permit blood-tissue exchange.
capillaries
Metabolites exchange by diffusion with the tissues and the cells in which of the following locations?
capillary
Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.
erythropoietin; kidneys
Capillaries that contain pores that penetrate the endothelial cells are called _______.
fenestrated capillaries
Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to
form stacks
Pacemaker cells in the SA node
generate action potentials that spread to the myocardium.
The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except
hematuria
The waste product bilirubin is produced from
heme molecules lacking iron
More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is
hemoglobin
Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the
immunoglobulins
Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection? (Module 17.2C)
immunoglobulins
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
in one direction only
David suffers from a prolapsed mitral valve. This condition would cause
increased effort by the left ventricle and regurgitation.
Each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
increased hematocrit.
In large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the________.
internal elastic membrane
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium
Name the four chambers of the heart. (Module 18.1C)
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Sinusoids can be found in the _______.
liver
All of the following are components of the cardiovascular system except
lymph vessels
The entire space between the pleural cavities containing only the heart, great vessels, thymus, trachea and esophagus is called the
mediastinum.
________ are large phagocytic white cells that spend most of their time outside the blood as fixed and free phagocytic cells.
monocytes
The muscle layer of the heart is the
myocardium
The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
neutrophils
The average lifespan of a red blood cell is
4 months
The combination of plasma and formed elements is called
whole blood
Intercalated discs serve to transfer all of the following from cell to cell except
z-lines
The cavity that contains only the heart is the
pericardial cavity.
Blood flow through a capillary is controlled by the ______.
precapillary sphincters
A person's blood type is determined largely by the
presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.
As blood travels from arteries to veins,
pressure drops.
Contractions of the papillary muscles
prevent the atrioventricular valves from reversing into the atria.
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
produce hormones
Damage to the semilunar valve on the right side of the heart would affect blood flow to which vessel? (Module 18.6B)
pulmonary trunk
Compared to the right ventricle, the left ventricle has all the following characteristics except that it
pumps a greater volume
All the circulating red blood cells originate in the
red bone marrow
During the T wave of the electrocardiogram, the ventricles are electrically ________ and functionally ________.
repolarizing; relaxing
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium
These vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply.
systemic venous system
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called
tachycardia.
The process of white blood cell production and maturation goes on in all of the following except
the kidney
Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to
the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.
Total peripheral resistance is related to all of the following except
the osmolarity of interstitial fluids.
If the connection between the SA node and AV node becomes blocked,
the ventricles will beat more slowly.
If the blood types of a donor and recipient are compatible, then
there is no reaction between antibodies and antigens.
The muscular layer of a blood vessel is the________.
tunica media
The process of decrease in any vessel diameter that occurs due to smooth muscle contraction is called?
vasoconstriction
Venoconstriction reduces the diameter of which vessel?
vein
Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except
viscosity about the same as water
A person with Type A blood has
antigen A on the RBCs and anti-B antibodies in the plasma.
The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure.
aortic
The first heart sound is heard when the
AV valves close.
Define autorhythmicity. (Module 18.12A)
Autorhythmicity is the ability of the heart to contract without neural or hormonal stimulation.
Define edema. (Module 19.8B)
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues.
At what sties in the body are fenestrated capillaries located? (Module 19.3B)
Fenestrated capillaries are located in endocrine glands, the choroid plexus of the brain, absorptive areas of the intestine, and filtration areas of the kidneys.
The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are
albumins
The term used to describe fluid collecting in the pericardial cavity that restricts the movement of the heart is known as
cardiac tamponade.
The cusps (leaflets) of atrioventricular valves attach directly to
chordae tendineae
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve.
________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.
coagulation
Capillaries that have a complete lining are called ________.
continuous capillaries
Platelets are
cytoplasmic fragments of large cells
Which of these descriptions best matches the term lymphocytes?
defend against specific pathogens or toxins
The P wave of the electrocardiogram is a signal from
depolarization of the atria.
The process of fibrinolysis
dissolves clots
If blood pressure doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be
doubled