Final Exam History

Epic

(long poetry that tells an epic story)

Ode Poetry

(poems dedicated to honor someone/something)

Lyric

(poetry that expresses emotion)

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

Euclid

A great scholar from the hellinistic world. Lived in eygpt and formulated many of the great ideas about geometry that we still use

Empire

A group of state or territories controlled by one ruler

Colosseum/Circus Maximus

A huge amphitheater that seated more around 50,000 people. Gladiator battles, theater, wild animal fights, and chariot races took place here. The poor would get cheap or free tickets to be entertained and be given free food. A lot of the chariot races took place and other events that happened in the colosseum. It was a racetrack that could accommodate 250,000 spectators. This was a way for Roman leaders to keep revolt to a minimum.

Martyr

A person who chooses to die for a cause he or she believes in

Archeologist

A person who studies ancient and recent human past through material remains.

Comedy

A play that ends in happiness

Virgil/Aeneid

A poet in the Augustan age. Wrote the epic poem Aeneid.

City-state

A political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages

Epicurus/epicurean

A school of philosophy taught that people should seek pleasure or good and try to avoid pain or evil. One of their ways was to develop close friendships with other epicureans. Lived for happiness. a greek philosopher who founded the school of epicureans teaching that people should seek out pleasure and avoid evil.

Hedonism

A school of thought where the people are devoted to the pursuit of pleasure and self-gratification

Civilization

A society with cities, a central government run by official leaders, and workers who specialize in certain jobs, leading to social classes. Sumer was the first one.

Idealism

A strategy used by greeks while making sculptures to embellish people to make look more perfect.

Pantheon

A temple dedicated to the gods

crucification

A type of execution in which a person is nailed to a cross and left to die. Jesus died by way of this.

Legion

A unit of 5,000 foot soldiers of the Roman army

Hippocrates/Hippocratic oath

An ancient greek physician who is thought of as the father of medicine. He is known for creating the Hippocratic oath- a code of conduct for physicians today, that says doctors will do no harm to patients

Ten Commandments

At Mt. Sinai Moses received these from God. They were 10 moral laws that state that only one god exists, importance of life, self-control, and justice.

Persians

Biggest empire of its time. conquered many areas and allowed them to keep their culture. permanent army with paid soldiers. changed gov. with satraps. built roads for people, armies, messages. worshipped zoroastrianism. made persepolis-cermonial city

Hellenistic Civilization

Brought together by Alexander the great, it is known for welding together different cultures in alexanders empire. Hellenistic, or greek-like, is what the culture was called, because it was a blend of greek and other cultures which Alex did on purpose. He built dozens of knew cities in the Hellenistic world, including the prosperous city of Alexandria. Hellenistic replaced city state governing with kingdom governing. Democracy turned to monarchy. Women gained rights that they didn't have before. Achievements include many developments in philosophy (different schools emerged) , Art and literature, and science and technology (geometry, math, and physics)

Pax Romana

Called roman peace. Time between augustus' reign and last good emperor. stable government, a strong legal system, widespread trade, and a lot of peace.

Roman Republic

Came before the Roman Empire. Senate rules. Punic wars happened. Triumvirates

Carthage

Capital city of Phoenicia

Sparta

Considered one of strongest greek city-states. known for strong military power and patriotism. emphasis on war for order in society. taught physical toughness and discipline. boys became warriors. Accepted women and played a huge role in society. 2 kings-military commanders and elected council of elders to run city.

Disciples/apostles

Devoted followers to Jesus. After Jesus' death his followers helped to continue the spreading of his messages. The apostles were 12 men Jesus had chosen specially to help him in his teaching and to spread his messages.

Olympic games

Every four years Greeks from various city states got together in olympia for this. Athletes to compete against each other and honor the gods

Alexander the Great

Famous Macedonian leader that emerged just after the peloponnesian wars taking over as a ruler for his dad (Philip II). He is known for crushing Greek rebellion within his empire, beating the persians, lead his army deep into Asia, built the largest empire the world had seen, helped create the Hellenistic world which blended many cultures together. He brought people and cultures together and made the greatest city of the hellinistic world- his capital- Alexandria

Julius Caesar

Famous Roman Dictator. Conquered all of Gaul. defeated Pompey in a civil war as the remaining two leaders of the First Triumvirate. became dictator. became popular among public by giving land to vets, and citizenship more easily. Senators thought he wanted to become king and destroy republic so a group of them killed him on Ides of March.

Gospels

First four books of New testament that account for life and teachings of Jesus.

Alps/Sicily

Geographic features of Rome. Alps are a mountain range north of Rome. Sicily is an island off the southwest tip of italian peninsula.

Inflation

Increased prices on goods and services due to the reduction of the value of money.

Hebrews

Jewish people/israelites who are monotheistic and follow the hebrew bible and the covenants made with God. Have ancestors with roots all the way back to Abraham. Lived a nomadic lifestyle in ancient times.

Decimation

Killing every 10th rebelling soldier. This occurred after a soldier acted out.

Abraham

Led the Jewish people God reached out to him and told him to become monotheistic and believe and god and god will lead him to the holy land. (covenant) led the Jews to Canaan His grandson Jacob had 12 sons-who made the 12 tribes of the israelites.

Aqueduct

Man-made channels used to bring water into the cities.

Neolithic Age

New stone age Known for: First civilizations agriculture better technology irrigation domestication of animals

Iliad and Odyssey

Odyssey- famous epic about hero odysseus and his ten year travel home from trojan war. sea adventure Illiad- famous epic about the last year of the trojan war. about two heroes: achilles (greatest greek) and hector (prince of troy). achilles kills hector to end war.

Paleolithic Age

Old stone age. known for: use of fire simple tools and weapons spoken language art nomadic lifestyle

Sappho/lesbian

One of a few Greek women who gained fame as a writer was her. She was an early famous lyric poem writer. Wrote about, daily life, love, marriage, and friendships and family relationships. A woman loving another woman. Sappho was from the city of Lesbos. She was the first person to love another woman. She wrote poetry to other women.

Zoroastrianism

PERSIAN. taught world created by god named Ahura Mazda. the god= source of everything good, true, and pure in the world. Only worship him. opposing him was evil spirit- ahriman. Zoroaster was one of first religions to teach dualism- control of world by two opposing forces. teachings in Avesta. belief in heaven for good and punishment for bad.

Octavian/Augustus

Part of second triumvirate. Split Roman empire with Marc Anthony but then won civil war against him and ended republic. Created Empire (new political order) and was called "Augustus" by senate ("the revered one"). divided empire and gave half to senate to rule. Tried to bring peace, started police and fire department, stockpile of food and water.

Torah

Religious book of Judaism. Located in the Hebrew Bible that contains accounts of hebrews early history. Most sacred Jewish text.

Parables

Religious stories with a moral

Constantine

Roman Emperor between 306 CE and 337 CE. He issued the Edict of Milan which made Christianity legal in Rome. He also founded the city of Constantinople, the future capital of the Byzantine Empire. Son of one of the original Caesars. Re-instituted Diocletian's rigid laws.

Latins

Roman ancestors that settled Rome. Became known as romans and overthrew etruscans which originally ruled that land.

"bread and circuses"

Roman leaders would bribe poor people (plebeians) with free or reduced price tickets to chariot races and gladiator fights. They would also give out free food. This kept a balance between the rich and the poor and helped to minimize revolts

Aqueducts/roads/arch & dome

Rome had a strong infrastructure, which made it so people liked living there. It had a sewer system, roads, and bridges.

Punic Wars/Battle of Zama

Rome vs. Carthage Scipio vs. Hannibal Rome and SCipio won and wiped out carthage. Battle of Zama was part of Second punic war where Scipio defeated Hannibal after luring Hannibal away from Rome by threatening to invade Carthage

Oligarchy

Rule by a few powerful people (small group)

Monarchy

Rule by king or queen

Dictatorship

Rule by one leader with total power and military leader/power.

Democracy

Rule by the people.

Etruscans

Rulers in northern italy. originally ruled rome. many influences on rome- built first city walls, sewers, introduced arch, alphabet, number system, gladiators and chariot races, and style of sculpture/painting.

Bible

Sacred text of christianity. new gospels, letters of paul, other writings by early christians and old testaments-hebrew bible.

Diaspora

Scattering of the Hebrews outside of the Roman Empire

Roman Empire

Second with augustus as ruler. Conquered entire mediterranean coast and most Europe. Ruled by emperor eventually saw rise and spread of christianity. 200 year stretch with peace and a strong government and system in place (Pax Romana). fell to invasion, weak leaders, economic instability.

Jesus/Mesiah

Spiritual leader born in bethlehem and grew up in Nazareth. travelled through Judea and gathered disciples. Created excitement by performing miracles of healing. defended poor and oppressed. instructed people to repent sins and seek god's forgiveness. Popularity and crowds worried authorities so he was arrested, tried, sentenced, and crucified. Messiah is a spiritual leader who Jewish prophecy said would restore ancient kingdom and peace. Many thought this was Jesus.

Visigoths

The Huns attacked the ostrogoths, which were related to these people and that attacked frightened them. They went fleeing into Rome and Italy. In 410 the king , Alaric captured Rome.

Moses/Exodus

The leader of the Israelites when he took them out of Egypt. He was born an israelite bought was raised by Pharaoh. He never made it into the promised land, but he go the 10 commandments and led all of the other jews there. The israelites leaving slavery and oppression in Egypt. He led them. God rained plagues down on the egyptians and pharaoh to scare them into letting the israelites go, he let them go. Passover is a long-lasting effect of the exodus.

Prehistory

The time before written records

Romulus and Remus

Traditional story of how Rome began. twins abandoned and rescued by she-wolf, raised by sheppard. Grew to build Rome. later Romulus kills remus.

Phoenicians

Western fertile crescent. Built a wealthy trading society. Bad farming land so used trade and sea. EXPERT SAILORS-DOMINATE MEDITERRANEAN TRADE, sailed as far as sierra leone. Founded colonies on trade routes. Traded timber-high demand and became very wealthy. DEVELOPED WORLD'S FIRST ALPHABET- 22 letters spread through trade. Invented glass blowing.

Polis

a city-state of ancient greece became basic political unit in greece

Frescoes

a painting done rapidly in watercolor on wet plaster on a wall or ceiling, so that the colors penetrate the plaster and become fixed as it dries

Artifact

a physical primary source of evidence

Tragedy

a play that ends in death

Paleontologist

a scientist who studies paleontology, learning about the forms of life that existed in former geologic periods, chiefly by studying fossils.

Code of Hammurabi

a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. it was written so everyone could see it and people from all over babylon could come and read it.

Triumvirate

a type of government where three generals are in charge. Used in Rome during the Time of dictators.

Minoan Civilization/Crete

crete is a small island located off south of greece. First inhabited by minoans who are known for plumbing, artwork and writing. sea based civilization (fish, trade...) but also farmed. fell apart suddenly (volcano?)

Edict of Milan

decree made by constantine-made christianity a legal religion to practice in Rome. Great aid to spread of christianity.

Homer

famous greek poet wrote some of earliest works of greek lit.

Sumerians

first civilization. created first written language called cuneiform

Cuneiform

first form of writing developed by sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Socrates/Socratic Method

first great athenian philosopher. know a lot about his teachings from the writing of his student plato. thought and taught that asking questions about broad concepts of human life(truth, love, justice, virtue) would help him discover basic nature of life. started with basic questions followed by long series of questions. He asked the big questions

Herodotus

first major historian in greece, documented the persian wars which he lived through. Most famous writing THE HISTORIES, describes major war events (battles, public debates) Not all of his sources were reliable so there were errors in his history writings

Alphabet

first one had 22 letters and was a big improvement from pictures. Created by phoenicians

Zeno/stoicism

founder of the stoic school of philosophy which he taught in Athens. A greek philosopher that believed in self discipline and fulfilling ones role in society. It was a dominant school of philosophy. A group of philosophy that valued repressing emotions and being calm.

Athens

greek city-state. effective government-first democracy- led it to prosper. allowed only certain people to vote and contained 3 bodies- assembly of voters, council of 500, series of courts. Became very powerful during golden age and basically leader of city states. heart of greek culture and wealthy from trade. Home to great temples (parthenon) and great center of philosophy, art, architecture.

Plato

greek philosopher (one of socrates students-wrote about socrates teachings) became great himself. talked about nature of truth and goodness to ideal form of government. most famous writing (republic) argues gov should be led by philosophers. did not support athenian democracy-- not everyone could be involved. founded academy to spread ideas about improving gov and make philosopher education more formal. important school for philosophers to work.

Senate

in control of Rome when it was a republic. Senate in general is a part of the government. the upper part usually.

Trojan War

legendary war of early greece (led by Mycenae)[achilles] vs troy [prince hector]. not 100% sure it happened but evidence of war in ruins of troy. famous for trojan horse (cause of downfall of Mycenae)

Mesopotamia/Fertile Crescent

located between mediterranean sea and persian gulf. land between the two rivers (tigris and Euphrates). Known for fertile soil so very desirable for early farming civilizations. spot of many early civilizations

Praetorian Guard

military unit that served as personal bodyguard to roman empire. eventually became selective of emperors, killing the ones they didn't like.

Byzantium/Constantinople

place of new capital of roman empire. called constantinople then because constantine was in power. On eastern side of Rome in present day Istanbul.constantine put it there because richer part of rome. Then Constantinople, more recently, byzantium.

Sophistry

reasoning that sounds true but is actually false.

Devaluation of currency

resulted from emperors minting new coins with copper and lead (not just silver). In Rome as the value of money declined and Rome was not gaining new land, they minted new coins out of copper and lead, but the people were unhappy that they were not made with more silver and did not accept the price of this currency

Tyranny

rule by one popular leader with total power

Aristocracy

rule by several nobles

Patricians/plebians

social classes of Rome. Plebeians= lower class in Rome (farmers, merchants, artisans, farmers). Patricians= upper class (1st division of roman social order, privileged wealthy landowners)

Philosopher

someone who studies philosophy "lover of wisdom". study of nature of knowledge, especially when considered as an academic discipline.

Aristotle

studied at plato's academy (famous greek philosopher). studied nature of world around him and used philosophical approaches to every kind of knowledge. wrote about many subjects (truth, biology, asronomy, poetry). known for emphasis on reason and logic (big addition to philosophy). used logic to make infrences by using facts that he already knew and reason/observation to back it up.

Domestication of Animals

taming of animals and plants for human use, such as work or as food

Greek Mythology

the ancient Greek polytheistic religion

Agricultural Revolution

the shift from people living as nomads to settling and farming their own food. Separated the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages.

Polytheism

the worshipping of multiple gods (led to priests having lots of power in middle east)

Gladiator

trained fighters who performed in public arenas Were a popular form of entertainment in Rome Combat was fierce and many died in the arenas Most gladiators did not choose to be gladiators-they were forced to do it either because they were a slave or a prisoner Some volunteered because their needed money and some loved the thrill of danger Successful gladiators were some of the most popular people in Rome