Topic 13

Suborder Haplorhini

(meaning "dry nosed primates") are tarsiers and simians (monkeys and apes) a] These are the more advanced primates. 1] Simians are also called anthropoid primates. b] This suborder has two infraorders: 1] Infraorder Tarsiiformes are the tarsiers (7 species) a} This infraorder has one family Tarsiidae. 1}The tarsiers are found in Indonesia and the Philippines. 2] Infraorder Simiformes (aka, Anthropoidea) are the monkeys and apes.

Suborder Strepsirhini

(meaning "wet nosed primates") are lemurs, galagos, and Lorises. a] These are considered to be primitive primates. 1] They are referred to as prosimians. b] Suborder Strepsirrhini has one infraorder Lemuriformes. 1] Some systematic approaches give this suborder a second infraorder by raising the superfamily Lorisoidea to the level of infraorder.

Primate Features

-Forward facing eyes and binocular vision -A reduction in the length of the muzzle, reduced pinnae, and the loss of vibrissae. -color vision -Having such advanced vision it is to be expected that primates overall are diurnal.

Haplorhini traits

1) The nose is dry and the nostrils are more rounded. 2) This ties into another distinguishing feature, a reduced reliance on olfaction. 3) The snout is also reduced in length. 4) They have binocular and stereoscopic vision. 5) The eyes lack a tapetum lucidum. 6) Overall these species are diurnal. 7) All Haplorhini have lost the ability to synthesize vitamin C. 8) The upper lip is continuous and not attached to gums. a] This allows for a greater range of facial expressions. 9) Haplorhini have larger brains than do Strepsirrhini. a] Also, they have an overall evolutionary trend increasing brain size throughout the suborder. 10) They have longer life spans. 11) Haplorhinian primates have a hemochorial placenta. a] This increased support may explain why Haplorhinid neonates are larger than are those of Strepsirrhinid having a similar gestation period. 12) Postnatal development is slower in Haplorhinids and the offspring have a longer period of dependency on the mother.

Subfamily Colobinae

1) This subfamily has 10 genera and 62 species. 2) They include the langurs, colobus, doucs, and proboscis monkeys. 3) Most are native to Asia. a] The exception being the colobus monkeys (Genus Colobos) which are native to Africa.

Subfamily Cercopithecinae

1) This subfamily has 11 genera and 78 species. 2) They include baboons, drills, guenons, mangabeys, vervets, and macaques. 3) Most are native to sub-Saharan Africa. a] The exception being the macaques (Genus Macaca) which are found throughout Asia.

Hylobatids differ from the great apes (Family Hominidae) in:

1) being smaller, 2) forming pair-bonds, 3) exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, 4) in not making nests, 5) and in certain anatomical details in which they superficially resemble

) A tarsier can rotate its head

180 degrees

Primates have slower gestational periods. 1) Primates have reduced the litter size. a] There are two possible reasons for this

1] The reduced number makes it easier to carry/transport the young will traveling arboreally. 2] The increased cranial size makes birthing difficult reducing the number of offspring that can be produced at one time.

Interestingly the mode of quadrupedal locomotion varies

1] This frees up the hands for doing other things such as procuring food or even tool use. b] Interestingly the mode of quadrupedal locomotion varies. 1] Orangutans and bonobos walk on their palms, as do monkeys and prosimians. 2] Gorillas and common chimpanzees walk on their knuckles.

Primate hands and feet are modified to grasp objects.

1] This gives a "power grip" and is assisted by the other digits. 2] This is also why primates retain the primitive pentadactyl condition.

Old World monkeys, apes, and humans all have 32 teeth with a dental formula of

2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3.

Family Lorisidae dental formula

2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3.

1) The region with the greatest increase in size is the cerebrum. 2) The visual cortex is very well developed and has a gyrus between the primary visual area and the visual association area. a] This gyrus is called the

Calcarine Gyrus or Calcarine Fissure and is considered to be a significant feature.

This is a fairly diverse family (cebidae) and is often divided into two subfamilies,

Cebine and Callitrichinae

Nomascus

Crested Gibbon

They are the smallest of the Simiiformes

Ex; Roosemalen's dwarf marmoset

prolemur

Greater Bamboo Lemur

Otolemur

Greater galagos

Along with the dental comb these primates will also have a

Grooming Claw (strepsirrhinids)

Allocebus

Hairy-eared dwarf lemur

hoolock

Hoolock Gibbon

indri

Indri

Family Cebidae

Marmosets, Tamarins, Capuchins, and Squirrel Monkeys a] They are found in forests throughout Central b] Cebids are arboreal and spend little time on the ground. c] They are also diurnal. d] Cebids are characterized by long limbs. 1] The digits have curved nails (not claws). a} The pollex (thumb) not opposable and in some cases small or absent. b} In contrast to a hallux (big toe) that is large and strongly opposable. e] Unlike other Platyrrhini they lack a prehensile tail. f] They are omnivorous.

Euoticus

Needle-clawed bushbabies

This infraorder Simiformeshas two parvorders:

Platyrrhini and Catarrhini. b} Parvorder Platyrrhini are the New World monkeys 1} This parvorder has five families and 156 species that are found in Central and South America. c} Parvorder Catarrhini are the Old World monkeys and apes. 1} This parvorder has two superfamilies and three families.

The wet, furless area around the nostrils is termed the

Rhinarium

One mechanism of locomotion that they employ in the canopy is

Semibrachiating.

Propithecus

Sifaka

Subfamily Cebinae/ Cebidae

Squirrel Monkeys and Capuchin Monkeys The overall dental formula is: 2.1.3.2-3. 2.1.3.2-3.

Infraorder Lemuriformes has two superfamilies:

Superfamily Lorisoidea Superfamily Lemuroidea

Superfamily Lemuroidea, Family Daubentoniidae

The Aye-aye a) This is a single species family containing a very specialized Lemuroid Daubentonia madagascariensis, the aye-aye. 1) They are the world's largest nocturnal primate and have evolved to fill a woodpecker-like niche. a] Although they are classified as omnivores and will eat other items, these lemurs specialize in hunting insect larvae inhabiting old trees. 1] Aye-ayes tap on the trunks and branches of trees and listen for the echo produced to find hollow chambers. a} Once a chamber is found, they chew a hole into the wood and get grubs out of that hole with their highly adapted narrow and bony middle fingers. a] The third digit is very long and is thinner than are the other digits. 1] It is the digit used is used to tap on the tree to find food. 2] The middle finger is unique in that it possesses a ball-and- socket metacarpophalangeal joint.

Superfamily Lemuroidea, Family Cheirogaleidae

The Dwarf and Mouse Lemurs a] Cheirogaleus, the dwarf lemurs (21 species) b] Allocebus, the hairy eared dwarf lemur (1 species) c] Microcebus, the mouse lemurs (8 species) d] Mirza, the giant mouse lemur (1 species) e) Phaner, the fork-crowned lemurs (4 species) They have two pairs of mammaries -one pair is pectoral and one is inguinal. Their dental formula is: 2.1.3.3. 2.1.3.3.

Superfamily Lorisoidea, Family Galagidae

The Galagos or Bushbabies a) The Family Galagidae is composed of three genera and 19 species. 1) They are considered to be closely related to the Lorisoidea and were once included in the same subfamily. 2) The three genera are: a] Euoticus, the needle-clawed bushbabies (2 species) b] Otolemur, the greater galagos (3 species) c] Galagos, the lesser bushbabies (14 species) b) This nocturnal and arboreal group of prosimians are found in forests throughout Africa. dental formula of 2.1.3.3. and a dental comb. 2.1.3.3

Family Atelidae

The Howler, Spider, and Woolly Monkeys

Superfamily Lemuroidea, Family Lemuridae

The Lemurs a) The Family Lemuridae is composed of 5 genera and 19 species all of which are arboreal and native to Madagascar. 1) These are considered to be the "standard lemurs" as opposed to mouse lemurs, sportive lemurs, and woolly lemurs. 2) The genera are: a] Lemur, the ring tailed lemur (1 species) b] Eulemur, the true lemurs (11 species) c] Varecia, the ruffed lemurs (2 species) d] Hapalemur, the bamboo lemurs (4 species) b] Prolemur, the greater bamboo lemur (1 species) They have a dental formula typically of: 2.1.3.3. and a dental comb. 2.1.3.3.

Suborder Strepsirrhini

The Lemurs, Galagos, and Lorises. 1. Introduction a) This suborder has one infraorder, two superfamilies, seven families, and 88 species. 1) The two superfamilies are Lemuroidea and Lorisoidea. b) These are the prosimians and are the more primitive primates. Their features include: 1) Some strepsirrhinids have a Dental Comb. 3) The skull is longer snouted in this suborder, has a smaller brain case, and has a postorbital bar instead of a postorbital plate when compared to the suborder Haplorhini 4) Many species are nocturnal

Superfamily Lorisoidea, Family Lorisidae

The Lorises, Pottos, and Angwantibos a) The Family Lorisoidea is composed of 5 genera and 9 species. b) They are found in tropical forests throughout sub-Saharan Africa, India, southeast Asia, Indonesia and the Philippines. 1) The 4 species of slow lorises (genus Nycticebus) lives in southeast Asia and on nearby islands. 2) The 2 species of slender lorises (genus Loris) live in Sri Lanka and southern India. 3) The 1 species of potto (Perodicticus potto) is found in portions of west and central Africa. 4) The 2 species of angwantibos (genus Arctocebus) are found in West Africa. 2) Lorisids have a close, woolly fur, which is usually grey or brown, darker on the top side. 3) The eyes are large and face forward. 4) The ears are small and often partially hidden in the fur. 6) The second toe of the hind legs has a fine claw for grooming. 7) Their tails are short or absent. 8) One species is venomous, the only venomous species of primate.

Superfamily Lemuroidea, Family Lepilemuridae

The Sportive Lemurs a) This family consist of one genus, Lepilemur, and 8 species. 1) They are closely related to Lemuridae and were once included in that family. b) They live in the deciduous forests of Madagascar. 2) They are primarily foliovores but will also consume bark, flowers, and fruit. 3) As is typical for this order they are arboreal and as is typical for this suborder is nocturnal. 4) The hindlimbs are considerable longer than are the forelimbs. 5) They have a prehensile, pseudo-opposable pollex. 6) Members of the family Lepilemuridae are solitary, only mothers and young staying together

Family Pitheciidae

The Titis, Uakaris, and Sakis

Superfamily Lemuroidea, Family Indriidae

The Woolly Lemurs, Indris, and Sifakas a) The Family Indriidae is composed of three genera and 19 species. 1) The three genera are: a] Avahi, are the woolly lemurs (9 species) b] Propithecus, are the sifakas (9 species) c] Indri, the Indri (1species) Their dental formula is: 2.1.2.3. 2.1.2.3

Eulemur

True lemur

Suborder Haplorhini, Infraorder Tarsiiformes, Family Tarsiidae

a) The Family Tarsiidae is made up of one genus (Tarsius) and seven species. 1) Although there is some argument over how many separate genera should be actually recognized. b) The tarsiers are small, arboreal primates living in the forests of the islands of the Indonesia, the Malay Archipelago, and the Philippines. c) Characteristics 1) They are small animals with enormous forward-facing eyes. a] Each eyeball is approximately 16 mm in diameter and is as large as their entire brain. b] Their eyes are well adapted for their nocturnal existence. 1] However, they lack a tapetum lucidum. 2) Along with their large eyes that face of the tarsier has a reduced snout and large pinnae.

All are social but to varying degrees

a] Orangutans (Genus Pongo) are the most solitary of the hominids. b] Chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas will form family units wit complex social hierarchies.

primates have a primitive limb structure compared to other eutherians.

a] The limbs have one upper bone (propodium) and two lower bones (epipodium). 1] Many mammals have a loss or reduction of one epipodium bone (ex; bats). b] The manus and pes have five digits each.

Around 10 m.y.a. the Hominoidea split off from the rest of the Catarrhini, the Cercopithecoidea.

a] They differ from the other Cercopithecoidea in: 1] They have larger brains, are more intelligent and show a greater range and complexity to their behaviors. 2] The lack a tail (external tail). 3] The pectoral girdle has been modified to allow for brachiation. a} This is a form of locomotion that evolved for an arboreal existence.

Superfamily Lorisoidea

are the Lorises and galagos. 1} There are two families: (a) Family Lorisidae - the Lorises (9 species) (1) They are found in central Africa, southeast Asia, and Sri Lanka. (b) Family Galagidae - the galagos (19 species) (1) They are found in Africa.

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea

are the Old World monkeys. (1) It consists of one family Cercopithecidae and 132 species native to Africa, Asia, and Indonesia.

Superfamily Hominoidea

are the apes. (1) It consists of two families: [a] Family Hylobatidae are the gibbons (i.e.; lesser apes) and has 14 species native to China, Southeast Asia, and Indonesia. [b] Family Hominidae are the great apes and humans. [1] There are 7 species, most found in Africa, some in Sumatra and Borneo, and one worldwide.

Superfamily Lemuroidea

are the lemurs. 1} This superfamily has five families all of which are restricted to Madagascar. (a) Fossil evidence indicates that they evolved in Africa and rafted to Madagascar later (~ 40 m.y.a.). (1) They died out in Africa and Asia possibly due to being outcompeted by the ancestors of the Old World monkeys. 2} There are 60 species in this superfamily.

The Platyrrhinids are the New World monkeys and differ from the Catarrhinids in:

a} nostril placement, 1} These monkeys have flatter noses with side placed nostrils vs. the narrower noses of the Catarrhinids. b} the presence of a long, prehensile tail, 1} This prehensile tail acts as a fifth limb. (a) Although it is absent in the family Cebidae. 2} Old World monkeys do not have a prehensile tail and the tail is shorter. c} dentition, 1} New World monkeys have an extra set of premolars when compared to Catarrhinids. (a) This gives them up to 36 teeth and a dental formula (molars vary) 2.1.3.2-3. 2.1.3.2-3.

Hapalemur

bamboo lemur

chiropotes

bearded sakis (5 species)

Members of the genus Homo are exclusively

bipedal, bonobos (Pan paniscus) are bipedal when on the ground about 25% of the time, and orangutans (Genus Pongo) are rarely bipedal when on the ground.

Hylobatids are considered to be the best group of primates at

brachiation To facilitate this they have: a} very long arms. b} the wrist is a ball and socket joint, 1} This allows for biaxial movement. (a) This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. c} They also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands.

The molariform teeth are

bunodont (low) and brachyodont (flat)

They mark their territories with urine and with secretion of

circumanal glands

Callitrichids typically live in small territorial groups of about five or six animals. a] Their group structure is rare among primates

classified as a "cooperative polyandrous group". -This is a communal breeding system involving groups of multiple males and females -They are also unique in that they regularly produce twins (~80% of the time).

To support the limbs as primates moved through the canopy, especially in brachiation, this order has retained a well developed

clavicle -For this reason primates are sometimes called claviculate

Due to the longer snout some strepsirrhinids have a

dog-like face

Hylobates

dwarf gibbons

Cheirogaleus

dwarf lemur

cercopithecids feature

epigamic adornment. 1] These are modifications, typically visual, of the body that serve to attract mates. 2] These are found in varying extents in all primates (including humans) but have some spectacular examples in this family: a} Females will show prominent perianal swelling when receptive to mating. b} The nose of male Proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) is another example.

Squirrel monkeys (Genus Saimiri) eat mostly

fruits and insects, but also feed on flowers, shoots, buds, leaves, spiders, frogs, bats, and crabs.

Capuchins (Genera Cebus and Sapejus) consume mainly

fruits, but also eat insects, snails, lizards, small birds, baby squirrels, crabs, and oysters.

Family ( Hominadae )

greater apes or hominids made up of two superfamilies (Pongini and Homininae), 4 genera (1 and 3 respectively), and 7 extant species (2 and 5 respectively).

dental comb

grooming structure made up of the procumbent incisors and canines of the lower jaw. b] It is found in superfamily Lemuroidea.

Primate Taxonomy

has undergone revisions as more information has been learned through molecular and paleontological research.

Other species such as the Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) can have groups of hundreds called

herds

Primates are unguiculate meaning that they do not have

hooves but nails or claws, in this case nails.

Aloutta

howler monkeys -known for their loud, roaring calls which can carry over three miles through the rainforest.

Suborder Haplorhini is made up of two

infraorders, Tarsiiformes and Simiiformes. 1) The infraorder Tarsiiformes has one family, Tarsiidae. 2) The infraorder Simiiformes has two parvorders (Platyrrhini and Catarrhini) and eight families.

Family Hylobatidae

lesser apes

Galagos

lesser bushbabies

matrilineal

most species are this

Microcebus

mouse lemur

Family Aotidae

night monkeys b) They are found throughout the forests of Central and South America. c) The members of the family Aotidae are the only truly nocturnal monkeys. 1) These species have large, night adapted, eyes. a] They lack color vision, presumably because it is of no advantage given their nocturnal habits. b] They have a better spatial resolution at low light levels than other primates which contributes to their ability to capture insects and move at night. d] The family gets its name from the fact that they lack external pinnae. e] Night monkeys live in family groups consisting of a mated pair and their immature offspring. -They have long, prehensile tails that are frequently used as "fifth limb" while moving through the trees.

Family Cercopithecidae

old world monkeys a) The Family Cercopithecidae is composed of two subfamilies (Cercopithecinae and Colobinae), 21 genera (11 and 10 respectively) and 140 species (78 and 62 respectively). 1) They are found throughout Africa and Asia and occupy a wide range of habitats from tropical rainforest to temperate mountains to open grasslands. a] Being found in so many different ecosystems it is not surprising that they range from primarily arboreal (Ex; Colobos monkeys, Genus Colobos) to terrestrial (Ex; Baboons, Genus Papio).

Primates are considered to be one of the

oldest mammalian orders -originated in the late Cretaceous between 63 and 78 m.y.a.

cebus

one genera of capuchins

sapeius

other genera of capuchins

lemur

ring-tailed lemur

Varecia

ruffed lemur

Pithecia

saki monkeys (5 species) b) Pitheciids are found in the tropical forests of Colombia and Brazil. c) Pitheciids are small to medium for New World monkeys d) They are diurnal and arboreal. e) They have a unique feature to their dentition. f) They are social but to varying degrees.

Symphalangus

siamang

ateles

spider monkey

saimiri

squirrel monkeys

cercopithecidae mean

tailed ape

Oreonax

the Peruvian yellow tailed wooly monkey, Oreonax

Subfamily Callitrichinae/ Callitrichicae

the Tamarins and Marmosets At one time these were considered to be basal cebids and that all other cebids developed from them. a] Now they are actually considered to be dwarf cebids. 1] This is a rare form of mammalian dwarfism that did not happen on an island.

phaner

the fork-crowned lemurs

Calcarine Gyrus

the gyrus between the primary visual area and the visual association area

lagothrix

the woolly monkeys (4 species)

Brachytelus

the wooly spider monkeys or muriquis (2 species)

As a whole the Platyrrhinids lack a fully opposable

thumb - exception is the family Cebidae -It is possible that this is related to the development of the prehensile tail

The ankle (tarsus) is very elongated and the shin bones (tibia and fibula) are fused to make a

tibiofibulae

Callicebus

titi monkey

One species of capuchin (Sapejus apella) has been observed using rocks as

tools to crack nuts

cacaiao

uakari (4 species)

Avahi

woolly lemur