FInal Exam - PHS 331

A. Increasing the budget for the national mental hospital

According to WHO, what is not fundamental to addressing mental health disorders? A. Increasing the budget for the national mental hospital B. Training primary healthcare workers in mental health C. Having a mental health policy D. Ensuring there is a unit of government responsible for mental health

C. Hepatitis B

All of the following are emerging infections diseases, except: A. SARS B. Nipah virus C. Hepatitis B D. HIV/AIDS

A. United States Agency for Internal Development

All of the following are multilateral development agencies, except the: A. United States Agency for Internal Development B. World Bank C. Asian Development Bank D. Inter-American Development Bank

A. Crude mortality rate

An indicator commonly used to assess the health impact of a complex humanitarian emergency is: A. Crude mortality rate B. Age-adjusted mortality rate C. Cause-specific mortality rate D. Age-specific mortality rate

D. Neonatal deaths account for a larger share of under-5 mortality

As a country becomes healthier, what is most likely to happen regarding childhood mortality? A. Both neonatal mortality and under-5 mortality remain the same B. Neonatal deaths account for a smaller share of under-5 mortality C. Neonatal mortality decreases while under-5 mortality remains the same D. Neonatal deaths account for a larger share of under-5 mortality

B. The proportion of people with a disease that die from the disease

Case fatality rate is: A. The proportion of people exposed to a disease that contract the disease B. The proportion of people with a disease that die from the disease C. The proportion of people infected with a disease that survive the disease D. The proportion of people with a disease that die

D. Middle East and North Africa

In which region would you expect to find the highest share of deaths due to unintentional injuries? A. Sub-Saharan Africa B. South Asia C. Europe and Central Asia D. Middle East and North Africa

C. Europe and Central Asia

In which region would you expect to find the smallest contribution of road traffic, injuries to total deaths? A. South Asia B. Middle East and North Africa C. Europe and Central Asia D. Sub-Saharan Africa

D. All of these are correct

Key factors contributing to the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases include: A. War and famine B. Microbial adaptation and change C. Breakdown of public health measures D. All of these are correct

C. Diphtheria

Mass chemotherapy can be administered for all of the following, except: A. Hookworm infection B. Onchocerciasis C. Diphtheria D. Lymphatic filariasis

B. Road traffic injuries

Most important to deaths from unintentional injuries are: A. Fire/burns B. Road traffic injuries C. Poisonings D. Drownings

C. Internally displaced persons

People who flee or are forced to migrate during a disaster and leave their homes but stay in the country in which they were living are called: A. Externally displaced persons B. Refugees C. Internally displaced persons D. No special name

B. Transferable patents

Push mechanisms for enhancing new product development include all the following, except: A. Direct financing B. Transferable patents C. Tax credits for research and development D. Performing or facilitating clinical trials

B. Elimination

Reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero is termed: A. Eradication B. Elimination C. Control D. Extinction

D. Victim

The Haddon matrix models the interaction of all the following, expect the: A. Host B. Vector C. Environment D. Victim

D. All of these are correct

The cause of mortality during a natural disaster is likely to be: A. An epidemic linked to lack of safe water, sanitation, food, or access to health services B. A lack of access to health care due to damage to health infrastructure C. The direct result of the disaster on the health of individuals D. All of these are correct

D. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

The largest charitable foundation in the world is: A. The Rockefeller Foundation B. The Clinton Foundation C. The Wellcome Trust D. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

A. Charging different prices in different markets for the same product

Tiered pricing is: A. Charging different prices in different markets for the same product B. Altering the supply to result in different pricing C. Charging higher prices in countries with higher need for the product D. All of these are correct

B. Tax on the purchase of airplane tickets in donor countries

UNTAID is largely financed by: A. Donations form partner countries B. Tax on the purchase of airplane tickets in donor countries C. Sin taxes on alcohol and tobacco in donor countries D. Patents from new drugs

C. Carry out pilot projects based on what has worked in high-income countries, adapt to the local context, and expand more broadly with time.

What approach would you recommend that low- and middle-income countries take to prevent and control unintentional injuries? A. Broadly implement policies that have worked in high-income countries B. Ignore the epidemiology of injuries in local contexts and take a unified approach to addressing the issue C. Carry out pilot projects based on what has worked in high-income countries, adapt to the local context, and expand more broadly with time. D. Invest all the resources into public health education and communication

D. Preterm birth complications, pneumonia, malaria

What are the global top three causes of under-5 mortality? A. Malaria, congenital anomalies, preterm birth complications B. Diarrhea, congenital anomalies, pneumonia C. Sepsis, diarrhea, birth asphyxia D. Preterm birth complications, pneumonia, malaria

C. Preterm birth complications

What causes the most neonatal deaths globally? A. Sepsis B. Malaria C. Preterm birth complications D. Pneumonia

D. All of these are correct

What is a potential complication of measles? A. Encephalitis B. Blindness C. Diarrhea D. All of these are correct

B. Providing to adolescents, who are not normally the target group for childhood immunization

What is a special challenge of expanding coverage of the HPV vaccine, compared to the six basic antigens of the EPI program? A. Difficulty manufacturing the vaccine B. Providing to adolescents, who are not normally the target group for childhood immunization C. Unwillingness of manufactures to have the product used in low- and middle-income countries D. Lack of vaccine availability

C. Humanitarian assistance

What is least likely to cause a negative health impact in a complex humanitarian emergency? A. Systematic abuse of human rights B. Long duration of the emergency C. Humanitarian assistance D. Migration of large numbers of people

D. The number of firms engaged in vaccine production worldwide is already large

What is not a barrier to entry to vaccine manufacturing? A. Pharmaceutical firms can earn a higher return on money invested in drug development than vaccines B. Vaccine development requires a considerable amount of upstream investment. C. Government regulations and liability concerns may reduce the prospects of profit that firms can make from vaccine production D. The number of firms engaged in vaccine production worldwide is already large

D. Asphyxia

What is not a consequence or complication of Vitamin A deficiency? A. Immune system compromise B. Measles C. Xerophthalmia D. Asphyxia

A. Outdoor residual spraying of insecticides

What is not a key intervention in controlling malaria in highly endemic regions of Africa? A. Outdoor residual spraying of insecticides B. Long-lasting insecticide treated benders for people living in malarial zones C. Intermittent preventative therapy for pregnant women D. Prompt artemisinin-based therapy for those infected, based on confirmed diagnosis

B. Preterm birth complications

What is not among the three leading causes of under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa? A. Malaria B. Preterm birth complications C. Pneumonia D. Diarrhea

B. Diarrhea

What is the most common cause of death among refugees? A. Measles B. Diarrhea C. Pellagra D. Malaria

C. Oral rehydration therapy

What is the most cost-effective intervention in low-resource settings to treat diarrhea and prevent its complications and mortality? A. Consumptions of large quantities of water B. Antibiotic treatment C. Oral rehydration therapy D. Intravenous fluid administration

A. The rapid-impact package

What is the most cost-effective intervention to address neglected tropical diseases in sub-Saharan Africa? A. The rapid-impact package B. Mass chemotherapy with praziquantel C. Deworming D. The SAFE strategy

A. Haddon's matrix

What is the theoretical foundation of several injury prevention and control efforts? A. Haddon's matrix B. WHO matrix C. Winslow's matrix D. BRAC matrix

D. All of these are correct

What would you do to address mental health issues in a complex humanitarian emergency? A. Provide basic services and security, community and family support B. Use existing mental health services by building on local capacities, supporting self-help practices, and fortifying available resources C. Protect human rights D. All of these are correct

D. All of these are correct

What would you do to ensure a safe and healthy environment for displaced people? A. Provide urgent nutritional supplementation to severely malnourished children B. Provide appropriate sanitation facilities, and separate toilets by sex to provide safety for women C. Help displaced persons return to their homes as quickly as possible D. All of these are correct

B. Europe and Central Asia

Where would you expect to find the highest prevalence of tobacco smoking among adults? A. East Asia and Pacific B. Europe and Central Asia C. Sub-Saharan Africa D. Latin America and the Caribbean

A. Upper-middle-income countries

Where would you expect to have diabetes contributing to the most DALYs in 2030, according to WHO projections? A. Upper-middle-income countries b. Lower-middle-income countries C. Low-income countries D. High-income countries

B. BRAC

Which NGO is based in a low- and middle-income country? A. Doctors With our Borders B. BRAC C. Oxfam D. Save the Children

C. UNAIDS

Which United Nations agency is primarily involved in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS? A. USAID B. WHO C. UNAIDS D. UNICEF

A. Kangaroo mother care

Which intervention is the most appropriate, cost-effective measure for caring for stable, low birthweight infants in very resource-limited settings? A. Kangaroo mother care B. Neonatal incubator C. Feeding through a nasogastric tube D. None of these are correct

D. Education and counseling by healthcare providers

Which measure would have the least impact on decreasing alcohol consumption in a low-income country? A. Restriction of alcohol sales by age limit B. Alcohol taxation C. Restriction of alcohol sales by place and time D. Education and counseling by healthcare providers

C. Implement relatively high taxation of cigarettes

Which measure would you prioritize to control tobacco use in Burkina Faso, assuming that no restrictions currently exist? A. Enforce legal restrictions to reduce the number of cigarettes smoked B. Initiate public education programs C. Implement relatively high taxation of cigarettes D. Ban cigarette advertising

D. All of these are correct

Which of the following represents public-private partnerships for public health? A. Medicines for Malaria Venture B. Aeras C. Human Hookworm Vaccine Initiative D. All of these are correct

C. Cambodia faces a generalized epidemic of HIV/AIDS

Which of the following statements about HIV/AID is false? A. The highest rates of prevalence are in Central, Eastern, and Southern Africa B. New HIV infections occur predominantly in people ages 15-24 C. Cambodia faces a generalized epidemic of HIV/AIDS D. Circumcised males are less likely to be infected with HIV than uncircumcised males

B. Humanitarian workers have increasingly been the targets of those who are fighting in a conflict area

Which of the following statements is true? A. The incidence of complex emergencies has stayed steady over time B. Humanitarian workers have increasingly been the targets of those who are fighting in a conflict area C. The health impact of natural disasters has been considerably greater than that of complex emergencies D. All of the these are correct

C. Latin America and the Caribbean

Which region has seen the largest percentage decline in under-5 mortality since 1990? A. Sub-Saharan Africa B. South Asia C. Latin America and the Caribbean D. Middle East and North Africa

B. Middle East and North Africa

Which region has the lowest rates of high-risk drinking? A. East Asia and the Pacific B. Middle East and North Africa C. Europe and Central Asia D. Latin America and the Caribbean

D. All of these are correct

Which risk factor for road traffic, injuries is predominantly found in low- and middle-income countries, as opposed to high-income countries? A. Poor enforcement of speed limits B. Lack of motorcycle helmet use C. Poor road planning and design D. All of these are correct

C. NTD Control is not a best buy in global health, causing additional challenges

Which statement about NTDs is false? A. There remains a high burden of NTDs despite continued efforts by countries and the Global Network B. Many of the drugs for NTD control are donated C. NTD Control is not a best buy in global health, causing additional challenges D. NTDs continue to compete with disease with higher mortality rates for attention and financing

D. It is a major financing agency for global health projects

Which statement about WHO is false? A. It leads the development of international agreements and conventions. B. It is primarily a technical agency involved in advocacy, and generating and sharing knowledge C. It is governed through the annual World Health Assembly D. It is a major financing agency for global health projects

D. Urban dwellers suffer higher rates of burns than rural dwellers

Which statement about burns is true? A. Rural dwellers suffer burns at higher rates than urban dwellers B. Males in South Asia are more likely to be burned than females C. Children are more likely to suffer burns than any other age group D. Urban dwellers suffer higher rates of burns than rural dwellers

A. Men are more likely to die from all six categories of unintentional injuries than women

Which statement about gender differences in the burden of unintentional injuries is false? A. Men are more likely to die from all six categories of unintentional injuries than women B. Men are almost three times are likely as women to die in road traffic accidents C. Males more commonly suffer from unintentional injuries than females D. None of these are correct

A. Women suffer from depression more than men.

Which statement about mental disorders is true? A. Women suffer from depression more than men. B. Men suffer from depression more than women C. Depression is projected to decrease in burden in all income groups over the next 15 years. D. Neuropsychiatric disorders account for about 20% of all DALYs in low- and middle-income countries

C. Examples of pull mechanisms are tax credits for research and development or handing over research findings to firms

Which statement about pull mechanisms is least likely? A. The advance Market Commitments and the International Finance Facility are in place to exert a pull on new product development. B. They are intended to help assure a future return in the event that a product is produced. C. Examples of pull mechanisms are tax credits for research and development or handing over research findings to firms D. The government and the private sector have to agree early on what the financial arrangements would be for any product developed under an advance market commitment.

C. It is primarily a technical agency

Which statement about the Global Fund is false? A. It is a partnership of the public and private sectors B. It tries to operate in a performance-based manner C. It is primarily a technical agency D. It primarily works to fight AIDS, TB, and malaria

A. It was launched as a charity by the government of the United States

Which statement about the International Finance Facility for Immunization is false? A. It was launched as a charity by the government of the United States B. The IFFIm funds are used by the Gavi Alliance to reduce the number of vaccine preventable deaths and illness among under-5 children C. It was created to address the lack if secure funding for immunization in low-income countries D. It helps ensure long-term and predictable financing for vaccine programs

C. It is a major funder of health research, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries

Which statement about the Welcome Trust is true? A. It is a major funder of health research B. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries C. It is a major funder of health research, and funds research only for the problems of high-income countries D. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization E. It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization, and is a major funder of health research F. It funds research only for the problems of high-income countries

A. It is the leading cause of DALYs among 15-49 year olds in low-income countries

Which statement about the burden of cardiovascular disease is true? A. It is the leading cause of DALYs among 15-49 year olds in low-income countries B. It is the leading cause of death in high-income countries among adolescent women. C. It is the leading cause of death in low- and middle-income countries D. Ischemic heart disease is the largest cause of death in all regions.

B. The rate of under 5-mortality in sub-Saharan Africa is about 25 times that in high-income countries

Which statement about the burden of childhood illness in the under-5 age group is true? A. South Asia has the highest rates of under-5 mortality B. The rate of under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa is about 25 times that in high-income countries C. Almost half of the under-5 mortality occurs in only four large countries D. About 80% of the under-5 deaths occur among neonates.

C. It is not essential to check the weight-for-height of all under-5 children

Which statement about the prevention and control of complex humanitarian emergencies is false? A. It is critical to detect health-related problems as soon as possible and take steps to mitigate them B. Assessing displaced populations and establishing a disease surveillance system is crucial C. It is not essential to check the weight-for-height of all under-5 children D. If the daily crude mortality rate is twice the normal rate, it signifies a public health emergency

C. One cost-effective measure to reduce maternal-to-child transmission of HIV is to avoid unwanted pregnancies of HIV-positive women through contraception.

Which statement about the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS is true? A. People with HIV are started on treatment when their CD4 count drops to 200, according to the latest WHO guidelines B. It is no longer necessary to screen voluntary blood donors for HIV/AIDS because the storage process kills the virus in the blood. C. One cost-effective measure to reduce maternal-to-child transmission of HIV is to avoid unwanted pregnancies of HIV-positive women through contraception. D. Needle exchange programs for injecting drug users have not shown much success in reducing the incidence of HIV infection

A. The BCG vaccine is important in reducing the transmission of TB

Which statement about the prevention and treatment of TB is false? A. The BCG vaccine is important in reducing the transmission of TB B. DOTS is a cost-effective approach to TB treatment C. Any responsible individual can be a SOTS provider D. WHO recommends starting antiretroviral therapy for anyone who is HIV-positive who has TB

B. Avoiding being overweight is the single most important way to prevent type II diabetes

Which statement about the treatment and prevention of diabetes is true? A. Type I diabetes can be prevented by treating hypertension B. Avoiding being overweight is the single most important way to prevent type II diabetes C. Large-scale efforts to reduce obesity have even successful. D. Treating people with type I diabetes with insulin is not cost-effective.

B. The leading cause of DALYs lost from unintentional injuries is road traffic accidents.

Which statement about unintentional injuries is true? A. The leading cause of deaths from unintentional injuries in women is fires B. The leading cause of DALYs lost from unintentional injuries is road traffic accidents. C. The rate of deaths from unintentional injuries in low- and middle-income countries is lower than in high-income countries D. The percentage of deaths occurring due to unintentional injuries is higher in high-income countries than low- and middle-income countries

B. Men are disproportionately affected by uncorrected visual impairment

Which statement about vision loss is false? A. About half of the DALYs lost from visual impairment are due to cataracts alone B. Men are disproportionately affected by uncorrected visual impairment C. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cataract and glaucoma D. Refractive disorders are an important cause of vision loss

C. Ninety percent of deaths from volcanoes occur from the lava flow of volcanoes

Which statement regarding the burden of natural disasters is false? A. Earthquakes can kill many people quickly B. Tsunamis take most of their victims immediately by drowning and cause relatively few injuries C. Ninety percent of deaths from volcanoes occur from the lava flow of volcanoes D. None of these are correct

D. Reduce risk and encourage product development through lowering the costs of products development with a focus on research and development

Which statements about the International Finance Facility for Immunization is false? A. Guarantee for a product at the end B. Tend to have biggest impact on later stages of product development C. Money can be recovered in case no product is produced D. Reduce risk and encourage product development through lowering the costs of products development with a focus on research and development