Final Exam

How do domestic institutions affect a country's economic growth? Biased and undemocratic institutions generally stifle growth. Biased and undemocratic institutions promote growth. No relationship has been demonstrated between institutions and growth. Democratic institutions are ineffective at promoting growth.

Biased and undemocratic institutions generally stifle growth.

(Q017) What domestic political scenario did Britain's Margaret Thatcher and Argentina's Leopoldo Galtieri face prior to the Falklands War of 1982? Both faced crumbling economies and declining popularity. Thatcher was increasingly popular and Galtieri faced a shrinking economy and unpopularity. Both were highly popular leaders. Both faced special interest groups that supported war.

Both faced crumbling economies and declining popularity.

(Q006) When referring to bureaucracies, what is the meaning of the phrase, "Where you stand depends on where you sit"? Bureaucrats frequently change their minds about policy. Bureaucrats are easily influenced. Bureaucrats are often hired because they know someone in the organization. Bureaucrats take positions on policies to best meet the needs and interests of their organization.

Bureaucrats take positions on policies to best meet the needs and interests of their organization.

What counterinsurgency strategy did the United States use in Iraq and Afghanistan? draining the sea swimming with the fish COIN COINTELPRO

COIN

The United Nations Security Council has generally hesitated to define domestic conflicts as a "threat to international peace and security" primarily because _________ and ________ have used their veto power to block interventions in domestic affairs. China; Russia France; Great Britain France; Russia China; Great Britain

China; Russia

(Q004) Which is an example of a public good? a country club pool a college education in the United States clean air oil

Clean air

Which country is the top contributor of peacekeeping soldiers to United Nations' operations? Ethiopia Ghana the United States Germany

Ethiopia

What is a tariff? a limit on how many imports come in a way to promote free trade a tax on imports a form of diplomacy

a tax on imports

What does the Heckscher-Olin theory predict about exports? A country will export goods that use its scarce factors of production. A country will export goods that use its abundant factors of production. A country will export only to its neighbors. A country will not export if it is geographically isolated.

A country will export goods that use its abundant factors of production.

What is a proxy war? A war between two domestic groups each backed by foreign powers. A war between two groups using technology instead of people to fight. A war between two major powers fought through war games rather than real wars. A dispute between two sides settled via an agreed competition - like soccer rather than a real war.

A war between two domestic groups each backed by foreign powers.

Why is balance-of-power theory unable to fully account for the decision of states to join a particular alliance? States sometimes engage in bandwagoning behavior rather than seeking to balance power. State decisions are sometimes motivated by non-power considerations like ideology or religion. The distribution of power in the world is itself unbalanced, making finding partners to balance power difficult. All of these

All of these

What is the most significant difference between collective security organizations and alliances? Alliances are generally more formal and have clearer decision-making structures than collective security organizations. Alliances are generally smaller and involve more like-minded states than collective security organizations. Alliances are generally larger and bring together a greater diversity of states than collective security organizations. Alliances are generally informally organized and lack the clear decision-making structures present in collective security organizations.

Alliances are generally smaller and involve more like-minded states than collective security organizations.

(Q010) Why are commitment problems particularly widespread in international relations? States do not care about their reputation and can thus violate agreements. States are concerned only with expanding their power. Foreign policy makers generally behave in an amoral manner. Anarchy makes it difficult to enforce agreements in global politics.

Anarchy makes it difficult to enforce agreements in global politics.

(Q007) What is the difference between compellence and deterrence? Deterrence involves the use of military force, while compellence involves only nonmilitary measures. Compellence seeks to change the status quo, while deterrence seeks to preserve it. Deterrence seeks to change the status quo, while compellence seeks to preserve it. Compellence involves the use of military force, while deterrence involves only nonmilitary measures.

Compellence seeks to change the status quo, while deterrence seeks to preserve it.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between ethnic and religious differences and civil war. Sharp ethnic and religious differences are the root cause of civil wars. Discriminatory economic, social, or political policies rooted in ethnic and religious differences make civil war more likely. Ethnic and religious differences are more likely to lead to civil wars in developed countries. There is no relationship between ethnic and religious differences and civil wars.

Discriminatory economic, social, or political policies rooted in ethnic and religious differences make civil war more likely.

(Q018) Historically, what is the correlation between female leaders and the initiation of armed conflict? Female leaders have initiated armed conflict more often when they were popular, whereas male leaders have initiated armed conflict more often when they were unpopular. Female leaders have initiated armed conflict as often as male leaders. Female leaders have initiated armed conflict more often than male leaders. Female leaders have initiated armed conflict less often than male leaders.

Female leaders have initiated armed conflict more often than male leaders.

(Q005) Why are governments useful for overcoming the problem of free riding? Governments can make participation compulsory. People naturally trust the government over each other. Politicians are more likely to care about public goods than citizens. Governments artificially make groups smaller.

Governments can make participation compulsory.

(Q003) How does the rally effect alter the bargaining model of war? It creates a second dimension to the bargaining model that can be captured on a single line. There is no effect. It decreases the possible bargaining range. It increases the possible bargaining range.

It decreases the possible bargaining range.

Why is the concept of comparative advantage important? It implies all countries can benefit from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods. It suggests that countries that are trading partners are less likely to go to war. It contends that international trade will disproportionately benefit the wealthiest countries. It asserts that trade barriers are important to protect workers and the environment.

It implies all countries can benefit from trade even if one country has an absolute advantage in the production of all goods.

What is the problem with the "draining the sea" counterinsurgency strategy, as exemplified by the Sri Lankan government's effort to combat the Tamil Tigers (LTTE)? It risks alienating the population and increasing support for the rebel groups. It takes a long time to develop genuine support among the people. It is responsive and shifts initiative to the rebel group. It is expensive.

It risks alienating the population and increasing support for the rebel groups.

(Q013) How does the advice given by military and civilian advisers to U.S. decision makers regarding the use of force differ? Military and civilian advisers are equally likely to recommend the use of force, but civilian advisers tend to favor larger deployments than military advisers. Military and civilian advisers are equally likely to recommend the use of force, but military advisers tend to favor larger deployments than civilian advisers. Military advisers are more likely than civilian advisers to recommend the use of force. Civilian advisers are more likely than military advisers to recommend the use of force.

Military and civilian advisers are equally likely to recommend the use of force, but military advisers tend to favor larger deployments than civilian advisers.

How do most civil wars end? The withdrawal of foreign support for rebel groups forces the rebels to concede. A peace agreement results in a negotiated settlement of hostilities. One side achieves an outright military victory. The government is defeated.

One side achieves an outright military victory

What does the Stolper-Samuelson theory predict regarding a country's economy? Trade will eventually lead domestic industries to collapse. Free trade benefits industries that use scarce factors of production. Countries will forgo their comparative advantage when facing international threats. Protectionism benefits industries that use scarce factors of production.

Protectionism benefits industries that use scarce factors of production.

Which of the following is an example of a commitment problem in civil wars? Governments cannot trust rebels to disarm. Rebels cannot trust the government to not take advantage of their disarming. Governments do not know how strong the rebels really are. Rebels may not really have the capacity to win a war.

Rebels cannot trust the government to not take advantage of their disarming.

(Q009) What important insight for policy making can be drawn from the collective action problem? Small groups are often more effective in achieving their goals than large groups because they have better access to information. Small groups are often more effective in achieving their goals than large groups because they are more readily able to prevent free riding. Large groups are often more effective in achieving their goals than small groups because they can generate greater political pressure on leaders. Large groups are often more effective in achieving their goals than small groups because they have access to more resources.

Small groups are often more effective in achieving their goals than large groups because they are more readily able to prevent free riding.

How is voting power within the International Monetary Fund distributed? African countries have no voting power. Developing countries have most of the voting power. The European Union has very little voting power. The United States has enough power to veto any proposal.

The United States has enough power to veto any proposal

Which of the following is NOT a contributing factor to civil war? There are groups of people, motivated by greed or grievances, whose interests conflict with those of the government. The government is too weak to assert sovereignty over a portion of its territory. People feel they cannot pursue their grievances through regular political institutions. People can recruit enough fighters and purchase enough weaponry to pose a threat.

The government is too weak to assert sovereignty over a portion of its territory.

How was UN Security Council activity affected by the end of the Cold War? The number of peacekeeping missions decreased. The number of permanent members increased. The number of vetoes decreased. Security Council activity was largely unaffected by the Cold War's end.

The number of vetoes decreased.

(Q001) Why is the international system considered anarchic? It is chaotic. It is easily manipulated. It is riddled with civil and nonconventional conflicts. There is no central authority that governs states' behavior.

There is no central authority that governs states' behavior.

How do credible alliances affect bargaining in the international system? They increase the cost of conflict, making violence less likely. They increase the likelihood of war by forcing states to take positions they might otherwise not take. They increase the likelihood of conflict by reducing its cost. They reduce the likelihood of conflict by reducing the effective number of actors in the international system.

They increase the cost of conflict, making violence less likely.

What is the effect of trade barriers? They make imports cheaper. They make imports more expensive. They cause domestic economies to collapse. They force countries to withdraw from international institutions.

They make imports more expensive.

(Q007) What lesson can be learned from the Prisoner's Dilemma? While cooperation is often best for everyone, it is hard to achieve because actors have an incentive to cheat. Cooperation is easily achieved if the actors know their options. International organizations are ineffective at promoting cooperation. Cooperation can occur only if actors are coerced.

While cooperation is often best for everyone, it is hard to achieve because actors have an incentive to cheat.

The key international organization governing global commercial relations between states today is the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. International Labour Organization. United Nations. World Trade Organization.

World Trade Organization

Based on the research into civil wars, which of the countries would be most likely to experience a civil war? a relatively wealthy state with a strong, authoritarian government a relatively poor country with a strong, authoritarian government a relatively wealthy state with a longstanding democratic government a relatively poor country that is undergoing a political transition from authoritarianism to democracy

a relatively poor country that is undergoing a political transition from authoritarianism to democracy

What are primary products? agricultural goods and raw materials nuts and bolts imported goods exported goods

agricultural goods and raw materials

Which of the following is a nontariff barrier to trade? quotas on imports subsidies to domestic industries regulations targeted at foreign goods All of these

all of these

An insurgency usually targets civilians. military personnel. government workers. All of these are correct.

all of these are correct

In general, _______________ are more effective in reducing the risk of violence between countries because ____________. alliances; they are based on more credible shared interests alliances; they can reduce the threat of violence without relying on the use of countervailing force collective security organizations; they are based on more credible shared interests collective security organizations; they can reduce the threat of violence without relying on the use of countervailing force

alliances; they are based on more credible shared interests

What is a collective security institution? an institutional arrangement for regulating the global financial system an institution that implements immigration policies an institution where all members are responsible for addressing aggression a system of voting on the use of force within the United Nations

an institution where all members are responsible for addressing aggression

(Q015) Although defined somewhat differently by each theory of international relations, the central characteristic of the international system is anarchy. peace. conflict. interaction.

anarchy

(Q014) The democratic peace hypothesis suggests that mature democratic states are less likely to fight wars with nondemocratic states but fight wars against democratic states more frequently. are less likely to fight wars with each other but fight wars against nondemocratic states more frequently. are more peaceful in all their relations. are more militaristic in all their relations.

are less likely to fight wars with each other but fight wars against nondemocratic states more frequently.

Twenty-five new states joined the international system between 1990 and 2015. The majority of these states were created through national referenda in Europe. as the result of civil wars in Africa. as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union. through the creation of new island states in the Pacific.

as a result of the breakup of the Soviet Union.

(Q006) The set of deals that both parties in a bargaining interaction prefer to the revision outcome is usually called the settlement offer. bargaining range. bargaining offer. collective good.

bargaining range

(Q009) A strategy in which adversaries take actions that increase the risk of accidental war with the hope that the other side will lose its nerve and make concessions is generally referred to as __________. An example of this was President Kennedy's decision to impose a blockade on Cuba during the Cuban missile crisis. tying hands paying for power brinksmanship resolution

brinksmanship

(Q005) In October 2001, when President George W. Bush demanded that the Afghan government hand over the Al Qaeda leaders responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks or face retaliation, he was engaged in imminent threat. strategic response. coercive diplomacy. coalition building.

coercive diplomacy

According to Raul Prebisch and the Economic Commission for Latin America, the value of the raw materials and agricultural goods tend to ______________ relative to the value of the manufactured goods exported by developed countries. increase decrease remain stable fluctuate widely

decrease

COIN doctrine is to absolutely destroy an insurgency. win by forcing insurgents into nearby countries. punish civilians who support insurgents. defeat an insurgency by giving civilians a stake in the government.

defeat an insurgency by giving civilians a stake in the government

(Q012) When actors have a collective interest in cooperation but an individual's interests lead to the adoption of an uncooperative strategy, that individual is often said to have defected. turned. consolidated. revolted.

defected

Which of the following is an example of peacekeeping? expunging nuclear weapons from a country resolving a border dispute punishing an aggressor deploying troops to monitor a cease-fire

deploying troops to monitor a cease-fire

Outbidding is a strategy designed to demonstrate competence compared to other terrorist groups. seeking to impose further costs upon a government. whereby terrorist attacks are intended to provoke a reaction from the government and thereby gain more support. intended to capture the mechanisms of the state.

designed to demonstrate competence compared to other terrorist groups

The Stopler-Samuelson theorem would predict that, in the United States, organized labor would generally oppose free trade agreements with which of the following? countries that produce high-tech consumer goods countries that rely on expensive, specialized labor developing countries with abundant supplies of inexpensive labor strong agricultural producing countries

developing countries with abundant supplies of inexpensive labor

(Q004) Which of the following has been the most common source of conflict in international relations? disputes over territory disputes over regime type ideological differences disputes over policy differences

disputes over territory

Accusations that producers in a country might sell their goods on global markets at prices below the true cost of production in order to drive out competitors are generally referred to as offsetting. dumping. subsidizing. reorganizing.

dumping

After the end of the Cold War, NATO dissolved. swore off nuclear weapons. expanded to include more members. started to focus on Pacific concerns instead of Atlantic ones.

expanded to include more members.

Colonial and postcolonial political institutions in North and South America developed differently because the people were different in each area and had their own ideas of how to overcome collective action problems. North America was never colonized and its institutions grew "naturally." extreme economic inequality in South America translated into political inequality. European colonists cared more about their colonies in North America than in South America.

extreme economic inequality in South America translated into political inequality.

(Q001) Which of the following would NOT necessarily promote the peaceful resolution of disputes between states? promoting transparency and communication between disputants bringing in third parties to enforce states' commitments to one another increasing the cost of conflicts forcing a change in the government of one or both states

forcing a change in the government of one or both states

The World Trade Organization generally pushes for greater trade openness and liberalization. greater protection for labor and the environment. favorable terms of trade for developing countries. more regional and bilateral trade agreements.

greater trade openness and liberalization.

Terrorists achieve their goals through coercion by making other groups look ineffective. imposing high costs on the target such that the target concedes to reduce future costs. capturing territory by winning battles. building up alternative structures within the state to show they are a viable alternative for social services.

imposing high costs on the target such that the target concedes to reduce future costs.

(Q020) During crisis bargaining, a state can yield too much or concede too little and demand too much due to __________ about its opponent's expected value for war. risk-return trade-offs incomplete information audience costs commitments

incomplete information

Separatist rebel groups seek independence. to join another state. control of the state. subnational autonomy.

independence

Q014) Goods that cannot be divided without diminishing their value are usually referred to as __________ goods. collective public indivisible common pool

indivisible

(Q019) During an interaction between two actors on a particular issue, their expectations regarding costs and benefits from (a) future interactions and (b) ongoing interactions on other issues can increase cooperation. These expectations are known as __________ and __________, respectively.

interaction; linkage

The civil war in Crimea, in which ethnic Russians living in the Crimean region of Ukraine fought to break away from Ukraine and join Russia instead, is an example of separatism. irredentism. nationalism. sovereignty.

irredentism.

The repeated interactions between governments that produce a continuing relationship that incentivizes cooperation in international trade talks is often referred to as iteration. linking. preferred partnership. information.

iteration

What is bandwagoning? attacking a weak state provoking a strong state joining the weaker side in a conflict joining the stronger side in a conflict

joining the stronger side in a conflict

Declining terms of trade were expected to disadvantage what group of countries? developed countries less developed countries capitalist countries communist countries

less developed countries

In international relations, an alliance is an institution that helps countries cooperate economically. militarily. politically. scientifically.

militarily

Asymmetric warfare is war between two sides with highly unequal military capabilities. resolve over an issue. political representation. influence over the public.

military capabilities

With respect to support for protectionist measures, the American public is more supportive of protectionism than economists. less supportive of protectionism than economists. supportive of measures to protect specific industries only. opposed to most protectionist measures.

more supportive of protectionism than economists.

Which principle in international relations most strongly supports claims by cultural, ethnic, or religious groups for independence? national self-determination imperialism sovereignty irredentism

national self-determination

Peace enforcement has the consent of the warring parties. is used to enforce a peace treaty. often does not have the consent of the warring parties. does not require the use of force in order to participate.

often does not have the consent of the warring parties

What is an oligopolistic industry? one in which many companies are equally competitive one in which one company dominates one in which a few companies dominate an industry that is no longer viable

one in which a few companies dominate

In which area have United Nations peacekeeping operations been most successful? preventing the outbreak of internal conflicts (civil wars) within states preventing inter-state conflict and ending hostilities between states preventing genocide post-conflict reconstruction and development

post-conflict reconstruction and development

(Q018) A single member or a small coalition that receives enough benefits to outweigh the costs of providing a public good is called a

privileged group

(Q015) International organizations can enhance transparency by creating trust between actors. providing additional information to actors. enforcing agreements. ensuring the public can act independently from their governments.

providing additional information to actors.

What is a policy we would expect a country undergoing import-substituting industrialization to pursue? liberalization of imports of manufactured goods strict financial austerity provision of loans to firms at below the market's interest rate privatization of government-owned utilities

provision of loans to firms at below the market's interest rate

(Q017) Goods that are nonrival and nonexcludable are classified as __________ goods. public private collective toll

public

Which would be an example of protectionism? putting taxes on goods that are manufactured in other countries having the government purchase new goods on an open market taxing a good to discourage consumption of it going to war with another country

putting taxes on goods that are manufactured in other countries

__________ is a central organizing principle for groups like the World Trade Organization, which holds that concessions granted by one government are met by concessions from the others. Brinksmanship Reciprocity Mutuality Collectivism

reciprocity

Spoiling is a terrorist strategy intended to impose costs upon a government. capture territory from the state. provoke a response from the state. sabotage a possible peace between the state and moderate groups.

sabotage a possible peace between the state and moderate groups

Unlike the Stolper-Samuelson model, the Ricardo-Viner model focuses on military power. time periods. sectors in which factors of production are employed. the institutions of the state that control the economy.

sectors in which factors of production are employed

Collective security organizations are often unable to prevent the outbreak of conflict because security is a collective action problem. states cannot normally agree on what constitutes a threat to peace. their organizational structure often prohibits the use of force by the organization. All of these

security is a collective action problem.

In The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argues _________ best promotes economic growth. socialism mercantilism specialization fiscal conservatism

specialization

On average, peacekeeping has failed to keep peace. succeeded in preventing cease-fires from being violated. increased the likelihood of a new civil war breaking out. required little effort by participating countries.

succeeded in preventing cease-fires from being violated

What is one effort LDCs have made to improve their level of economic development? increasing agricultural subsidies the New International Economic Order pursuing government control of industries rejecting foreign aid

the New International Economic Order

Which body of the United Nations gives some members the ability to veto resolutions? the General Assembly the International Court of Justice the Economic and Social Council the Security Council

the Security Council

Which of the following is an example of a collective security organization? the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) the United Nations (UN) the World Trade Organization (WTO) the International Maritime Organization (IMO)

the United Nations (UN)

What is absolute advantage? military dominance being the first country to start producing a particular good the ability to produce all of a good that you desire to consume internally the ability to produce more of a good or service than other countries using the same effort and resources

the ability to produce more of a good or service than other countries using the same effort and resources

What is comparative advantage? hegemony having more nuclear weapons than neighboring countries being financially self-sufficient the ability to produce one good more efficiently than other goods

the ability to produce one good more efficiently than other goods

In the context of the United Nations, the P-5 refers to the five main committees of the United Nations. the five key advisers to the Secretary General. the five permanent members of the Security Council. the bureaucracy and officers responsible for organizing the UN's activities.

the five permanent members of the security council

(Q011) Which type of actor is generally considered to be the LEAST influential in foreign policy making? interest groups the public bureaucratic institutions elected leaders

the public

(Q004) What is the military-industrial complex? a congressional committee the strong relationship between military leaders and arms manufacturers the compound where the Pentagon is located the network of military colleges

the strong relationship between military leaders and arms manufacturers

Terrorism is best defined as the use of violence against noncombatants. the use of violence against noncombatants for political ends. the use of violence by noncombatants against nonstate groups for political ends. the use or threatened use of violence by nonstate groups against noncombatants for political ends.

the use or threatened use of violence by nonstate groups against noncombatants for political ends

What does comparative advantage imply for countries? They should specialize in the goods they make most efficiently. They should try to increase the productivity of industries in which they are weak. They should develop nuclear capabilities. They should try to distribute income more equally within the country.

they should specialize in the goods they make most efficiently

(Q006) Which of the following is an example of coercion? contributing to a public good by reducing the consumption of endangered fish engaging in international cooperation to create a peace treaty threatening to enact sanctions on a rogue state to make it stop developing nuclear weapons forming an international alliance with like-minded states

threatening to enact sanctions on a rogue state to make it stop developing nuclear weapons

The balance-of-power theory of alliance formation argues that states are more likely to join an alliance to make sure that each side has an even amount of power. to match a joint rival militarily. Correct to dominate a joint rival militarily. if their partners are equal in power.

to match a joint rival military

(Q007) The treatment of a state as a coherent actor with a discrete set of interests is often referred to as the __________ assumption. irreducibility simplification unitary state exhaustive analysis replete actor

unitary state

What is most-favored-nation status? when a country becomes president of the UN Security Council when a country gives all signatories to an agreement the same benefits of trade when a country builds an embassy in another country when a country invites another country to join a military alliance

when a country gives all signatories to an agreement the same benefits of trade

What is factor price equalization? when countries impose tariffs when wages become more similar across countries as trade increases when countries leave trade institutions when countries settle trade disputes

when wages become more similar across countries as trade increases

Provocation is a strategy seeking to impose further costs upon a government. developed to capture territory from a state and impose sovereignty over it. whereby terrorist attacks are intended to provoke a reaction from the government and thereby gain more support. intended to capture the mechanisms of the state.

whereby terrorist attacks are intended to provoke a reaction from the government and thereby gain more support.