Final Exam Practice (Ch. 21 & 22) BIO 232

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? a. Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation. b. Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane. c. Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue. d. Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs.

b. Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane.

How do the elastic components of the lungs and bronchial tree help conserve energy? a. They increase the range of muscles of inhalation. b. They limit the range of muscles of inhalation. c. They facilitate recoil during exhalation. d. They facilitate recoil during inhalation.

c. They facilitate recoil during exhalation.

The enzyme found in the erythrocytes that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, is __________ __________.

Carbonic Anhydrase

The term _________ describes a condition where there is an excess of CO2 in arterial blood (PCO2 greater than 43 mm Hg).

Hypercapnia

What is the normal systemic arterial blood gas value for PO2? a. 95 mm Hg b. 40 mm Hg c. 25 mm Hg d. 65 mm Hg

a. 95 mm Hg

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? a. Alveolar gas exchange b. Systemic gas exchange c. Cellular respiration d. Ventilation

a. Alveolar gas exchange

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? a. The heme group b. The globin group c. Both the heme and the globin d. lipid side chains on the globin group

a. The heme group

According to this graph (refer to graph in gallery), hemoglobin becomes fully saturated with oxygen at what PO2? a. 0 mm Hg b. 90 mm Hg c. 60 mm Hg d. 40 mm Hg

b. 90 mm Hg

The Valsalva maneuver involves closing the _________ while trying to exhale. a. nose b. glottis c. external anal sphincter d. pyloric sphincter e. mouth

b. glottis

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is higher than 7.45? a. Hypercapnia b. Acidosis c. Alkalosis d. Hypocapnia

c. Alkalosis

As the volume of a closed container decreases, the pressure of the gas within it increases. This is an example of which gas law? a. Dalton's law b. Charle's law c. Boyle's law d. Henry's law

c. Boyle's Law

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? a. Dissolved gas b. Carbaminohemoglobin c. Carboxyhemoglobin d. Bicarbonate ion

d. Bicarbonate ion

Which is true about carbon dioxide loading? a. Bicarbonate ions (HCO3) bind to hemoglobin and are transported inside the red blood cells. b. CO2 is actively transported from tissue fluid into the plasma. c. Carbonic anhydrase actively pumps CO2 into the red blood cells. d. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

d. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.

Which respiratory volume takes into consideration the rate at which air is exhaled? a. Tidal volume b. Inspiratory reserve volume c. Expiratory reserve volume d. Forced expiratory volume

d. Forced expiratory volume.

True or False: The residual volume may be exhaled with a forceful expiration.

False.

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? a. Hyperpnea b. Eupnea c. Apnea d. Tachypnea

b. Eupnea

True or False: Asthma is an example of a restrictive lung disorder.

False Restrictive disorders reduce pulmonary compliance, limiting the amount the lungs can be inflated. Obstructive disorders (such as asthma) interfere with airflow by narrowing or blocking the airway.

Which term refers to the pressure that each individual gas in a mixture would exert if the other gases were not present? a. Partial pressure b. Oncotic pressure c. Colloid pressure d. Atmospheric pressure.

a. Partial pressure.

Ambient (outside) air at 22 degrees C is inhaled. The gases are warmed to body temperature (37.5 degrees C) by the time they reach the alveoli of the lungs. According to Charle's law, what will happen to the volume of the inhaled air? a. The volume will increase. b. The volume will not change. c. The volume will decrease.

a. The volume will increase.

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? a. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading. b. The released H+ combines with HCO3 to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. c. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions. d. H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate.

b. The released H+ combines with HCO3 to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

What occurs during the "chloride shift" in red blood cells? Select all that apply. a. Chloride ions are transported out of the RBC. b. Bicarbonate ions are transported into the RBC. c. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC. d. Chloride ions are transported into the RBC.

c. Bicarbonate ions are transported out of the RBC. d. Chloride ions are transported into the RBC.

Which would increase the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange? a. Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane b. Decreased respiratory membrane surface area c. Breathing atmospheric air at high altitude d. Breathing air that contains increased levels of oxygen.

d. Breathing air that contains increased levels of oxygen. (Increasing the air's oxygen content would increase the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood.)

Which would increase the efficiency of alveolar gas exchange? a. Increased thickness of the respiratory membrane. b. Decreased respiratory membrane surface area. c. Breathing atmospheric air at high altitude. d. Breathing air that contains increased levels of oxygen.

d. Breathing air that contains increased levels of oxygen. (Increasing the air's oxygen content would increase the amount of oxygen that diffuses into the blood.)

The _________ __________ volume represents the maximum amount of air that may be inhaled after the tidal volume.

inspiratory reserve

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? a. Systemic gas exchange b. Ventilation c. Alveolar gas exchange d. Cellular respiration

a. Systemic gas exchange

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select 4 options from the list below. a. Water vapor b. Nitrogen c. Sulfur d. Carbon dioxide e. Oxygen f. Carbon monoxide

1. Water Vapor 2. Nitrogen 3. Carbon dioxide 4. Oxygen

Which term refers to an acid-base imbalance in which the blood pH is lower than 7.35? a. Apnea b. Acidosis c. Alkalosis d. Anemia

b. Acidosis

Which term refers to the collapse of part or all of a lung? a. Atelectasis b. Eupnea c. Apnea d. Pneumothorax

a. Atelectasis

Which term refers to hemoglobin that is not transporting any oxygen? a. Deoxyhemoglobin b. Cyanoglobin c. Carbaminohemoglobin d. Hemoglobin

a. Deoxyhemoglobin

_________ law states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases.

Dalton's law

The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the _________ __________ volume.

Expiratory reserve volume

_________ law states that the amount of gas dissolved in water is determined by its solubility in the fluid and the partial pressure of the gas in the surrounding air.

Henry's Law

When oxygen binds to hemoglobin it forms the molecule called _________.

Oxyhemoglobin