Final Exam Practice

Because the demand for illicit and illegal antiquities encourages the supply. Archaeological sites are looted because people will buy the artifacts that result. Because of this it has been said that Select one: a. "Collectors are the real looters" b. "Collectors should be praised and helped" c. "Collectors save the past from destruction" d. "Archaeologists are the real looters" e. "Collectors are the real archaeologists"

a. "Collectors are the real looters"

Ivor Hume, an early director of the Colonial Williamsburg program, once called historical archaeology Select one: a. "the handmaiden to history" b. "applied archaeology" c. none of the answers are correct d. "Histories' other half" e. "the best thing that ever happened to archaeology"

a. "the handmaiden to history"

The so-called founder of anthropological archaeology in North America was ______________. He argued that archaeology should be considered a branch of anthropology that concerns itself with prehistoric peoples and the past. Select one: a. Alfred Kidder b. Lewis Binford c. Christian Thomsen d. Sire Flinders Petrie e. none of the answers are correct

a. Alfred Kidder

_______________ was a pioneering archaeologist who worked in Egypt, and later Zimbabwe. Unlike her contemporaries, she argued that indigenous African people were responsible for the creation of Great Zimbabwe Select one: a. Gertrude Caton-Thompson b. none of the answers are correct c. Gertrude Bell d. Marie Wormington e. Louis Leakey

a. Gertrude Caton-Thompson

Anaerobic conditions preserve organic materials well and such conditions are often present in Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. bogs c. fens d. marshes e. swamps

a. all of the answers are correct

Charred plant remains from archaeological contexts, such as seeds and pits, may have entered the archaeological record and thus been preserved in the following ways Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. as human fecal material c. as food waste d. as dung or fuel e. accidentally

a. all of the answers are correct

Deposition of artifacts with the dead may indicate Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. belief in an afterlife c. symbolic reflections of that person's status in society d. respect for the dead e. none of the answers are correct

a. all of the answers are correct

In order to determine if assemblages of bone were the result of human activity or the result of animal hunting/scavenging, archaeological studies have focused on certain taphonomic indicators on bones, to include Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. butchery marks c. evidence of cooking/charring d. evidence of marrow extraction e. anthropogenic cut marks

a. all of the answers are correct

Ranked societies differ from non-ranked ones in a number of ways. The more hierarchical structure often allows or requires greater economic specialization, which would be visible archaeologically as Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. elite burials c. intensified agriculture and food production d. redistribution of resources e. craft specialization

a. all of the answers are correct

The UNESCO Convention of 1970 Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. establishes a register of art dealers c. returns objects stolen from public institutions d. forbids national museums from acquiring illegally gotten objects e. regulates the import/export of cultural objects

a. all of the answers are correct

An artifact is generally defined as Select one: a. any movable object that has been used, modified, or manufactured by humans b. none of the answers are correct c. a sacred object d. any object that has intrinsic value to archaeologists e. any object that exists in the world

a. any movable object that has been used, modified, or manufactured by humans

In order to obtain absolute dates from very early contexts (over 1 million years ago), you would probably choose to use either _________ or possibly _________ , depending upon the rock material Select one: a. argon-argon, optically stimulated luminescence b. fission track, dendrochronology c. radiocarbon, pollen sequencing d. tree rings, varves e. potassium-argon, tree rings

a. argon-argon, optically stimulated luminescence

The most traditional and most basic subsurface detection technique is the use of Select one: a. auger holes b. x-ray technology c. ground penetrating radar d. geochemical analysis e. magnetic resistivity

a. auger holes

The connection between a symbol and the thing, idea, or cultural concept it stands for is Select one: a. both mutable and depends on the situation and arbitrary are correct b. is mutable depends on the situation c. is necessary and consistent through time d. is always necessary e. completely arbitrary and defined by cultural convention

a. both mutable and depends on the situation and arbitrary are correct

The most common process through which plant remains are preserved and enter the archaeological record is through Select one: a. charring or burning b. processing c. storage d. desication e. consumption

a. charring or burning

An integrated system of beliefs, practices, a traditions that are shared, learned, and influence a person's behavior is called Select one: a. culture b. government c. brainwashing d. religion e. ideology

a. culture

A field of research that is concerned with estimates of various aspects of populations, such as size, density, and growth rates, based on archaeological data, is known as Select one: a. demographic archaeology b. cultural anthropology c. ethnography d. cultural evolution e. historiography

a. demographic archaeology

_____________ occurs in extreme cases of osteoarthritis, when the articular surfaces of two bones rub together. Select one: a. eburnation b. osteology c. none of the answers are correct d. symphysis e. osteophytes

a. eburnation

_____________ are linear 'ridges' in teeth, formed in early adulthood, that are caused by nutritional and physiological stress. Select one: a. enamel hypoplasias b. porotic hyperostosis c. cribra orbitalia d. arthritis e. eburnation

a. enamel hypoplasias

The ends of long bones, which in human bones fuse together as a process of ageing, are known as Select one: a. ephiphyses b. osteoconosis c. synapsis d. microcephaly e. osteoporosis

a. ephiphyses

Estimates of the age at which animals died are usually based upon measurements of Select one: a. eruption and wear patterns of the teeth b. antler rings in cross-section c. size estimates of phalanges d. robusticity of cranium e. overall size of the animal

a. eruption and wear patterns of the teeth

________________ refers to plant and tree-based disturbances to the archaeological record, while_____________ refers to disturbances caused by animals. Select one: a. floralturbation, faunalturbation b. none of the answers are correct c. cryoturbation, graviturbation d. reuse processes, floralturbation e. faunalturbation, floralturbation

a. floralturbation, faunalturbation

A subfield of archaeology, which integrates archaeological evidence and written documents and often focuses on the "lesser known" aspects of the historical past, is called Select one: a. historical archaeology b. prehistoric archaeology c. critical history d. environmental archaeology e. contemporary archaeology

a. historical archaeology

A large abundance of low-utility elements, such as phalanges and metapodials, in an assemblage may be indicative of Select one: a. hunger or nutritional stress b. poor hunting skills c. seasonality d. foraging behaviors e. poor preservation of distal elements

a. hunger or nutritional stress

Analyzing stable___________________, such as carbon and nitrogen, can aid archaeologists in understanding certain aspects about people's diet and migration patterns in the past. Select one: a. isotopes b. molecules c. atoms d. elements e. none of the answers are correct

a. isotopes

The idea that archaeologists must observe living, systemic cultures in order to better understand human behavior in the past, and the processes that created the archaeological record, is called Select one: a. mid-level theory b. taphonomy c. uniformitarianism d. low-level theory e. high level theory

a. mid-level theory

_______________ refers to a descent system in which ancestry is traced through the father's line, while ______________ refers to a system whereby descent is traced through the mother's line. Select one: a. patrilineal descent, matrilineal descent b. unilineal descent, patrilineal descent c. bilateral descent, matrilineal descent d. matrilineal descent, patrilineal descent e. none of the answers are correct

a. patrilineal descent, matrilineal descent

__________________ refer to similarities, or analogies, based on close proximities between archaeological and ethnographic cases Select one: a. relational analogies b. ethnoarchaeologies c. feedback loops d. ethnographic present e. formal analogies

a. relational analogies

__________ refers to a shared set of beliefs about supernatural forces and beings, while ______________ refers to material practices that are performed in a particular order and under particular circumstances. Select one: a. religion, ritual b. ritual, shamanism c. ritual, religion d. none of the answers are correct e. cosmology, beliefs

a. religion, ritual

"Self-critical" means that Select one: a. scientists acquire understanding and knowledge not by proving a theory or idea as right, but by demonstrating that competing ideas are incorrect or wrong. b. scientific theories and ideas are always incorrect c. none of the answers are correct d. science is a way of demonstrating that one's theory or concept is always correct e. science is typically irrational

a. scientists acquire understanding and knowledge not by proving a theory or idea as right, but by demonstrating that competing ideas are incorrect or wrong.

Differences in plant use, consumption, and processing throughout different parts of the year is referred to as Select one: a. seasonality b. processing c. ethnobiology d. winnowing e. threshing

a. seasonality

The act of burial of human remains implies, at the very least, Select one: a. some kind of respect of feeling for the deceased b. a desire to preserve the body for as long as possible c. all of the answers are correct d. ancestor worship e. a belief in a superior being

a. some kind of respect of feeling for the deceased

The study of artifacts and other material indicators of patterned actions that reflect religious beliefs is known as Select one: a. the archaeology of cult b. cultural anthropology c. paleoethnoarchaeology d. archaeology of material remains e. spiritual archaeology

a. the archaeology of cult

A sample universe is Select one: a. the region that contains the population to be sampled b. the sampling strategy c. the sample fraction d. the sample units e. none of the answers are correct

a. the region that contains the population to be sampled

After the process of survey, excavation, recording, mapping, and post-excavation analysis, all these efforts are largely wasted unless Select one: a. the results are published b. a video or film is made c. the site is completely excavated d. a large party is held e. a museum is founded

a. the results are published

Radiocarbon dates obtained from __________ showed that before about 1000 BC dates expressed in radiocarbon years are increasingly "too young" thus radiocarbon dates must be calibrated Select one: a. tree rings b. tephra from the Thera eruption c. Maya calendars d. obsidian e. varves

a. tree rings

A____________ is the systematic arrangement of artifacts based on decoration, style, and/or morphology. Select one: a. typology b. arrangement c. grouping d. class e. catalog number

a. typology

The law of superposition means that Select one: a. when one layer overlies another, the one on top is usually more recent b. when one layer overlies another, the one on the bottom is more recent c. layers on top are more important than those below d. layers below are less likely to yield reliable dates e. layers on top are unlikely to have reliable, datable artifacts

a. when one layer overlies another, the one on top is usually more recent

The study of faunal (animal) bones and the relationship between animals and humans in the past is called Select one: a. zooarchaeology b. archaeobotany c. ethnoarchaeology d. taphonomy e. ethnobiology

a. zooarchaeology

___________________ is based on the counting, measurement, and patterning of annual growth rings in known species of trees Select one: a. Amino acid racemization b. Dendrochronology c. Botanical dating d. Varve analysis e. Radiocarbon

b. Dendrochronology

Contradicting the prevailing wisdom of the time, excavations led by ____________ at Great Zimbabwe (1929) confirmed that the site was of indigenous African origin. Select one: a. Flinders Petrie b. Gertrude Caton-Thompson c. Louis Leakey d. Kathleen Kenyon e. none of the answers are correct

b. Gertrude Caton-Thompson

At the age of 25, ___________ published a foundational text on paleoindian archaeology, which provided a comprehensive overview of technology, subsistence, and migration of peoples of North America. Select one: a. Gertrude Caton-Thompson b. Marie Wormington c. none of the answers are correct d. Lynn Meskell e. Christian Thomsen

b. Marie Wormington

The ______________, passed in 1966, requires that the government provide an inventory of cultural resources on federal lands in order to ensure their protection from development projects. Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. National Historic Preservation Act c. ARPA d. NAGPRA e. Antiquities Act

b. National Historic Preservation Act

NAGPRA stands for Select one: a. Native American Graves Promotion and Restitution Authority b. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act c. North American Graves Protection and Restoration Act d. North American Graves Protection and Restitution Authority e. Native Archaeological Goods Protection and Restoration Act

b. Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

An example of inductive reasoning might include the following Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. The sun always rises in the east every morning. Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow. c. The theory of gravity postulates that if I drop an apple from a building, then it will fall. d. hypotheses are not able to be accurately tested e. all of the answers are correct

b. The sun always rises in the east every morning. Therefore, the sun will rise in the east tomorrow.

Status won through an individual's accomplishments (e.g., hunting, mediating disputes) in their own lifetime is known as Select one: a. chieftain status b. achieved status c. evolved status d. low-ranking status e. ranked status

b. achieved status

Absolute dates include Select one: a. dendrochronology sequences b. all of the answers are correct c. radiocarbon dates d. calendar years e. argon-argon dates

b. all of the answers are correct

Archaeology is a necessarily politicized and often contentious practice because Select one: a. many social and cultural groups view archaeology as unnecessarily destructive b. all of the answers are correct c. archaeologists commonly only tell "one side" of the story d. archaeology has a colonialist past (and present, in many cases) e. human remains are considered sacred by many cultural and religious groups

b. all of the answers are correct

As a very general pattern, many hunters will abandon low-utility elements at a kill site and only transport the axial skeleton (ribs, vertebrae, upper limbs) back to camp because Select one: a. low-utility elements do not contain much meat b. all of the answers are correct c. large, intact, animals generally cannot be carried very far d. distal elements can be quite heavy e. the axial skeleton contains more meat

b. all of the answers are correct

Cultural anthropologists employ a range of methods in order to collect their data, including Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. all of the answers are correct c. ethnology d. participant observation e. ethnography

b. all of the answers are correct

Pollen is a useful tool for archaeologists because Select one: a. pollen almost always is limited in distribution to the area of the plant that produced it b. all of the answers are correct c. pollen is very durable and can reflect subtle changes in seasons and climate d. the pollen of each genus of plant is unique in size, shape, and surface features e. none of the answers are correct

b. all of the answers are correct

Results of surveys conducted over longer periods of time, covering the area repeatedly, tend to be more reliable because Select one: a. the accuracy of field crew observations may change through time b. all of the answers are correct c. none of the answers are correct d. the visibility of sites and artifacts may vary according to seasonal variation e. the visibility of sites and artifacts can vary widely from year to year

b. all of the answers are correct

Which of the following is considered an archaeological indicator of ritual: Select one: a. presence of offerings b. all of the answers are correct c. a focus of attention (such as on a specific building) d. detection of a boundary zone between this world and the next e. symbols that indicate the presence of a deity

b. all of the answers are correct

Zooarchaeological evidence of animal domestication includes Select one: a. a change in the overall size/robusticity of the skeleton b. all of the answers are correct c. a high number of skeletal stress markers d. decrease in tooth size e. changes in the population structure of herd animals

b. all of the answers are correct

Beneficial climates for preservation typically include Select one: a. oceanic b. anaerobic c. tropical d. it makes little difference e. grassland

b. anaerobic

Archaeological survey refers the the general process by which Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. archaeologists look for sites c. archaeologists record sites d. archaeologists excavate sites e. archaeologists question other professionals

b. archaeologists look for sites

An ______________ is a characteristic, such as size, shape, color, form, that distinguishes one artifact from another. Select one: a. form b. attribute c. alignment d. style e. none of the answers are correct

b. attribute

___________ is an essential component of NAGPRA and requires that tribes interested in obtaining certain objects or human remains demonstrate affiliation with an identifiable earlier group. Select one: a. kinship b. cultural affiliation c. political status d. ethnic belonging e. cultural patrimony

b. cultural affiliation

____________ is the study of living cultural groups as an analogy for past human behaviors Select one: a. archaeology b. ethnoarchaeology c. experimental archaeology d. anthropology e. ethnology

b. ethnoarchaeology

All of the following are absolute dating methods except Select one: a. tree-ring dating b. frequency seriation c. radiocarbon dating d. the use of calendars e. the use of historical chronologies

b. frequency seriation

The study of the form and development of the sediments and soil deposits on a particular landscape is known as Select one: a. ethnoarchaeology b. geomorphology c. taphonomy d. archaeozoology e. palynology

b. geomorphology

Pollen sequences, based on the quantities of different species of plant pollen, can provide useful information about past environments, as well as Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. human caused effects on the landscape, such as land clearing practices c. coral reef decline d. loess accumulation

b. human caused effects on the landscape, such as land clearing practices

When artifacts or features are described as in situ, archaeologists mean that they are left Select one: a. in the same square where discovered b. in place, where they were originally used or discarded c. none of the answers are correct d. derived from the local environment e. originally from the same city under excavation

b. in place, where they were originally used or discarded

The idea that similar artifacts found in similar strata are of the same age is called the Select one: a. law of superposition b. index fossil concept c. absolute dating d. the three age system e. time-markers

b. index fossil concept

The socially and culturally defined network of relationships through which certain individuals are related to one another is called Select one: a. political organization b. kinship c. matrilineage d. none of the answers are correct e. patrilineage

b. kinship

__________________ focuses on human language, to include grammar structure, syntax, and lexicon and their relation to a culture's perceptions of the world. Select one: a. archaeology b. linguistic anthropology c. bio anthropology d. none of the answers are correct e. ethnography

b. linguistic anthropology

The interpretations that result from hands-on archaeological work are called Select one: a. reconstructions b. low level theories c. high level theories d. middle range theories e. assumptions

b. low level theories

In order to assess the abundance of a species in a faunal assemblage, a calculation of the minimum number of animals necessary to account for all the identified bones is generally known as the Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. minimum number of individuals (MNI) c. number of identified specimens (NISP) d. Midwestern Taxonomic System (MTS) e. taphonomy

b. minimum number of individuals (MNI)

The study fo ancient disease, disorders, and trauma within an archaeological population is known as Select one: a. DNA sequencing b. paleopathology c. paleoethnology d. eburnation e. paleodemography

b. paleopathology

Palynologists study ____________ which, when found preserved in lake or bog sediments, allows them to understand both ancient environments and as a means of understanding human____________. Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. pollen, diet c. pollen, variation d. phytoliths, diet e. fossils, diet

b. pollen, diet

Features, essentially non-portable artifacts, include such things as Select one: a. advertisements b. postholes, hearths, floors and ditches c. ceramic pots, arrowheads, basketry, and flint tools d. hammers, chisels, and arrowheads e. small villages, houses, and ceramic pots

b. postholes, hearths, floors and ditches

In 1841 Jacques Boucher de Perthes proposed the great antiquity of humankind, based on his discovery of Select one: a. metal axes with human remains b. stone hand axes with the remains of extinct animals c. none of the answers are correct d. human skeletal remains below those of the biblical flood layers e. ancient metal axes

b. stone hand axes with the remains of extinct animals

Inorganic materials that frequently survive well archaeologically are Select one: a. animal bones b. stone tools c. wood tools d. plant fibers e. none of the answers are correct

b. stone tools

A term borrowed from paleontology, but refers to the study of all of the processes that produce certain patterns in the archaeological record is Select one: a. uniformitarianism b. taphonomy c. predictive modeling d. analogy e. ethnoarchaeology

b. taphonomy

Although the immediate aim of most research is to answer specific questions, the fundamental purpose of archaeology must be: Select one: a. to help stop global warming b. to provide the public with a better understanding of the human past c. to help define territories, borders, and geographic boundaries d. to fight the claims of pseudoarchaeologists e. to recover ancient useful technology

b. to provide the public with a better understanding of the human past

The technique of argon-argon dating requires what kind of sample? Select one: a. human remains b. volcanic rock c. any rock type d. inorganic material e. carbonized botanical remains only

b. volcanic rock

In many museums, archaeological context is disregarded and ignored: artifacts are displayed simply as Select one: a. proof of pseudoarchaeological claims b. works of art c. merchandise d. conversation pieces e. stands for more modern pieces

b. works of art

Bioarchaeological analyses of human remains from the _______________________ demonstrate a high incidence of disease, trauma, and childhood mortality at the site. Select one: a. Ludlow tent camp b. Colonial Williamsburg c. African Burial Ground d. none of the answers are correct e. Battle of Little Bighorn

c. African Burial Ground

Giovanni Belzoni was an Italian antiquarian who dedicated much of his career to looting archaeological sites and procuring artifacts for the British Museum. Many of the sites he "recovered" antiquities from were located in Select one: a. China b. Mexico c. Egypt d. England e. North America

c. Egypt

Patrilocal residence is a culturally ascribed practice whereby newly wed couples live in the ______________ village or place of origin. Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. mothers' c. Groom (males') d. wife (female's) e. fathers'

c. Groom (males')

One of the earliest historical archaeologists from North America was_____________, who excavated and mapped the site of Standish House in the 1830s. Select one: a. Thomas Jefferson b. Myles Standish c. James Hall d. James Deetz e. Felix Martin

c. James Hall

In 1906 Theodore Roosevelt passed ___________, the first major piece of legislation for the protection of archaeological sites in the US Select one: a. The National Environmental Policy Act b. NAGPRA c. The American Antiquities Act d. The Treasure Trove Law e. The Ancient Monuments Act

c. The American Antiquities Act

An example of political instability and conflict clashing with archaeological preservation is the looting of the ____________ following the US military occupation of Iraq in 2003. Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. The Hague c. The Baghdad Museum d. Iraq Museum e. The Bamiyan Buddhas

c. The Baghdad Museum

The anthropological approach which views culture as a system of technology, ecology, economics, and demography is called the Select one: a. technological approach b. mechanistic approach c. adaptive perspective d. none of the answers are correct e. ideational perspective

c. adaptive perspective

Culture is Select one: a. symbolic b. shared c. all of the answers are correct d. learned e. none of the answers are correct

c. all of the answers are correct

Gender ideology refers to the culturally ascribed values and meanings attached to such concepts including Select one: a. female b. status c. all of the answers are correct d. sex e. reproduction

c. all of the answers are correct

Historical archaeology, in method and in theory, differs in significant ways from prehistoric archaeology. A few of the main differences are that historical archaeology Select one: a. concerns the more recent past b. directly concerns the lives of people today c. all of the answers are correct d. integrates texts, oral traditions, and ethnohistoric data e. maintains a postprocessual slant

c. all of the answers are correct

Interpretations of Paleolithic cave art include suggestions that representations are linked to Select one: a. totems b. cosmologies c. all of the answers are correct d. magic e. shamans

c. all of the answers are correct

Key themes of study in historical archaeology include Select one: a. capitalism b. social/economic inequality c. all of the answers are correct d. colonialism e. historically marginalized/disenfranchised groups

c. all of the answers are correct

Proponents of postprocessual archaeology argue that Select one: a. archaeology cannot develop universal laws and we should focus on the individual b. knowledge is historically situated c. all of the answers are correct d. ideational approaches are more important than systemic views of culture e. none of the answers are correct

c. all of the answers are correct

The African Burial Ground Project (ABG) was a landmark study in historical archaeology because Select one: a. It provides a prime example of how archaeology can recover "lost histories" b. Descendent and stakeholder communities were involved in the implementation of the project c. all of the answers are correct d. it illuminated the harsh realties and brutal treatment of enslaved Africans and African decendents in New York e. It provided a key context for advocacy and activism on the part of descendent African American communities

c. all of the answers are correct

They study of symbolic meaning is commonly more feasible within historical archaeology, because in addition to working with archaeological materials, historical archaeologists often rely on Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. written documents c. all of the answers are correct d. texts e. oral histories

c. all of the answers are correct

To an archaeologist, examples of relative dating methods include Select one: a. seriation b. linguistic dating c. all of the answers are correct d. pollen dating e. faunal dating

c. all of the answers are correct

When viewed as food, animals support a variety of functions. As a source of Select one: a. meat b. bone marrow c. all of the answers are correct d. milk e. fat

c. all of the answers are correct

Archaeologists find artifacts in their original place of discard Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. 100% of the time c. almost never d. only in marshes e. Only when excavating in North America

c. almost never

The study of all aspects of human life-ways by employing a holistic, comparative approach is called Select one: a. culture history b. archaeology c. anthropology d. participant observation e. sociology

c. anthropology

___________, or in this case, applied anthropology, is the application of knowledge or research to solve a specific, recognized social or political problem. Select one: a. applied economics b. pure science c. applied science d. forensic archaeology e. none of the answers are correct

c. applied science

A discipline in anthropology that concentrates on the biological aspects of humans (also called physical anthropology) is Select one: a. linguistics b. cultural anthropology c. biological anthropology d. clinical medicine e. archaeology

c. biological anthropology

The rounded, bulbous shape that is produced on a flake at the location where the rock was intentionally struck is called the Select one: a. cut mark b. fissure c. bulb of percussion d. none of the answers are correct e. ripple

c. bulb of percussion

_______________ refers to the relationship of an artifact, feature, or ecofact to other objects and strata at a site. Select one: a. provenience b. matrix c. context d. in situ e. stratigraphy

c. context

The piece of stone from which material is removed to make stone tools (flakes, blades) is known as the Select one: a. tablet b. hand axe c. core d. matrix e. eolith

c. core

A marker of iron deficiency (anemia) or chronic parasite infection, which leaves a spongy texture on upper eye orbits, is known as Select one: a. osteoarthritis b. osteophytes c. cribra orbitalia d. epiphyses e. Harris lines

c. cribra orbitalia

Under NAGPRA, if an ancient skeleton can be shown to be ____________ a modern Native American or Hawaiian group, it must be returned to that group upon request Select one: a. sacred to b. politically important to c. culturally affiliated with d. spiritually affiliated with e. buried within the ancestral lands of

c. culturally affiliated with

Non-local or rare objects, sometimes called_____________, are used as an interpretive tool by archaeologists to understand networks of trade and how far-flung a societies social, political, and economic connections were. Select one: a. ritual items b. none of the answers are correct c. exotics d. raw materials e. acquisitions

c. exotics

Residues of animals, such as shells, bones, and teeth, are known as Select one: a. microremains b. macroliths c. faunal remains d. otoliths e. none of the answers are correct

c. faunal remains

Sending short pulses of electromagnetic waves into the ground and then receiving reflections of these waves to detect underground changes in soil or archaeological features is known as Select one: a. thermography b. electrical resistivity c. ground penetrating radar (GPR) d. standing wave technique e. bosing

c. ground penetrating radar (GPR)

By studying the animal figures in Paleolithic cave art, André Leroi-Gourhan argued that the most common representations were of Select one: a. rhinoceroses and bears b. none of the answers are correct c. horse and bison d. humans and horses e. felines and cave bears

c. horse and bison

_____________ analysis of residues on clay ceramics has provided evidence for cooking animal and plant products Select one: a. plant impressions b. none of the answers are correct c. lipid d. flotation e. microbotanical residue

c. lipid

Hypotheses that serve to link archaeological observations with patterns of human behavior (or natural processes) are called Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. low level theories c. middle level or range theories d. paradigms e. high level theories

c. middle level or range theories

A common way of quantifying the total number of bones in an assemblage (by counting them individually) is called Select one: a. minimum number of skeletal elements b. body mass index c. number of individual specimen (NISP) d. minimum number of individuals (MNI) e. None of the answers are correct

c. number of individual specimen (NISP)

A _________ is the broadest way of dividing archaeological time based on the presence of particular items of material culture such as lithics, pottery, paintings, etc. Select one: a. assemblage b. organization c. period d. type e. phase

c. period

In the US, the majority of sites found during survey in advance of development do not meet the criteria for significance and, thus, they are Select one: a. cause for a halting of development b. destroyed without being recorded c. recorded and destroyed d. deemed to be of emotional, not archaeological value e. preserved for later study

c. recorded and destroyed

Non-artifactual organic and environmental remains, or ecofacts, include items such as Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. animal bones, plant remains, pottery fragments c. soils, sediments, animal bones, plant remains d. soils sediments, animal bones, stone tools, weapons, pottery e. stone tools, weapons, pottery

c. soils, sediments, animal bones, plant remains

The best indicator of an individual's age at death is based on study of the Select one: a. innominate bone b. epiphyseal sutures c. teeth and epiphyseal sutures d. teeth e. clavicle

c. teeth and epiphyseal sutures

The so-called Elgin Marbles, which are housed at the British Museum in London, came from: Select one: a. Stonehenge in Wessex b. the Colossus at Rhodes c. the Parthenon at Athens d. the Temple of Ramses II at Aswan e. The Giza Necropolis near Cairo

c. the Parthenon at Athens

By exposing a sample of fired clay to radiation (energy) in the laboratory, so-called electron traps are opened and the energy that is emitted in the form of light can be accurately measured. This radiation dose can be combined with an estimate for the annual dose the sample received prior to testing and the susceptibility of the sample to radiation in order to determine the precise age of the fired clay. This dating technique is called Select one: a. optically stimulated luminescence b. fission track dating c. thermoluminescence d. electron spin resonance e. geomancy

c. thermoluminescence

Artistic representations, often with an overt religious or ceremonial significance, and with lineage significations are called Select one: a. cognitive studies b. cognitive maps c. totems d. art history e. semiotics

c. totems

Some survey techniques use squares when conducting regional surveys, but ________ are easier to locate and walk along, in order to record artifact densities across the landscape Select one: a. circles b. triangles c. transects d. none of the answers are correct e. parabolas

c. transects

Early historical archaeological projects in the 1940s and 50s tended to focus on_________________ locations, such as Colonial Williamsburg and Jamestown. Select one: a. lesser known b. none of the answers are correct c. well known and historically significant d. insignificant e. hidden and understudied

c. well known and historically significant

The number of plant remains and frequency of different taxa from an archaeological context depends on how well they were preserved. Unless plant parts, such as soft tissue and seeds, were charred, plants Select one: a. will have high abundance scores b. none of the answers are correct c. will not be preserved in the archaeological record d. will be overrepresented e. will be frequent in the archaeological record

c. will not be preserved in the archaeological record

The branch of archaeology that specifically with sites that are endangered by construction and development projects, and arose as a direct response to heritage protection legislation, is called "CRM". CRM stands for Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. Contemporary Resource Management c. Cultural Research Management d. Cultural Resource Management e. Cultural Response Management

d. Cultural Resource Management

The___________ is an international agreement that provides protection for archaeological resources in times of conflict/war. Select one: a. Antiquities Act b. UNESCO World Heritage Act c. UNESCO Convention d. Hague Convention fr the Protection of Cultural Property e. NAGPRA

d. Hague Convention fr the Protection of Cultural Property

The authors argue that _____________ , a Danish citizen, was the first professional archaeologist Select one: a. Lewis Binford b. Giovanni Belzoni c. Ian Hodder d. Jens Worsaae e. Alfred Kidder

d. Jens Worsaae

_____________ was an American archaeologist, who in the 1960s, coined the term "new archaeology" (an approach now commonly called "processual archaeology" Select one: a. Thomas Jefferson b. Alfred Kidder c. Ian Hodder d. Lewis Binford e. None of the answers are correct

d. Lewis Binford

A method the uses laser scans from either satellites or planes is called Select one: a. Imagery b. GIS c. SLAR d. LiDAR e. GPS

d. LiDAR

Although the creation of a typology may enable an archaeologist to understand gradual changes in design or decoration, the rate of change must be deduced from Select one: a. parallels to other artifact typologies b. stratigraphy c. relative dating methods d. absolute dating methods e. none of the answers are correct

d. absolute dating methods

Taphonomy refers to all processes which Select one: a. the study of geological processes that led to the creation of current land forms b. the systematic organization of artifacts into types on the basis of shared attributes c. the study of which species should be grouped together based on shared attributes d. affect organic materials, particularly bone, from the time of death or deposition until the time of recovery e. the study of processes which contribute to population structure and their spatial dynamics

d. affect organic materials, particularly bone, from the time of death or deposition until the time of recovery

Cognitive archaeology is interested in research questions that move beyond identification and description of human behaviors in the past. Cognitive archaeology is interested in exploring products of the human mind, and as such addresses concepts such as Select one: a. meaning b. values c. ideas d. all of the answers are correct e. beliefs

d. all of the answers are correct

Determining MNI (minimum number of individuals) in an assemblage requires that they analyst take into consideration a variety of factors, including Select one: a. sex b. element side (right or left) c. size d. all of the answers are correct e. element counts

d. all of the answers are correct

Flotation is a method of using water to separate excavated soil from Select one: a. burned plant remains b. small bones c. small shells d. all of the answers are correct e. fish scales

d. all of the answers are correct

Kelly and Thomas argue that contemporary archaeologists serve in a variety of job positions and places of work. These include Select one: a. CRM firms b. universities c. museums d. all of the answers are correct e. federal government

d. all of the answers are correct

Much of Paleolithic and Neolithic art is of animals, implying that Select one: a. animals were valued for their utilitarian purposes, such as meat b. none of the answers are correct c. animals were believed to have supernatural powers d. all of the answers are correct e. animals were believed to have certain traits in common with humans

d. all of the answers are correct

Observing the wear patterns on ancient stone tools is an aspect of microwear analysis; experimental archaeology provides added information on the specific activities the tools might have been used for by Select one: a. studying the traces of polish on modern copies of tools after use b. using modern copies of stone tools in a variety of specific tasks c. creating categories of tool use according to wear patterns created on modern copies d. all of the answers are correct e. none of the answers are correct

d. all of the answers are correct

Proponents of the New Archaeology argued that archaeology should do which of the following? Select one: a. test hypotheses b. explain rather than describe c. design research to answer specific questions d. all of the answers are correct e. be deductive rather than inductive

d. all of the answers are correct

The scientific method entails Select one: a. defining a problem b. collecting data c. establishing a hypothesis d. all of the answers are correct e. determining the empirical implications of the hypothesis

d. all of the answers are correct

An illegal antiquity can be defined as Select one: a. an artifact made out of a controlled substance or from endangered species, such as elephant tusk flutes or jaguar skin drums b. all of the above are illegal antiquities c. an artifact that was found by an archaeologist in a country that the archaeologist is not a citizen of d. an object that was excavated clandestinely and which has no published record e. an artifact that carries considerable risk to people in the present

d. an object that was excavated clandestinely and which has no published record

When social status or prestige are the result of inheritance or hereditary factors, this is known as Select one: a. free agent status b. evolved status c. achieved status d. ascribed status e. egalitarian status

d. ascribed status

Early predecessors to archaeologists are commonly referred to as "antiquarians". Antiquarianism is a practice whereby individuals Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. are all dead, and are thus irrelevant c. conduct research-driven science d. collect ancient artifacts as objects of fascination and curiosity e. used objects to reconstruct the past

d. collect ancient artifacts as objects of fascination and curiosity

Plant remains found in preserved feces, called______________, are the only form of incontrovertible evidence that people were eating certain types of plants. Select one: a. palynology b. macrobots c. none of the answers are correct d. coprolites e. microbotanicals

d. coprolites

________________ is the study of politics, religion, kinship, art, and medical practices of contemporary cultural groups. Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. ethnology c. lingsuitics d. cultural anthropology e. archaeology

d. cultural anthropology

Archaeologists aim to bridge the connections between symbols, objects, and verbal cues and cultural meaning by studying contemporary/living cultures' practices and beliefs, a practice also known as______________________. Select one: a. sociology b. linguistics c. archaeology d. ethnography e. none of the answers are correct

d. ethnography

_________________ is a field of study that combines methods and theory from archaeology and geology Select one: a. technoscience b. geomorphology c. matrix sorting d. goearchaeology e. none of the answers are correct

d. goearchaeology

Landscape archaeology, like settlement pattern analysis, records human behavior at a regional scale, but also takes into account Select one: a. intensive, small-scale surveys b. GPR reflection profiles c. LiDAR surveys d. human interpretation, meaning, and modification of the environment e. none of the answers are correct

d. human interpretation, meaning, and modification of the environment

Study of the patterns of wear or damage on the edges of stone tools that can provide useful information on a particular tool's function is known as Select one: a. taphonomy b. none of the answers are correct c. scanning electron analysis d. microwear analysis e. plating

d. microwear analysis

Systemic context refers to Select one: a. ritual use of objects b. biological processes c. objects which have been discarded d. objects that are in a state of use, manufacture, or discard e. caching behaviors

d. objects that are in a state of use, manufacture, or discard

A method in which data is collected from an individual(s) via questioning and observation is called Select one: a. interrogation b. survey c. archaeological fieldwork d. participant observation e. covert observation

d. participant observation

The theory that the same processes that affect the earth's surface today are the same as in the past is called Select one: a. geomorphology b. stratigraphy c. geochronology d. principle of uniformitarianism e. analogy

d. principle of uniformitarianism

This tool measures the strength of magnetism between the earth's core and the sensor that is controlled by the archaeologist Select one: a. total station b. resistivity meter c. auger d. proton magenetometer e. remote sensor

d. proton magenetometer

A society with differences in social status (ranking), specialists manufacturing crafts, surpluses, and perhaps a permanent ritual or ceremonial center would probably be considered a(n) Select one: a. mobile hunter-gatherer group b. band c. bedarche d. ranked society e. egalitarian society

d. ranked society

______________ refers to the process and practice of returning significant items or human remains to their place of origins or to their culturally related descendants. Select one: a. reparations b. reconstruction c. return d. repatriation e. none of the answers are correct

d. repatriation

The presence or absence of antlers in some zooarchaeological assemblages (such as elk) is a reliable indicator of Select one: a. all of the answers are correct b. Minimum number of individuals c. climate d. seasonality e. preservation rates

d. seasonality

______________ is a relative dating method based on grouping frequencies of artifact styles or types through time. Select one: a. technology b. stratigraphy c. typology d. seriation e. none of the answers are correct

d. seriation

Although variable according to population, a number of skeletal attributes can be used for differentiation of the sexes. The best indicator of sex is the Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. shape of the mandible c. shape of the femur and tibia d. shape of the pelvis e. shape of the cranial vault

d. shape of the pelvis

Systematic surface survey tends to be preferred to unsystematic for a number of reasons, primarily because in unsystematic surveys there is a tendency for Select one: a. survey walkers to veer off the survey grid b. survey walkers to walk in circles c. survey walkers to get tired and hide under bushes d. survey walkers to concentrate on areas where artifacts are concentrated

d. survey walkers to concentrate on areas where artifacts are concentrated

Christian Thomsen, a well-known Danish scholar, developed the well-known typological scheme consisting of the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. This system is called Select one: a. New Archaeology b. postprocessual archaeology c. anthropological archaeology d. the Three Age System e. none of the answers are correct

d. the Three Age System

Which of the following is an example of "original human behavior" at an archaeological site? Select one: a. all of these reflect "original human behavior" at the archaeological site b. the pillaging of the archaeological site by looter c. the excavation of the site by archaeologists d. the disposal of the debris produced from making a tool at the site e. the plowing of a field that is located over the archaeological site

d. the disposal of the debris produced from making a tool at the site

Historical archaeology is often contentious and "revisionist", as evidenced by historical archaeological research at ______________, an important battle site between the US military and Cheyenne, Lakota, and Arapaho tribes. Select one: a. the AFB site b. Berwind Mining Town c. Ludlow, Co. d. none of the answers are correct e. "Custer's Hill" Feedback

e. "Custer's Hill"

Americanist archaeology developed out of the (racist) study of indigenous peoples of North and South America. Early archaeologists suggested that living Native Americans were related to Select one: a. Atlantis b. The Lost Tribes of Isreal c. The Phoenicians d. Egyptians e. All of the answers are correct

e. All of the answers are correct

CRM stands for Select one: a. Cultural Recording Management b. Cultural Recording Methods c. Cultural Research Management d. Cultural Research Methods e. Cultural Resource Management

e. Cultural Resource Management

__________ is often difficult to recognize in the archaeological record: features such as pottery decoration or differences in toolkits may be indicative of different gendered tasks. Select one: a. Artistic talent b. Genetic relation c. Craft-making ability d. Age e. Gender

e. Gender

GPS, which stands for ______________, is a significant development in archaeological mapping Select one: a. Geological Positioning Systems b. None of the answers are correct c. Geological Provenience Systems d. Geographic Positioning Services e. Global Positioning Systems

e. Global Positioning Systems

X-ray analysis of human bones reveals various forms of deformity and disease. When growth is interrupted in childhood because of illness or malnutrition, opaque calcified formations a few millimeters thick form in bones. These are known as Select one: a. Spina bifida occulta b. pneumoconiosis c. Sprengel's deformity d. arthritis e. Harris lines

e. Harris lines

A______________ is a unit of measure of time and space, smaller than an archaeological period, which is marked by unique assemblages of artifacts. Select one: a. Component b. Stratum c. Typology d. Geologic epoch e. Phase

e. Phase

The World Heritage List, which records archaeological and environmental sites that are of world-wide interest, is administered by Select one: a. the SHPOs b. NAGPRA c. the US d. ICROM e. UNESCO

e. UNESCO

A hypothesis is Select one: a. an example misguided reasoning b. none of the answers are correct c. an inductive pronouncement d. an educated guess or explanation e. a proposed explanation of some phenomenon

e. a proposed explanation of some phenomenon

A fundamental cognitive step was the Select one: a. development of symbolic art b. development of symbols for measurement (such as units of time, length, or weight) c. deliberate burial of humans d. development of religious art e. all of the answers are correct

e. all of the answers are correct

A good example of a symbol is Select one: a. a scale weight b. money c. a depiction of an animal painted on a cave wall d. a soldier's badge e. all of the answers are correct

e. all of the answers are correct

Formation processes affect the way in which finds came to be buried and what happened to them after their burial. A good example of a natural transformation process would be Select one: a. gradual burial of an artifact by sand b. slow accumulation of river sediment over a feature c. gradual burial of a feature by wind-borne soil d. the sudden fall of ash over Pompeii e. all of the answers are correct

e. all of the answers are correct

Layers of sediments resulting from flowing water are called Select one: a. ice cores b. contextual seriation c. tree rings d. pollen e. alluvial sediments

e. alluvial sediments

Archaeological sites may be defined quite simply as Select one: a. places where people once lived b. places where butchering and food preparation took place c. none of the answers are correct d. any place that shows no traces of human activity e. any place where significant traces of human activity are identified

e. any place where significant traces of human activity are identified

Societies at the level of mobile hunter-gatherer groups, generally small in number and composed of a few nuclear families, are called Select one: a. cheifdoms b. bedarches c. tribes d. states e. bands

e. bands

Integrating skeletal and dental information to reconstruct genetic and familial relationships amongst a population of individuals is called_____________. Select one: a. paleopathology b. demography c. mDNA analysis d. none of the answers are correct e. biodistance analysis

e. biodistance analysis

The branch of archaeology that seeks to explain differences or changes in time by arguing that change is instigated by migration of people or the diffusion of ideas is called Select one: a. postprocessualism b. science c. New Archaeology d. postmodernism e. culture history

e. culture history

Before radiometric methods were developed after World War II, the most accurate means of dating involved the analysis of tree ring growth, called Select one: a. pollen b. varves c. potassium-argon d. potassium-argon e. dendrochronology

e. dendrochronology

One of the most common ways of recovering charred plants remains from archaeological sites is via Select one: a. magnetism b. dry screening c. none of the answers are correct d. winnowing e. flotation

e. flotation

The application of bioarchaeological knowledge and practices for legal purposes is known as Select one: a. disaster research b. applied anthropology c. applied science d. police work e. forensic archaeology

e. forensic archaeology

An anthropological perspective that focuses on culture as a system of ideas symbols, and mental structures is called the Select one: a. systemic approach b. culture concept c. adaptive perspective d. symbolic structure e. ideational perspective

e. ideational perspective

The act of making a stone tool using a percussion technique is known as Select one: a. replication b. transport c. refitting d. none of the answers are correct e. knapping

e. knapping

Small fragments of bone may be examined for bone microstructure. With increasing age and increasing mechanical stress on joints, bony growths called______________ , become more frequent. Select one: a. ephiphyses b. otoliths c. ostrakons d. osteoliths e. osteophytes

e. osteophytes

The recovery and identification of plant remains from archaeological contexts to study past human use of plants is known as Select one: a. zooarchaeology b. archaeozoology c. archaeophytology d. paleoplantology e. paleoethnobotany

e. paleoethnobotany

Archaeologists can trace the origin and exchange of pottery (ceramics) as a proxy for understanding trade networks and political organizations. Two common pottery analysis techniques for tracing pottery exchange and acquisition are Select one: a. Strontium isotope analysis, INAA b. X-ray flourescence, petrographic analysis c. none of the answers are correct d. INAA, X-ray flourescence e. petrographic analysis, INAA

e. petrographic analysis, INAA

___________ are small particles of silica that are contained in specific kinds of plants and can aid in differentiating wild from domestic taxa, as well as identifying abundances of different kinds of grasses. Select one: a. microliths b. pollen grains c. cereals d. macrobots e. phytoliths

e. phytoliths

The formal and informal institutions and regulations that regulate a collective society's acts are called a Select one: a. band b. social organization c. none of the answers are correct d. chiefdom e. political organization

e. political organization

Although generally less precise than radiocarbon, thermoluminescence (TL) dating has two advantages over radiocarbon dating. First, in principle, it can date materials beyond 50,000 years ago and second, it can date Select one: a. teeth b. volcanic rock c. animal bone d. carbonized botanical remains e. pottery

e. pottery / b. volcanic rock

The underlying premise of _____________ is that particular kinds of archaeological sites tend to occur in the same kinds of place Select one: a. imaginative models b. hypothetical models c. futuristic models d. raster models e. predictive models

e. predictive models

If both very young and old animals are overrepresented (more of them) in an archaeological assemblage in relation to their numbers in a modern live population, this would suggest Select one: a. none of the answers are correct b. feasting was frequent c. a catastrophic age profile d. an attritional age profile e. scavenging, or hunting, by humans of the most vulnerable animals

e. scavenging, or hunting, by humans of the most vulnerable animals

_______________ is a process which is objective, systematic, logical, predictive, and public Select one: a. pseudo-science b. dogmatism c. political preference d. ideology e. science

e. science

Estimating the time of year a particular archaeological site was used or occupied, based on maturity estimates of animals using tooth eruption and bone formation data, is called Select one: a. taphonomy b. distribution analysis c. absolute abundance d. relative abundance e. seasonality

e. seasonality

____________________ is a simple, fast way to survey for buried sites by digging shallow, evenly space pits Select one: a. probing b. horizontal excavations c. vertical excavations d. magnetometry e. shovel testing

e. shovel testing

_________________ is a survey area that is divided into several sub-categories and then sampled at different intervals Select one: a. subsample b. unstratified sample c. even sample d. random sample e. stratified random sample

e. stratified random sample

Performing a ritual or set of rituals on a symbolic object, while hoping to effect change on the real object, is called Select one: a. a vision quest b. cosmology c. religion d. none of the ansers are correct e. sympathetic magic

e. sympathetic magic

To an archaeologist, the term provenience refers to the Select one: a. origin of an artistic technique or motif b. none of the answers are correct c. origin of an idea or innovation d. history of an artifact's owners e. vertical and horizontal position of an artifact at a site

e. vertical and horizontal position of an artifact at a site

An archaeological site is Select one: a. Where humans once farmed b. Where humans once lived c. Where archaeologists once worked d. none of the answers are correct e. where there exists any material traces of significant human activity

e. where there exists any material traces of significant human activity