Final Exam Material
______________ safety addresses safety as it happens. A) Reactive B) Proactive C) Predictive D) Investigative
A) Reactive
Each employee in commercial aviation is a __________________ , meaning that everyone can be __________________ to actively seek hazards and report the hazards. A) potential sensor; trained and encouraged B) person; dissuaded C) hard worker; held accountable D) member; required to join and
A) potential sensor; trained and encouraged
The FAA is responsible for performing several activities such as: A) safety regulation, airspace and air traffic management, and civil aviation abroad B) commerce regulation and safety inspections of all commercial vehicles C) ultralight vehicle safety regulation D) highway placements close to large international airports
A) safety regulation, airspace and air traffic management, and civil aviation abroad.
The loss of ______________ , which resulted in the crash of Comair Flight 5191, was due to the crewmembers' failure to use available clues and aids to identify the airplane's location on the surface during taxi. A) situational awareness B) pertinent flight planning material C) aircraft radios D) taxiway edge lights and centerline lights
A) situational awareness
The U.S. Air Flight 1016 accident highlighted the importance of the ______________ . A) sterile cockpit rule B) flight attendant briefing C) aircraft logbook D) approach procedure
A) sterile cockpit rule
The medium (environment) in which an aircraft operates comprises which two parts? A) the natural environment and the artificial environment B) the outside and the inside C) hardware and hostile D) commercial and recreational
A) the natural environment and the artificial environment
Safety is about making life better by addressing ______________ . A) unacceptable risks B) better wages C) metacognition D) major accidents
A) unacceptable risks
It is not just up to the employee! __________________ set(s) the framework within which employees can perform at their peak. A) Personal hygiene B) One's attitudes C) Organizational policies D) Regulatory bodies
C) Organizational policies
Human Factors is a/an ______________ that attempts to optimize the interaction between people, machine, methods, and procedures that interface with one another within an environment in a defined system to achieve a set of system ______________ . A) art; parameters B) talent; limits C) multidisciplinary science; goals D) controversial discipline; operations
C) multidisciplinary science; goals
Threat and Error Management focuses on the ______________ and the humans working in that environment. A) airway system B) airport environment C) normal working environment D) sterile cockpit environment
C) normal working environment
HFACS uses a system approach whereby human error is not the cause but rather the result of a larger problem in the ______________ . A) cockpit B) crew lounge C) organization D) FAA
C) organization
In the ICAO SMM, various " ______________ " or defenses can be set up to plug in the "Swiss Cheese" and, thus, prevent an accident. A) scenarios B) barriers C) screens D) agencies
C) screens
In the context of safety, risk is the combination of the ______________ of a dangerous condition or event and the probability or ______________ of that event occurring. A) gambling; certainty B) simplicity; inevitability C) severity; likelihood D) minimalism; inexorableness
C) severity; likelihood
Each link in the "chain of causation" by itself may not bring down an aircraft, but _________________ with each "link" added to the chain. A) aircraft manufacturers will continue to build B) regulatory agencies will remain unconvinced C) the likelihood of an accident increases D) senior management will stay the course
C) the likelihood of an accident increases
The mid-air collision of a United Airlines DC-8 and a TWA Constellation over New York City resulted in ______________ . A) the sterile cockpit rule B) better ATC approach control procedures C) the speed restriction of 250 knots below 10,000 feet D) better evacuation procedures
C) the speed restriction of 250 knots below 10,000 feet
Organizational culture refers to the __________________ common to the members of one airline that sets it apart from other airlines. A) sum of the parts B) organizational chart C) traits and values D) stock exchange values
C) traits and values
The purpose of accident investigation is to _________________ . A) discover insurance company liability B) provide the news media with gory details C) uncover pervasive, unrecognized causal factors D) satisfy the NTSB mandate
C) uncover pervasive, unrecognized casual factors
An example of Organizational Influences would be ______________ . A) Risk and hazard mitigation B) Omission of checklists and over-reliance on automation C) High workload and time pressure D) Rapid expansion and lack of regulation
D) Rapid expansion and lack of regulation
HFACS model uses which barrier of Dr. Reason's Swiss Cheese model? A) Organizational influences B) Unsafe Supervision C) Preconditions for unsafe acts D) The unsafe act itself E) All of the above
E) All of the above
The key products of CRM and TEM lead to __________________ , which can be explained as a __________________ for determining the best solution to a given situation. A) ADM; mental, systematic approach B) AQP; haphazard approach C) FAR; host of regulations used D) FRMS; management commitment
A) ADM; mental, systematic approach
What exactly is a "cause" in aviation accident investigation? A) Act that resulted in damage or injury B) A roadway traversing a body of water C) Reasonable performance D) Natural or reasonable outcome
A) Act that resulted in damage or injury
After a rule is cleared to proceed, an ________________ may be prepared and published to obtain additional information. A) Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking B) OST Review C) Internal Sources of Review D) OMB Airworthiness Document
A) Advanced Notice of Proposed
The five main divisions of the Secretariat are, A) Air Navigation, Air Transport, Technical, Legal, and Administration Bureau. B) Air Reconnaissance, Air Refueling, Mechanical, Permitting, and Management Bureau. C) Oversight, Management, Facilities, Governance, and Council Bureau. D) Space, Aeronautics, R&D, Parliament, and Supervision Bureau.
A) Air Navigation, Air Transport, Technical, Legal, and Administration Bureau
The ________________ primary purpose is to provide the public an earlier opportunity to participate in the FAA rulemaking process before the formal APA notification period begins. A) Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC) B) Federal Regulatory Rulemaking Sub-Committee (FRRS) C) Public Complaints Advisory Panel (PCAP) D) Airline Advisory Administration Act (AAAA)
A) Aviation Rulemaking Advisory Committee (ARAC)
The acronym " ______________" is a model that the FAA uses to provide the pilot with a logical way of decision-making. A) DECIDE B) ABDIS C) GENOT D) SECRA
A) DECIDE
Two of the ten key actions of capable safety leaders are: A) Lead by example and active listening B) Salary raises and benefits packages C) Office parties and picnic outings D) Nepotism promotions and positive employment
A) Lead by example and active listening
Many airlines are moving away from CRM and putting more emphasis on __________________ . A) TEM B) LOFT C) AQP D) LOS
A) TEM
Safety is not a(n) ______________________ , and security requires ____________________ A) accident; constant vigilance B) unique; TSA oversight C) natural; more regulations D) mandatory; modern weapons
A) accident; constant vigilance
Under the ICAO model of "The Organizational Accident" the actions of monitor and reinforce have taken place; the organization should shift its focus to improve the workplace conditions and thus contain the " ______________ ". A) active human errors B) accident C) environmental change D) rate of accident change
A) active human errors
Human performance is a measure of human ______________ that expresses how well a human has carried out an assigned, well-defined task or a portion of a task ( ______________ ), and it is a function of speed and accuracy. A) activity; task element B) strength; weight lifting C) alertness; while in crew rest D) height and weight; in a confined cockpit
A) activity; task element
An undesired aircraft state (UAS) is defined as a position, speed, altitude or configuration of an aircraft that ______________ . A) clearly reduces safety margins B) results in aircraft structural damage C) requires ATC inputs D) necessitates a maintenance logbook entry
A) clearly reduces safety margins
Briefings are one of the most successful means of __________________ and fostering a common mental picture of a situation. A) coordinating actions B) accomplishing FAA tasks C) listing known crew member's ID D) completing tasks
A) coordinating actions
Some of ICAO's strategic objectives are: A) enhance global civil aviation safety. B) enhance the profitability of International Airlines. C) maintain safe and secure shipping lanes in the North Atlantic. D) strengthen law firms governing civil aviation.
A) enhance global civil aviation safety
When speaking about Safety Ethics, detecting precursors is a/an ______________ . A) ethical obligation to making decisions B) mandatory function to problem disentangling C) requirement of upper management D) the sole responsibility of the accountable executive
A) ethical obligation to making decisions
Despite the excellent safety record, many studies attribute ______________ as a factor in at least two-thirds of commercial aviation accidents. A) human error B) technical issues C) organizational problems D) government interference
A) human error
Decision of the Assembly is determined by a ________________ of votes and each state is entitled to ________________ vote(s). A) majority; one B) majority; three C) minority; one D) minority; three
A) majority; one
Root causes usually come from ______________ . A) management, regulatory agency and manufacturer breakdowns B) plot, mechanic and flight attendant breakdowns C) municipal regulations D) an "Act of God"
A) management, regulatory agency and manufacture breakdowns
"Teamwork" only results in better safety than "individual work" if the members of the team __________________ their position and can properly interface with the other members of the team. A) master the technical requirements of B) shift C) master the bidding requirements of D) are insubordinate to the necessities of
A) master of technical requirements of
A major accomplishment of the ICAO Convention include: A) modernization of basic public international law of the air. B) ICAN and the Havana Convention were reaffirmed as international regulatory authorities. C) technical annexes were drafted to cover flight attendant training and meal service. D) the designation of military operating areas (MOAs).
A) modernization of basic public international law of the air.
The goal of proactive safety is to use _________________ for analysis and modeling to conduct a preemptive strike so the accidents are prevented by addressing the _________________ before they manifest themselves as accidents. A) non-accidental data; root causes of hazards B) the NTSB; pilot group C) all available means; FAAs safety inspection team D) statistical trends; origin of safety foundations
A) non-accidental data; root causes of hazards
While some see the ______________ as the only "man/woman" in the system, others include all persons directly involved with the operation of aircraft - flight crew, ground crew, ATC, meteorologists, etc. A) pilot B) mechanic C) dispatcher D) air traffic controller
A) pilot
ICAO's vision is to achieve: A) safe, secure, and sustainable development of civil aviation through cooperation among its member states. B) safe, secure, and sustainable borders within North America. C) a sustainable International Federal Air Marshal System. D) profitability within the civil aviation framework.
A) safe, secure, and sustainable development of civil aviation through cooperation among its member states.
Each employee should be in good physical shape. __________________ improves thinking, verbal memory, and attention. A) 25 hours of weight lifting per week B) 5 hours of aerobic activity per week C) a sedentary lifestyle D) inactive work habits
B) 5 hours of aerobic activity per week
Many aviation professionals thought that commercial aviation could not reach its full potential without stringent safety standards; therefore, the ______________ established commercial aviation standards including the requirement for ______________ . A) 1978 Deregulation Act; the discontinuance of subsidized airfares B) Air Commerce Act of 1926; investigating accidents C) Air Mail Act of 1925; airmail insurance D) Civil Aeronautics Act in 1938; regulated airfares
B) Air Commerce Act of 1926; investigating accidents
Every briefing should have four components, one is: A) Speaking loudly B) Creating the big picture C) Dialectic component D) Line item check off
B) Creating the big picture
One of the five key actions of effective safety followers is: A) To always say yes ma'am and no sir B) Exhibit assertiveness with respect C) Excellent stewardship D) Checklist adherence
B) Exhibit assertiveness with respect
ICAO stands for: A) International Commercial Aviation Organization B) International Civil Aviation Organization C) International Commission for Aeronautical Operations D) International Civil Aeronautical Organization
B) International Civil Aviation Organization
______________ safety uses written reports that are voluntarily submitted by pilots, mechanics, flight attendants, gate agents, etc. to capture hazards and errors experienced by employees. A) Reactive B) Proactive C) Predictive D) Investigative
B) Proactive
Often times safety and security affect each other. The worst accident in aviation history, the ______________ , highlights this interrelationship. A) Grand Canyon accident B) Tenerife accident C) 9/11 Twin Towers accident D) Air France 447
B) Tenerife accident
Modern aviation safety professionals should be trained to ______________ that are coming together that could potentially create an accident. A) predict aircraft design issues B) actively search for negative factors C) anticipate "acts of God" D) predict pilot personality flaws
B) actively search for negative factors
For each carrier a principle operating inspector (POI) is assigned to operations ________________ . A) airports and aircraft B) airworthiness and avionics C) runways and taxiways D) approach lighting and departure tactics
B) airworthiness and avionics
Human factors science concentrates on studying the ______________ of the human in a system with the intent of using this knowledge to design systems that reduce the ______________ between what is required of the human and what the human is capable of doing. A) muscular coordination; inequalities B) capabilities and limitations; mismatch C) nationalities and cultural differences; interaction D) reflex motions; time lag
B) capabilities and limitations; mismatch
Accidents have multiple causes and this is called the _________________ . A) multiple causality theory B) chain of causation C) sequence of events D) probability theory
B) chain of causation
Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) provide for ______________ warnings of an accident or incident. A) no B) early C) late D) limited
B) early
One of the major goals of safety and security is enhancing the _____________ of aircraft operations while preventing harm to people or damage to equipment. A) swiftness B) efficiency C) inflexibility D) irrationality
B) efficiency
Root causes are usually conditions that ______________ errors by frontline operators but which are ______________ the control of frontliners. A) resist; inside B) facilitate; outside C) repel; requiring D) prevent; needing
B) facilitate; outside
Airline flight operations managers learned from the Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crash the importance of checklist design and flight deck procedures that ______________ . A) underscore passenger seat design B) foster checklist item completion C) nurture flight attendant / pilot relations D) outline runway crossing procedures
B) foster checklist item completion
The way in which human beings are ______________ affects their attitudes, which affects their performance of ______________ . A) pooled; physical endeavors B) managed; critical tasks C) grouped; decision-making D) allocated; action alerts
B) managed; critical tasks
Dr. James Reason's accident causation (Swiss Cheese) model traces the root cause of accidents to faulty actions or lack of actions at the ______________ levels of an organization. A) lower group B) management C) labor D) part-time employee
B) management
CRM is a philosophy for __________________ and __________________ when operating an aircraft that leverages the presence of more than one individual. A) employees; customers B) mitigating error; maximizing efficiency C) elected officials; passengers D) Sabanites; Tiders
B) mitigating error; maximizing efficiency
Although CRM has evolved through numerous stages since its inception, the basic premise is the notion that very often someone in the sequence of events has the __________________ . A) key to success B) power to intervene and prevent an accident C) secret password D) knowledge of SMS principles
B) power to intervene and prevent an accident
ICAO established in 1999 a Universal Safety Oversight Audit Program. The program consists of: A) auditing all general accounting procedures B) regular, mandatory, systematic, and safety audits carried out by ICAO and member states. C) compulsory, efficient and logical "checklists" prescribed by the governing authority. D) four Information Conventions to be held at designated member states.
B) regular, mandatory, systematic, and safety audits carried out by ICAO and member states
Culture is defined as __________________ (what is important) and __________________ (how things work) that interact with an organization's structure and control systems to produce behavioral norms (the way we do things around here). A) touchdowns; workouts B) shared values; beliefs C) people; jobs D) organizations; professions
B) shared values; beliefs
ICAO set forth aims and objectives to develop: A) the principles and techniques for aircrew resource management. B) the principles and techniques for international air navigation. C) the laws and standards for international military aviation. D) the legal framework for airline route certification.
B) the principles and techniques for international air navigation
______________ remain the weakest ling in the modern aviation system; more than 70% of the reports to the NASA ASRS involve some type of this problem related to the operation of the aircraft. A) pilots B) verbal communication C) pilots and flight attendants D) ARTCCs
B) verbal communication
Situational awareness is developed, sustained and destroyed along three distinct levels. They are ______________ , ______________ , ______________ . A) Deceiving, Underwriting, Perfection B) Disregarding, Neglecting, Misinterpreting C) Perceiving, Understanding, Projection D) Protracted, Row-tractor, Ejection
C) Perceiving, Understanding, Projection
______________ safety is the investigation of potential hazards that as yet do not exist. A) Reactive B) Proactive C) Predictive D) Investigative
C) Predictive
ICAO standards and other provisions are primarily developed in the following categories: A) PARTs, PUBs, and SUBs B) SNAPs, FARs, and ICANs C) SARPs, PANs, and SUPPs D) WDEs, TGRs, PLNs
C) SARPs, PANs, and SUPPs
______________ entails the prevention of unintended negative outcomes and ______________ entails the prevention of intentional negative acts. A) Risk identification; proactive measures B) Proactive measures; risk identification C) Safety; security D) Security; safety
C) Safety; security
It is important to understand that human factors can ______________ with two or more other factors to further degrade human performance in the occupational setting. A) harmonize quite poorly B) correspond at all mid-levels C) act alone or in combination D) react below par
C) act alone or in combination
One of the most important flight crew briefings is the __________________ for the entire crew. One of the primary reasons for the briefing is to __________________ for the collaborative spirit of the crew. A) gate-agent dialog; receive the flight plan B) post-crash meeting; publish dispatcher information C) before-flight briefing; set the tone D) WARTS briefing; enable awareness
C) before-flight briefing; set the tone
Leadership can be defined as the process by which an individual influence the __________________ and __________________ of others toward a common goal. A) salary; ideals B) hiring; firing C) behavior; attitudes D) work; promotions
C) behavior; attitudes
FAA Inspector workload has been affected greatly by airline: A) complacency B) apathy C) deregulation D) schedules
C) deregulation
ICAO is a United Nations specialized agency, which serves as the: A) national forum for national civil aviation . B) European forum for Europe and Middle Eastern aviation. C) global forum for international civil aviation. D) civil aviation forum for the G-20.
C) global forum for international civil aviation
The responsibility for safety and, thus, accident prevention in any organization ultimately rests with ______________ , because only ______________ controls the allocation of resources. A) government; government B) states; states C) management; management D) crew members; crew members
C) management; management
The FAA describes ______________ as a systematic approach to the mental process used by aircraft pilots to consistently determine the best course of action in response to a given set of circumstances. A) Spatial Disorientation B) Upset Recovery Procedures C) Situational Awareness D) Aeronautical Decision Making
D) Aeronautical Decision Making
As a result of the Colgan Air Flight 3407 crash, the FAA passed the Airline Safety and Extension Act of 2010, which requires airline First Officers to have a / an ______________ . A) first-class medical certificate for domestic operations B) bachelors degree from an AABI accredited university C) annual drug screening exam D) Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate
D) Airline Transport Pilot (ATP) certificate
Why do people make poor decisions? A) Incomplete information B) Inaccurate information C) Process information poorly D) All of the above
D) All of the above
According to the Chicago Convention, ICAO is made up of three governing bodies: A) Senate, House, and Judiciary B) CEO, COO, and CFO C) Congregation of States, Committee membership, and Regulatory Branch D) Assembly, Council of limited membership, and a Secretariat
D) Assembly, Council of limited membership, and a Secretariat
Under the Convention on International Civil Aviation, the implementation of SARPs lies with the ________________ . A) Asian, American and European Authorities B) President of A4A and IATA C) Convention Delegates D) Contracting Member States
D) Contracting Member States
Air France Flight 4590 crashed on takeoff after striking a titanium metal strip on the runway which had fallen off a Continental DC-10. This event emphasized the dangers of ______________ . A) metal rivet technology B) these of titanium in aircraft construction C) pilots not watching where they are going D) Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
D) Foreign Object Damage (FOD)
The core concept of professionalism in commercial aviation is one of striving to ensure that tasks are completed as best as possible and, therefore, we see instantly that professionalism is __________________ . A) somewhat important B) not highly valued C) a low priority D) a key ingredient in the safety value chain
D) a key ingredient in the safety value chain
The birth of ICAO accomplished important work in the technical field of a common ________________ throughout the world. A) aircraft design B) pilot training program C) maintenance program D) air navigation system
D) air navigation system
Good judgment is usually a product of ______________ . A) training B) experience C) correct perceptions D) all of the above
D) all of the above
The sterile cockpit rule says that pilots shall not engage in ______________ during critical phases of flight. A) approach chart reading B) checklist usage C) aircraft performance calculations D) casual, non-pertinent conversation
D) casual, non-pertinent conversation
One of the aims and objectives of Article 44 from the ICAO convention is: A) ensure the profitability of the international airlines. B) prevent economic waste caused by fuel inefficient engines. C) encourage aircraft design for operation within hostile zones. D) ensure the safe and orderly flow of international civil aviation.
D) ensure the safe and orderly flow of international civil aviation
Major accidents occur when an aircraft is destroyed, there are multiple fatalities, or there is a ___________________ . A) non-standard crew change B) landing at a wrong airport C) fatality coupled with a major law suit D) facility coupled with a substantially damaged aircraft
D) facility coupled with a substantially damaged aircraft
Although the machine (aviation technology) has made substantial advances, there are still occasions when ______________ are found in the design, manufacture, or maintenance of aircraft. A) duplications B) redundancies C) excess parts D) hazards
D) hazards
Judgment and Decision-Making are unique capabilities of ______________ . A) dolphins B) apes C) primates D) humans
D) humans
Without an understanding of human behavior in the operation of a system, preventative or corrective actions are ______________ . A) difficult B) challenging C) interesting D) impossible
D) impossible
Notwithstanding the man-machine-medium concept, some safety experts consider the type of the ______________ , or purpose of the operation, to be equally important. A) man B) machine C) medium D) mission
D) mission
Through TEM, aviation professionals believe that if they can identify the threats and manage them, then they can directly __________________ . A) stop them B) study the effects C) impact HR issues D) mitigate human errors
D) mitigate human errors
One of the features of Reason's Swiss Cheese Model says that "systems are protected by ______________ that are designed to prevent hazards or system failures from cascading into accidents." A) lawyers B) government regulations C) circuit breakers D) multiple layers of defenses
D) multiple layers of defenses
Simplistically speaking, active causes are ______________ , and root causes are ______________ . A) hidden; obvious B) buried; observable C) hideous; gruesome D) obvious; hidden
D) obvious; hidden
CRM is a way for __________________ the natural human behavior tendency to commit errors before such errors result in disaster. A) summarizing for B) scheduling aircraft operations knowing that C) marketing crew behavior or D) preventing, minimizing, and correcting
D) preventing, minimizing, and correcting
The main goal of accident investigation is to establish the _________________ and to recommend control measures. A) NTSB Go Team B) blame C) legal arguments D) probable causes of an accident
D) probable causes of an accident
Some of the FAA's major roles and responsibilities are: A) regulating U.S. commerce to promote safety B) encouraging and developing U.S. commerce, including new safety technology C) developing and carrying out airline management programs D) regulating civil aviation to promote safety
D) regulating civil aviation to promote safety
Crew Coordination of actions can lead to __________________ of a situation and subsequently produce good decisions. A) conflict B) inappropriate use C) conditional unawareness D) shared awareness
D) shared awareness
Since humans are inconsistent and do not interact perfectly with the other components, we need to consider which important factor(s) that affect human performance? A) Physical factors B) Physiological factors C) Psychological factors D) Psycho-social factors E) all of the above
E) all of the above
These five factors, "man, machine, medium, mission, and management" are closely interrelated, although ______________ plays the overall predominant role. A) man B) machine C) medium D) mission E) management
E) management
