Final exam psych 212

authoritative parenting style

"Diplomat" PARENTAL QUALITIES: -both demanding and responsive -they monitor and impart standards -uses "natural consequences" CHILD QUALITIES: -lively and happy -self-confident -able to regulate emotions -problem solvers -social skills=high -less rigid about gender-types traits

Milestones of motor development: walking

"Frankenstein" walk to something more graceful: 1. Standing reflex: bears part of wt. automatically when held up around waist, 0-3 mos 2. stepping reflex: automatically "steps" if tilting forward, 0-3 mos 3. sinking reflex: sinks down when stood up, 3-6 mos 4. cruising reflex: stands holding on, pulls to standing, 7-9 mos 5. walking reflex p1. : steps sideways holding on, steps b/ objects, 9-12 mos 6. walking reflex p2. : walks with 2 hands, 1 hand, no support, 1-3 y/o

authoritarian parenting style

"drill sergeant" Definition: to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set of standards for conduct PARENTAL QUALITIES: -expect to be obeyed w/o an explanation -usually an absolute standard -punitive and forceful CHILD QUALITIES: -anxious, withdrawn, unhappy -poor reactions to frustration -girls "give up"/ boys become hostile -not likely to engage in antisocial activities

the taboo goldfish experiment

"forbidden fruit effect"- no goldfish until bell is rung, when bell is rung kids pig out shows that when you restrict foods it doesn't promote moderation behaviors, it actually enhances the behaviors parents are trying to avoid

Passive Development

"mechanistic model", you are what society creates, Locke-Tabula Rasa-blank slate: children are blank slates on which society writes, people are machines reacting to environment

unmedicated deliveries

"natural childbirth" mother receives training in fitness, breathing and relaxation ex: kegels traditional cultures=doula- an experienced helper provides emotional support, midwifery

violation of expectation method

"noticing" or dis-habituating to a stimulus that conflicts with experience = infant realizes this is a "surprising" event Piaget-by one year of age Feigenson and Stahl (2015)- <1 year of age observing the unexpected- "surprise" guides future learning

active development

"organismic model" you are what your genes say you are, Rousseau-noble savages-children set their own development in motion-EX: born athlete children initiate events, not just react EX: Maria Montessori; what is the child interested in? abilities? Ex: skittles= #'s, counting, colors

The Credible Shrinking Troll

"terry the troll" (DeLoache, Miller, Rosengren, 1997) what if the child believes the model is the room -you remove the need to know symbolic relationships and dual representation is not necessary -placing the toy in the small model becomes a simple memory task

indulgent parenting style

"the friend" parents= -permissive and non-directive -do not require mature behavior -allows total self-regulation -avoids confrontation -"peerinting" EX: Regina George's mom (lol) CHILD QUALITIES= -poor emotional regulation -rebellious and defiant when desires are challenged -low persistance to challenging tasks -antisocial (whiny, demanding, narcissist)

sucking studies

(HAS) (tranducers and nipples) sound: developed by 6 mos in-utero -post birth: if baby sucks on nipple triggers familiar sounds, if baby stops triggers unfamilar sound

phallic/genital stage

(adolescence-adulthood) • Final resolution of the oedipal complex • Start re-channeling your sexual urges into mature adult sexuality

Results from eat what you want experiment

(children's eating lab PSU), Leann Birch younger kids have more food on their plates when their done eating while older kids plates are almost empty

6 substages of sensorimotor stage

(schemes), reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary circular reactions, mental combinations

embryonic stage characteristics

*Organs and major body systems develop rapidly -Respiratory -Digestive -Nervous *Risk of spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage

Tiedemann

- 1787 - Observed sensory, motor, language, and cognitive behavior - "Pre-linguistic" knowledge - Erroneously thought sucking was learned, not reflexive

perez reflex

- Stroke baby's spine from tail to head or use a sound - Baby pops their head up; can be brought about through touch, sound, or a need to balance (balancing platform) -disappears around 6 mos

overweight children and the prevalence of childhood obesity

- more than doubled in 25 years -50% of children in North and South America -39% in Europe -20% in China -most prevalent in Mexican-American boys and non-Hispanic black girls

fetal blood sampling

- needle in umbilical cord - direct access to fetal DNA BLOOD DISORDERS and infections

sex hormones and puberty

- sharp increase in sex hormone production - Adrenal glands (androgens - precursor to testosterone) - Ovaries (estrogen) - Testes (testosterone) - more sexual thoughts

causes of overweight

-Heredity -Environmental pressures cheap fat and sugar supersize portions busy lives (snacks, take-out) -Declining physical activity

ainsworth caregiving scales: acceptance

-How much acceptance vs. rejection caregiver demonstrates -Ex: if frustrated, do you criticize or attempt to help?

Motor Development and perception

-Richard Walk and Eleanor Gibson (1961) -Depth Perception -Ability to perceive objects and surfaces of 3 dimensions -Is our ability to sense and interpret the world visually innate or learned? -Visual Cliff Studies

Ainsworth caregiving scales: cooperation

-Whether caregiver cooperated with the baby's desires and patterns -Ex: Imposing own schedule? Now we're going to play with Legos!

Conservation

-YES! -identity, reversability, decenter -inconsistent= horizontal decalage

Household type: egalitarian

-based on division of labor (including child care) -duties shared/similar (not gender stereotyped) -men have better communication and listening skills *almost always authoritative parenting*

functional/ active play

-begins during infancy -lowest level of cognitive play: involving repetitive muscular movements -includes rough and tumble play w/ play facce ex: rolling/bouncing ball, jump rope, throw/catch, monkey bars, wrestling teaches children: assert w/o hurting exercise gross motor skills usually "parallel play"

influence on intelligence- race/ethnicity

-black children on average scored about 15 points lower than white children and showed a comparable lag on school achievement tests -narrowed to 4-7 points in recent years -no research to show IQ relates to a certain ethnicity -high SES strengthens genetic influence, low SES overrides it -asian american academic achievement has to do with the culture's emphasis on education

characteristics of resilient children-extrafamiliar context

-bonds to prosocial adults outside the family -connections to prosocial organization attending effective schools

influence on intelligence- schooling

-children whose school entrance was significantly delayed lost as many as 5 IQ points each year -IQ scores tend to drop during summer vacation

household type: traditional

-gendered roles -women primarily cares for house and child -man works outside of home-job/lawn *almost always authoritarian*

implications of early menarche

-girls are happy if their timing is with their peers -less sociable, less expressive, less poised

influence on intelligence- genes and brain development

-gray matter in the frontal cortex is largely inherited, varies widely among individuals, and is linked w/ differences in IQ for average IQ's the prefrontal cortex is thick at age 7, peaks in thickness by 8 y/o, and gradually thins as connections are pruned -heritability of intelligence increases w. age as children select or create environments that fit their genetic tendencies

inductive reasoning

-in concrete operations -moving from a particular observation to a general conclusion -up-bottom -these are tenative-can always find new info to contradict ex: (assim.) -this dress has no legs, neither does this one- so looks like ALL dresses have no legs

medicated deliveries

-local or regional anesthesia ~blocks pian receptors in brain -relaxing analgesic decreases perception of pain by depressing the activity of CNS -approx 60% of women choose pain relief during labor ~local anesthetics/opioids include lidocane or morphine

Prepared (Lamaze) Childbirth

-mother learns to substitute feelings of pain with other responses -controlled breathing

deductive reasoning

-not until adolescence -moving from a general premise to conclusion about a particular member(s) of the class -bottom-up -includes the ability to start with a premise ex: (accom) -all dresses lack legs, this dress has no legs, but what about this poncho?

traits influenced by genes and environment

-obesity: risk= 2-3x higher with a family hx of it and a setting where non-healthy food choices are provided over healthy foods and where exercise is not encourage fosters this -intelligence and academic achievement -schizophrenia -autism -personality

Why are the teen pregnancy rates so high in the US?

-reduced stigma of unwed motherhood -media glorification of sex -lack of a clear message that sex and parenthood are for adults -influence of childhood sexual abuse -failure of parents to communicate with children

Reducing Teen Pregnancy

-sex education and family planning -access to contraception -the life options approach -broad community involvement and support -abstinence, especially for younger adolescents

Play is the training ground for

-social relationships and empathy -thinking skills: how to share -physical coordination -just like animals that play... children play more than any other time in life -how to be aggressive -how to be compassionate

medicine and science

-survival rates increased -immunizations -washing hands -sterilization -sanitation

monozygotic twins (MZ)

1 egg and 1 sperm, identical twins "clones"; share 100% of genes

Implications and Criticisms of Harlow's Work

1 ethical treatment of animals 2 influence of touch, bonding, emotional health - Ex: Kangaroo care- introducing snuglis and slings, nursing hospitals, therapy settings, father care or non-mother care, pip the orphaned Wallaby joey 3 orphanages/institutions - babies and children and children touched and held by staff are healthier physically and emotionally 4 adoption rates increased - info of non-bio parents being able to care as much as bio/nursing animals 5 socialization and the 'Motherless Mothers' -none of the Harlow babies/monkeys engaged in sexual behaviors, tended to be indifferent or abusive towards own babies - indifferent mothers: didn't nurse, comfort or protect but didn't harm them - abusive mothers: violently bit, injured their infants, many of the babies died *being a mother has much to do w/ how you were mothered*

current rate of obesity among kids

1 in 4

anal stage

1-3 years, pleasure derived through: -elimination -acquiring control over elimination -potty training

3 stages of childbirth

1. Dilation and effacement of the cervix 2. Delivery of the baby 3. Delivery of the placenta

3 types of ADHD/ADD

1. Inattention (ADD) 2. Hyperactivity (ADHD) 3. Both (ADD/ADHD)

how do you know attachment exists

1. Proximity Maintenance 2. Separation Distress- related to Stranger anxiety

2 major types of therapy

1. Psychotherapy 2. Biomedical

2 assumptions of piaget cognitive stage theory

1. children are born with an instinctive ability to adapt to the environment 2. these thoughts become organized as baby starts to interact with the environment

Tx of ADD/ADHD

1. cognitive/behavioral 2. meds

2 categories of play for preschoolers

1. context: what children do when they play 2. social dimension: whether children play alone or w/ others

4 types of play (Piaget and Smilansky)

1. functional/active play (infancy) 2. Constructive play (toddlers + preschoolers) 3. Pretend play/sociodramatic play (late preschoolers) 4. Formal games w/ rules

6 Universal facial emotions (paul ekman)

1. happy 2. scared/fear 3. angry 4. sad 5. disgust 6. surprise *keypoints*: 1. facial emotions=universal (evolutionary) 2. present at birth (must be important) 3. reliable and valid way of interpreting intentions of others Baby's expression of emotion: -crying -by 6 mos of age: presentation by baby of universal emotions in place

Elkind's Theory of Adolescent Egocentrism

1. idealism and criticalness 2. argumentativness 3. indecisiveness 4.apparent hypocrisy 5. self-conciousness 6. specialness and invulnerability

advances of Preoperational Thought (piagetian approach)

1. mastery of symbolic thought/function 2. symbolic development and spatial thinking 3. casuality 4. Understanding of identities and categorization

"still face" or "stone face" paradigm

1. mom interacts with baby normally 2. mom is still face 3. bby attempts to get, re-engage mom (bby shows distress) 4. mom re-engages baby *modern experiment: acknowledgement of post-partum depression- effects baby too

what is the purpose of attachment

1. safe haven- freedom/protection from harm 2. secure base- freedom to explore

4 Basic Standards for Categorizing a Psychological Disorder

1. statistical infrequency 2. disability or disfunction 3. personal distress (own judgement) 4. violation of norms

difficult temperament

10% irritable temperament sleeps/eats irregularly suspicious of new situations frustrated easily (tantrums) adjusts slowly to change ADVANTAGES: lg. toolkit no one's ever gonna take my (demon) baby DISADVANTAGES: not-self soothing worry about most because these babies are most likely to be physically abused or killed

moral reasoning stage 3

11-12 yrs formal op stage equity takes specific circumstances into account

tertiary circular reactions

12-18 months, infants experiment with new behavior to see what will happen, trial and error used for problem solving, curiosity and experimentation

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

12-18 mos-3 years, develops a balance of independence and self-sufficiency over shame and doubt, virtue=will

insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment

15% anxious before mother even leaves extreme stranger and separation anxiety little exploration, very clingy on mom's return-doesn't calm down hits mom/ hugs her violently/ kick or squirm

slow to warm up temperament

15% mildly intense reactions both positive and negative responds slowly to change mildly negative to new stimuli (situations/people) slowly OK with repeated and pleasant exposure DISADVANTAGES: slow parents think their baby's easy because of them small toolbox

naming explosion

16-24 mos within a few weeks a child can go from 50-500 words

mental combinations

18 months-2 year, use of symbolic thought, have insight, using words, no longer trial and error learning

Harlow and the nature of love

1950's-60's, surrogate mother's: wire vs cloth, newborn macaques removed from mom, "contact comfort"= baby spent more time on cloth mother regardless of milk source

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

1967 attachment= reciprocal, enduring emotional tie b/ child and caregiver looked at differences in the quality of child-caregiver relationships and attachment Strange Situation (child ~ 10 mos- 2y/o) -<1/2 hour -baby, mom, and stranger in rm together -mom leaves -baby is alone with stranger -mother returns (reunion) -mother and stranger leave baby alone -stranger returns -mother returns (reunion) *reunions important in determination*

model of parenting (Diana Baumrind)

1967, used to capture normal variations in parents' attempts to control and socialize their children 1. not for abusive/neglect homes 2. normal parenting revolves around control-w/maturity level 3. includes: a. parental responsiveness-warmth/support b. demandingness(control)-maturity, discipline

4th parenting style (Maccoby and Martin)

1983 DEF: uninvolved(neglectful) PARENTAL QUALITIES: -low in responsiveness -could be rejecting and neglectful CHILD QUALITIES: -mostly disoriented

dizygotic twins (DZ)

2 eggs and 2 sperm, fraternal twins, more common, share 50% of genes

moral reasoning stage 1

2-7 y/o preop stage rigid obedience to authority rules cannot be charged or bent

embryonic stage

2-8 weeks

insecure-avoidant attachment

20% no apparent stranger or separation anxiety- although a heart monitor shows otherwise mother is avoided when she returns child appears angry or frustrated

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

2013 used for dx and coding of mental disorders include descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria common lang for clinicians

average rate of consumption for TV/computer in a week

24 hours per week, 3 hours/ day

gross motor skills in early childhood

3 y/o= cannot turn or stop quickly jump a distance of 15-24 in. can ascend a stairway alt. feet w/o help can hop 4 y/o= have more effective control of stopping, starting, turning can jump a distance of 24-33 in can descend a long stairway alt feet if supported can hop four to six steps on one foot 5 y/o= can start, turn, stop effectively in games can make a running jump of 28-36 in can descend a long stairway alt. feet unaided can easily hop a distance of 16 feet

phallic stage

3-6 years pleasure seeking is focused on genitals, attention directed towards opposite sex parent (tom-boys, mamma's boys), Oedipal complex, castration anxiety, penis envy

intiative vs guilt

3-6 years, develops initiative when trying out new activities and not overwhelmed by guilt, virtue=purpose

artistic development in early childhood-pictoral stage

4 or 5 y/o switch from abstract form and design to depicting real objects reflects cognitive development of representational ability

secondary circular reactions

4-8 months intentional actions repeated to get results beyond the infants own body, not goal directed at first

childhood hypertension

4.5% prev. of HTN with overweight the major contributing factor

Temperamental patterns (NYLS) - findings

40 % of children= easy - generally happy -rhythmic in biological functioning -accepting of new experiences 10% of children= difficult -more irritable -harder to please -irregular in biological rhythms -more intense in expressing emotion 15% of children=slow-to-warm -mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations

easy temperament

40% happy temperament regular feeding + sleeping schedules readiness to accept new experiences likes new foods smiles at strangers little fussing adapts quickly to "newness" DISADVANTAGES: baby wandering off with strangers baby not needing parent difficult children after easy child make a small toolkit for parents

Formal games with rules

4th cog level of play involves organized games with known procedures and penalties such as hopscotch, marbles, board games ex: memory, candyland, chutes and ladders, video games, sports "interactive play"

biological theory

5 levels of environmental influence on child development: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

percentage of all pima and tohono o'odhom who have diabetes

50%

latency stage

6 to puberty, the stress of castration anxiety and penis envy force the child into a latency stage, sexual energy is dormant while you start to develop same-sex peer friendships, opposite sex=gross

babbling

6-10 mos repeating consonant-vowel strings such as "ma-ma-ma" often mistaken for baby's first word is not real language- no meaning to the baby includes "phonemes" : basic sounds of mother tongue -ex: by 1 yr japanese infants no longer distinguish between "ra" and "la"- distinction doesn't exist in Japanese (english speakers do)

identity vs. inferiority

6-puberty, must learn skills of the culture or face incompetence virtue=skill

secure attachment

65% mother= secure base for exploration baby demonstrates "stranger and separation anxiety" calms down when mother returns cooperates w/ stranger

moral reasoning stage 2

7-11 yrs concrete op stage increased flexibility considers intent and beginning of equity intention and circumstances should be considered for punishment uses wider range of viewpoints

fetal stage

8 weeks to birth

coordination of secondary schemes

8-12 months, intentionally starting a secondary scheme, generalize from the past, solve new problems/goal directed

Fetal development/characteristics

8wks-birth add of fat and myelation of neurons at least 1/2 of body is bones grows 20x from previous length (germ +embryo) finishing touches emerge (fingernails, toenails, eyelids)

conventional social gestures

9-12 mos ex: "hello/bye" or "I don't know"- tend towards adulthood

Oedipal complex (Freud)

= Literally, the child's desire to have sex with its mother and kill its father {these desires conflict with the reality principle and so must be repressed so that the child can form its own gendered ego; an unresolved Oedipal complex can lead to displaced feelings of guilt and shame later in life}

learning

A long-lasting change in behavior based on experience.

correlation coefficients

A numerical indication of relationship • Numbers close to 1=strong (.87, -.87) • Numbers close to 0=weak (.07, -.07) Positive of Negative: (predictive value) • + Variables = same direction; ex: stress and abuse / • - Variables = opposite direction; ex: vocabulary and frustration \

conduct disorder (CD)

A persistent, repetitive pattern, beginning at an early age, of aggressive, antisocial acts, violating societal norms or the rights of others (ex: vandalism) - More prevalent in urban than rural Gender Differences: Males: Physical aggressive (fighting, stealing) - Females: Eating disorders, mutilation, lying, substance use, prostitution

janudice

A yellowing of the skin and eyes, caused by an immature liver in newborns, 1/2 of all babies, preemies @ risk tx= sunlight breaks down bilirubin so baby's liver can process, place child in a window 10 min/2x a day or phototherapy- place baby on a warmer beneath bililights

Bandura Social Learning (Soc Cog) Theory

AKA: observational learning/model role models: ex= mom/dad, big bro/sis "kindling" the child-seeing violence can "kindle" that behavior observe behaviors being punished/rewarded "reciprocal determinism" b/ child and the world

castration anxiety

According to Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development, the fear a boy in the phallic stage experiences due to a fear that his father will render him powerless if his father finds out about his attraction toward his mother.

penis envy

According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males.

sequential design

BEST DESIGN! following several cohorts longitudinally or several cross sections over time

view of attachment prior to Harlow

Babies bond with mothers because they give them milk, 30's-50's = cold era of child rearing, J.B. Watson- don't over indulge or love

NBAS (Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale)

Brazelton, 1973, test done @ peds office, tests responsiveness to physical and social environment up to 2 mos of age, used to complete "portrait" and detect any problems, takes 30 minutes: motor organization (hand-to-mouth), reflexes, state changes (can bby be soothed), instability (tremors)

representational ability

Capacity to mentally represent objects and experiences, largely through symbols (words, numbers, mental pictures)

qualitative change

Change in kind, structure, or organization, such as the change from nonverbal to verbal communication

quantitative change

Change in number or amount, such as in height, weight, or size of vocabulary

characteristics of resilient children-family

Characteristics: -Close relationship to caring parent figure -Authoritative parenting: warmth, structure, high expectations -Socioeconomic advantages -Connections to extend supportive family networks

characteristics of resilient children-individual

Characteristics: -Good intellectual functioning -Appealing, sociable, easygoing disposition -Self-confidence, high self-esteem -Talents -Faith

Statistical infrequency

Compare the frequency of behavior to others (is it rare) Example: "Others are out to get me!" ------ You (not understandable) vs the President (understandable) *Need to see who and the context being said

fetal learning people

DeCasper and Greensboro; UNC,

agriculture education

Extensive services helping farmers and then farmers wife; Birth of HDFS programs (PSU)

G. Stanley Hall

Father of child psychology, first academic journal in field, wanted to study kids "minds", first to use questionnaires with kids

Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST)

Frankenburg, Dodds, Fandal, Kazuk, Cohrs, 1975 used to chart normal progress b/ ages 1 mo and 6 y/o and to identify children who are not developing normally tests gross and fine motor skills assesses lang devel-knowing defs of words and personality/social devel

Preoperational thought: symbolic development and spatial thinking

GROWTH of representational thinking=spatial relationship accuracy <3 y/o children have troubles understanding scale models, maps, pics EX: the doll house is a representation of our house that model set is the Altoona train yard

Adult Attachment Interview (AAI)

George, Kaplan, Main, 1985 asks adults to recall and interpret feelings and experiences related to their childhood attachments Found the way adults recall early experiences with parents or caregivers is related to their emotional well-being and may influence the way they respond to their own children

Stages of Prenatal Development

Germinal (conception to 2 weeks) Embryonic (2 to 8 weeks) Fetal (8 weeks to birth)

sucking studies

HAS, tranducers and nipples sound: devel by 6 mos in-utero post birth: if baby sucks nipple= trigger familiar sound, stops= unfamiliar preferences: -mom's voice preferred over a stranger -mom's voice filtered through amniotic fluid preferred over air conducted voice xenophobes- preferred mom's native tongue, not foreign, prefer being read familiar texts, even if by a stranger, over new texts people who read/ talk to the fetus feel more comfy with newborn that those who do not

consequences of teen pregnancy

Higher risk of pregnancy/birth complications (due to teratogens) Single parenting (85% remain single) Higher divorce rate for those who marry due to pregnancy 50% drop out of school at least temporarily Less likely to obtain college degree Lack of parenting skills/experience Unemployment or low income (poverty)

Why are we seeing precocious menarche?

Higher standard of living (better food, better health care) Growth hormones in food Heritability of menarche (behavioral genetics) Increased presence of unrelated males

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust

IF successful we develop a sense of the reliability of people and objects in our world, feel safe and loved if unsuccessful we develop a sense of mistrust and feel that those around us cannot be counted on in times of need

control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Moro reflex

Infant reflex where a baby will startle in response to a loud sound or sudden movement., dropped, baby extends legs, arms, fingers, arches back, draws back head (like a parachuter/trooper) disappears~ 3 mos

exosystem

Interaction among two or more environments, one of which does not directly include the individual. maternity leave

Fetal Psychology

Janet Hopson

Fetal Psychologist

Janet Hopson; Johns Hopkins

Mother as a social reference

Joe Campos, UC Berkley nonverbal communication happy/encouragement face-bby more likely to come over cliff fear face- baby less likely to come over cliff, indicates baby picks up on social clues

situational compliance

Kochanska's term for obedience of a parent's orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control decreases with age

committed compliance

Kochanska's term for wholehearted obedience of a parent's orders without reminders or lapses increases with age more likely to be girls showing this at 8-10 mos

Humanizing trend of childbirth

Labor and delivery rooms are quiet, soft lighting; the women may receive local anesthesia if she wants and can hold the baby after giving birth

child protective laws

Mandatory schooling=more time in school, but also more "hooliganism"-more kids running around city ex: gangs

increased aggression and fear/submission

Parent reinforced for being aggressive; kid reinforced for being submissive

specialness and invulnerability

Person Fable: belief that one is special, unique, and not subject to the rules that govern the rest of the world

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems

biomedical/drug therapy

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): • Treats anxiety, depression, compulsive, and disruptive disorders • Mostly slow acting (4-6 weeks) • Meds that increase the amount of serotonin (mood elevation) in the brain • Examples: • Fluoxetine (Prozac) • Paroxetine (Paxil) • Sertaline (Zoloft)

3 mountain task

Sit child down at table with puppet on other side; make little, medium and big mountain. Ask child to tell you what they see. If they lack theory of mind, they will say they see big, medium and little and so does the puppet instead of saying they see big, medium and little and puppet sees little, medium, and big (allocentric vs egocentric)

culture-free tests

Tests with no culture-linked content. Tasks that do not require language. (Tracing mazes, putting the right shapes in the right holes, and completing pictures) VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Dilation of the cervix

The longest stage of labor, lasting between 12-14 hours in a first birth and 4-6 hours in later births. regular and increasingly frequent uterine contractions-15 to 20 mins apart at first-cause the cervix to shorten and dilate/widen. towards the end contractions occur every 2-5 minutes, stage lasts until cervix is fully open (10 cm or 4 in)

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

adolescent growth spurt

The period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight. unbalanced growth causes gawkiness

continuous theory of development

Theory based on the belief that human development progresses smoothly and gradually from infancy to adulthood, mechanistic model, quantitative chng: # or amount EX: ht,wt, size of vocab- measuring the same thing over time even if there might be more or less of it

Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Treats anxiety, depression, compulsive, and disruptive disorders • Mostly slow acting (4-6 weeks) • Meds that increase the amount of serotonin (mood elevation) in the brain • Examples: • Fluoxetine (Prozac) • Paroxetine (Paxil) • Sertaline (Zoloft)

APGAR

Virginia Apgar, 1952, medical assessment done at 1,5,10 minutes, avg score=7, 7-10=excellent, 4-7=needs help breathing, <3 = immediate resuscitation

reflex/behavior gap

Walking reflex present almost a birth disappears around 4 mos reappears around 1 y/o (walking) why 8 mo gap? seems to disappear because legs are getting strong/chunky, baby can't move on own yet evidence= babies put into water at this time will "swim/walk"

Psychology

a better understanding of childhood influences, change from "needing" to "wanting" a child

test-retest

a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing a test taker's scores on the same test taken on separate occasions

accommodation

a modification in thinking when old schemes don't fit EX: if it has 4 legs, in a pasture and moos=cow if it has 4 legs, in my neighborhood and barks=dog environment and interests propels your schema

Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

a pattern of defiance, disobedience, and hostility toward adult authority figures lasting at least 6 months and going beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior

object permanence

a person or object still exists even when out of sight ex: if you leave the room I know you still exist (person permanence), develops through sensorimotor

self-regulation

a person's independent control of behavior to conform to understood social expectations foundation of socialization parallels the development of self-conciousness and evaluative emotions such as empathy, shame, and guilt

reinforcement

a procedure that results in a strengthened response

punishment

a procedure that results in a weakened response -tricky: it doesn't tell the organism what to substitute the undesired behavior with... "what can I do?"

transductions

a tendency to mentally link particular phenomena whether there is a casual relationship

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Fertilization

a union of sperm and ovum to produce a single-celled zygote

twin studies

a way of looking at the strength of heritability, MZ twins separated at birth-all differences due to environment, MZ twins highly concordant on most traits EX: temperament

Cognitive advances of the concrete operational child

a. space and casuality b.categorization c.inductive vs. deductive reasoning d. conservation e. #'s and math f. moral reasoning

piagetian formal operations tasks

a.pendulum swing b.motion in a horizontal plane c. balance beam d. shadows

categorization- seriation

ability to order items along a dimension ex: smaller to bigger

fitness

ability to survive and reproduce adaptive purposes of behaviors and traits EX: Neoteny- retention of juvenile traits baby=neotenic form of humans=cute adaptiveness-engenders care from adults, protects against abuse

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

abnormal sleep patterns here indicate a high risk 1-3 months is when SIDS occurs most-associated with deep sleep put baby BACK to sleep- you get deeper sleep on your stomach

out of sight, out of mind

absence of object permanence 4-8 mos (3rd substage-secondary circular reactions) demonstrated in "peek-a-boo"-if they can't see you, you can't see them a person or object doesn't exist if it's out of sight

cause of sleep disturbances

accidental activation of brain's motor control system or by incomplete arousal from a deep sleep or triggered by disordered breathing or restless leg movements

genotype

actual genetic makeup ex: tongue curling ability=DD or Dd

fetal development

add of fat and myelation of neurons, at least 1/2 of body are bones, grows 20x from precious length (germ + embryo), finishing touches emerge: fingernails, toenails, eyelids

positive punishment

addition of something unpleasant

goodness of fit

addresses interaction of parent/child active parent +active parent= good fit cuddling mom and non cuddling baby=?

the marshmellow test

adhd/add and impulsivity problems delayed gratification one now or two later

argumentativeness

adolescents are constantly looking for opportunities to try out their reasoning abilities, often by arguing with their parents about such things as being able to stay out later

indecisiveness

adolescents can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time, but lack effective strategies for choosing among them

self-conciousness

adolescents can think about thinking-their own and other people's adolescents assume everyone is thinking about what they are thinking about: themselves imaginary audience-observer that only exists in the adolescent's mind

idealism and criticalness

adolescents envision an ideal world, for which they hold adults responsible, but they realize that the real world falls short of ideals leading them to think they know better and to find fault with their parents and other adults.

heritability for a trait in adoption studies

adopted children are more like their bio-parents and siblings on a trait EX:ADHD

Symbolic Gesturing (Linda Acredolo)

advantages: - reduces frustration and builds trust; signs like "thirsty" (cup) and "hungry" (mouth) means babies can make needs known w/o frustration and tears -allows babies to share their world; happy, sad, afraid- info is shared, seeing the world thru baby's eyes -strengthens the parent/infant bond; # of positive interactions goes up, # of negative interactions goes down -reveals "baby smarts"; abstract connections- ceiling fan is like a helicopter -promotes positive emotional development and socialization; babies are able to use signs to express gratitude and love, signs for thank you and please -boosts self-confidence; gain of pride when they get the message across -helps baby learn to talk and jumpstarts intellectual development; using signs with baby actually helps them learn to talk signing children are MORE rather than less motivated to talk, higher IQ's (2nd grade) than those who had not signed as babies

who is more likely to have a low weight baby

african american women, under 17 or over 40, unmarried or uneducated, being short/thin, being born in southern or plain states, no children or more than 4 kids, having previous low-weight births, multiple miscarriages, having had low birth weight onself, having genital/urinary abnormalities, chronic hypertension, poor nutrition, inadequate prenatal care, use of alcohol, exposure to stress/high altitude, vaginal bleeding, infections, high/low BP, anemia, too little weight gain, depression

Milestones of Motor development: simple skills

after reflexes, first steps, first words, first bottle

Supermarket diet

all food comes from the supermarket

Both (ADD/ADHD)

all impulse control problems

play, art, animal therapy

allows the child to 1. describe what is troubling them 2. ...w/o feeling the need or pressure to put into words- avoids limits of transductive thinking 3. avoids direct confrontation

alleles

alternate versions of the same gene - every person receives one maternal and one paternal gene for any given trait

Victor the "Wild Child" of Averyon

anti-social, resistant to societal norms, spoke little-telegraph speech, animalistic qualities

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

anxiety aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive ritual behaviors

generalize anxiety disorder (GAD)

anxiety not focused on any single target

sleep/night terrors

appears to awake abruptly early in the night from a deep sleep in a state of agitation- not really awake - doesn't remember it the next morning -occurs mostly b/ ages 3-13 and affect boys more than girls

positive reinforcement

applying a reinforcer devel EX: baby-parents smiling at you

Over-regularizing rules

applying rules rigidly w/o recognizing exceptions "mouses" instead of "mice"

active correlation

as we get older we seek out our own environments, leads to "niche picking" EX: readers will be more attracted to literary types, active kids will join others like them most predominant in adolescence but continues through adulthood

random assignment

assigning the participants to groups in such a way that each person has an = chance of being placed in any group

primitive reflexes

associated with survival and protection, rooting (sucking), "Darwinian" grasping

Concerns of childhood overweight

at risk for behavior problems, depression, low self-esteem, high BP, high cholesterol, high insulin levels childhood diabetes is one of the prime results of rising obesity rates overweight children tend to become overweight adults may shorten life by 2-5 years fall behind classmates in social and physical functioning by age 10

animism

attributing life to non-living objects

Social Interaction and language: role of parents

baby is imitating and parent is reacting what's a convo? (give and take, manners) please and thanks when children reach for something we say: "do you want that?" parents expand on meaning ex: child= mommy hold mom= do you want mommy to hold you?

tonic neck response/ asymmetric neck response

baby laid down on back, assumes "fencing" position, extends preferred limbs, precursor to crawling and walking, disappears ~ 5 to 6 mos

token economy

based on operant conditioning often used in group settings has been successful w/ severly disturbed children

Mozart Effect

be wary of prenatal effect, kits claiming to raise attentionspan, encourage better sleep patterns, expand cognitive power, no evidence to support this, stick earphones to stomach, can be harmful to bbys ears

why do half of the pima and tohono o'odhom tribes have diabetes

because they have the thrifty gene that allows them to put more weight on when there's little to eat in the desert

body image

begin to be important early in middle childhood especially for girls may develop eating disorders that become more common in adolescence 9-12 y/o girls b/ 49 and 55% were dissatisfied with their weight

subject expectancy effects

behavior is changed due to being observed

space and casuality

better understanding of spatial relationships they can give you clear directions on how to get somewhere time= longer vs. shorter NOT minutes vs. hours landmarks along the way

nuclear family

biological parents and kids, still dominant in western society, today more defined as econ unit

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

birth to 1 and 1/2 years infants learn through senses and motor activity - 6 substages

reflex stage

birth to 1 month infants begin to exercise control over reflexes, modifying their schemes (assim/accom) ex= sucking/grasping

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

birth to 12-18 mos, develops sense of whether world is good and safe place, virtue= hope

oral stage

birth to first year, infants derive pleasure through oral activities: -nursing -chewing, gnawing gums, biting -sucking

pre 20th century childbirth customs and mortality rates

birth= female social ritual. Women sat up in bed covered by a sheer, sometimes they stood, walked around or squatted over a birth stool. Chinks in the walls, windows, and doors were stuffed with cloth to keep away chills and evil spirits. The dad wasn't there, dr.'s weren't present until the 1500's and were only affordable by wealthy women if complications arose. Midwives had no formal training and offered advice, massages, potions, irrigations, and talisman's. 1000's of babies were stillborn, 1 out of 4 who were born alive died in their first year, at the end of the 19th century in england an expectant mother was 50x more likely to die in childbirth

small for date infants

born at or around their due date but are smaller than what would be expected-usually because of inadequate nutrition

Heterozygous

both alleles for a trait are different

homozygous

both alleles for a trait are the same

babkin reflex

both of baby's palms are stroked at once, mouth opens, eyes close, neck flexes, head tilts forward disappears ~ 3 mos

spermarche

boys' first ejaculation

What brings a shift to formal operations

brain maturation-prefrontal cortex expanding environmental opportunities -active gxe can be taught and learned

psychometrics

branch of psychology involved in the quantitative measurement of psychological variables

complete object permanence

by 1 y/o linked with allocentrism more objective view of the world baby understand their relationship among all objects within a given space comes with mastery of self-locomotion is indicated by bby no longer making "a, not-b errors"

#'s and math

by age 6 or 7 many can count "in their heads" or able to "count on" 4+3 (one, two, three, four.... five, six, seven) more adept at solving simple story problems: -if Bobby had $5 and he spent $3 how much does he have? (easier-operation=subtraction=clear) -if bobby spent $2 and now he has $3 how much did he start with (harder-operation= addition, but not obvious) -x and division=hardest and latest developed

ainsworth's findings

caregivers of securely attached infants were/are more: -responsive to child's cues -pick them up faster (when cued) -held them longer(when child wanted)- and with more pleasure -BETTER AT MUTUAL REGULATION: responding to mental/emotional states at 1y/o these babies: -cried less -demanded less physical contact compared to babies whose mom's had responded less frequently or consistently

object permanence-dishabituation

carrot/screen test baby's gaze longer at tall carrot that did NOT show up in the notch (as early as 3 1/2 mos)- indicates baby knows that the object should have reappeared=object permanence

conceptual categorization

categorization based on FUNCTION ex: it has an animal on it but it is a cup not a toy

perceptual categorization

categorization based on LOOK... what they are ex: toys- zebra, giraffe, tiger, carrot -recognizing that although they are all toys the carrot is NOT an animal Novelty: will look longer when something is different ex: cookie monster ex (quantity) starfish vs. crab

Environmental influences in adoption studies

child resembles adopted parents and siblings on trait EX: land spoken, religion, some diet preferences

resilient children

children who weather adverse circumstances, function well despite challenges or threats, or bounce back from traumatic events

artistic development in early childhood-shapes

circles, squares, rectangles, triangles, crosses, a Xs then combine shapes into more complex designs 3 y/o

multifactoral transmission

combination of genetic and environmental factors to produce certain complex traits

Nightmares

common during early childhood usually occur toward morning often brought on by staying up too late, eating a heavy meal close to bedtime, or overexitement

germinal stage

conception to 2 weeks

separation anxiety disorder

condition involving excessive, prolonged anxiety concerning separation from home or from people to whom a person is attached

Mesosystem

connections between microsystems linkages b/ home and school

superego

conscience, 5-6 y/o

culture-fair tests

consisting only of experiences common to people in various cultures

Urie Bronfenbrenner

contextual perspective psychologist

experiment

controlled procedure, manipulating variables to learn how one effects another-replicable

relationship between critical periods, plasticity and sensitive periods

controversy over which aspects of behavior are more likely to be altered by environmental events at specific points in development and which aspects remain more plastic and open to influence across wide spans of development

gestures

conventional social, representational, symbolic, natural symbolic

Vernix

creamy coating for protection

Secure attachment middle childhood

curious, "cognitive engagement", understand more intimacy of friendships

Culture

customs/traditions, learned behavior passed on, can have geo-boundaries

what is meant by decreased in traditional food consumption

decreased of the foods that were used in the past that come from the land around them

GxE correlations

demonstrate that genes and environment often reinforce each other (Robert Plomin) Ex: lionel and leo messi 3 types: passive, reactive/evocative, active

egocentric

demonstrates the self-centered view of spatial relations in the infant and young child

Four Goals of Developmental Psychology

describe, explain, predict, modify

Piaget Cognitive Stage Theory

development is a product of the child's efforts to understand and act on their own world

stage theory of development

development is discontinuous, emergence of new phenomena that could not be based on past functioning, organismic model, qualitative change; chng. in kind, structure or organization, not just #

Darwin

developmental similarities= common ancestors (chimps and humans), introduced questions of nature v. nurture

distinguishing b/ appearance and reality

develops b/ 3-6 (Hazy time) ex: disney characters-they know they aren't real but exactly how is difficult parents often encourage the blur "what is Elmo doing?" seeing depth of their animism

cross-sectional study

different ages compared at one time, susceptible to cohort effects

reactive/evocative gxe

different aspects of genetic predispositions can create a reactive environmental situation (Good or Bad), mostly seen in mid-childhood (3-10) 2 types: negative feedback or positive feedback

chronosystem

dimension of time-change or constancy in the child and the environment

4th Category of attachment ('86" Mail/Solomon)

disorganized/disoriented general look of confusion/daze least secure (not secure at all) over represented by abused and neglected children

separation anxiety

distress when a familiar caregiver leaves -somewhat normal - previously believed to be just "parents"; now correlates with "substitute caregivers" (SCS) -loving, warm= not as much anxiety, common SCS in cultures with many caregivers

Theory of mind

do you understand MY mind

ainsworth caregiving scales: sensitvity

does caregiver notice baby's signals?

Characteristics of early speech

during first 3 years-parents use "motherese/parenthese" to accentuate, repeat, expand, exaggerate simplify: use of telegraphic speech, ex: "drink oju" Understand grammatical relationships they cannot yet express: understanding when we say "daddy has to go to work" they say: "daddy go" Under-extend word meanings: words for a single object and not similar objects, no assimilation ex: flower only represents a rose Over-extend word meanings: over-generalizing a word to several meanings too much assimilating not enough accommodating ex: calling all men daddy Over-regularizing rules: applying rules rigidly w/o recognizing exceptions ex: "mouses" instead of mice

Credible Shrinking room

easier for kids to combine 2 representations into 1 big rm= one representation "shrink rm" w/ "shrink gun"= model of the same room kids know where to put teddy from the big room in the model using the shrinking gun turns two representations in to one in their mind

toddlerhood temperaments

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by self-starvation and extreme weight loss

results of increased tv/computer time

eating in front of tv increased by 45% total cals consumed increased 10% physical activity decreased by 2 hrs/week

only child

eggs all in the basket. babied but responsibility as well

negative feedback

environment makes you less like what your genes say you should be EX: shy child (G) is encouraged to come out of shell (E) child=outgoing

positive feedback

environment makes you more like what your genes say you should be EX: active child (G) encouraged to be athletic(E) child= athletic

depth perception and other animals

evidence: chicks, baby goats, lambs all do not cross over cliff starting right after birth babies: do NOT cross cliff right at crawling/ walking time shortly after being mobile are "afraid" of cliff- avg.= 8 1/2 mos-1 year, babies develop ability to afford environment rats don't afford cliff either way, don't rely on visual senses to survive aquatic turtle has no evolved sense of falling, falling can't happen in their environment

Handedness in early childhood

evident by age 3 most people prefer right because left hemisphere of brain is more dominant people who have more symmetrical brains prefer left boys are more likely to be left-handed more environmental than genetic- twins are generally not concordant for left-handedness

moral reasoning

ex: jenny... trying to help mom... could not be repaired sarah... told not to have a cookie... could be repaired who should get in more trouble? -younger than 7= jenny egocentric/degree of offense -older than 7= sarah moving towards allocentrism, equity

natural symbolic gesturing

ex: blind children and adolescents use gestures while speaking "no"= head shake pointing in the direction of the desired object

experimental group

exposed to manipulation or tx

social phobia

extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations

Four Contexts of Development

family, socioeconomic status, culture/ethnicity, historical contexts

measuring or conceptualizing puberty

female: -growth of breasts -growth of pubic hair -body growth spurt -menarche -appearance of underarm hair -increased output of oil and sweat producing glands Male: -growth of testes, scrotal sac -growth of pubic hair -body growth spurt -growth of penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles -change in voice -spermarche -appearance of facial and underarm hair -increased output of oil and sweat producing glands

fetal movement

fetus can: yawn squint swallow make fists sleep move hiccup -baby=most active when mom is still tones of tactile movement and stimulation: touching face, clasping hands, touching foot to leg, licking uterine wall, "walk abouts", touching umbilical cord

Fetal movement

fetus can: yawn, squint, swallow, make fists, sleep, move and hiccup-baby most active when mom is still, tons of tactile stimulation: touching face, clasping hands, touching foot to leg, licking uterine wall, "walk abouts" touching umbilical cord (Heidelise Als- Harvard Med)- awake or asleep, the fetus moves >50x/hr, flexing, extending, exploring, sucking thumb

lanugo

fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.

Sequence of Early Language Development

first 3 years- prelinguistic, babbling, gestures, first words, first sentences

sexual orientation

focus of consistent sexual, romantic, and affectionate interest, either heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual

use of centration

focusing on one aspect of a situation and not others adults de-center (simultaneously thinking of several aspects of a situation) centration shown by: a. inability to perform conservation= 2 objects that are= remain = in the face of perceptual alteration b. irreversability: only focusing on end states rather than successive states: failure to see that an action can go 2 or more ways ex: a belief that pouring juice from glass to lass changes the amount of juice c. egocentrisim: inability to consider another person's POV d. lack theory of mind: ex: 3 mountain task + Hughes Policeman task

Stages of Prenatal Development

germinal, embryonic, fetal

symbolic gesturing

gestures that function much like words and are symbolic of that desired concept

representational gestures

gestures that represent the desired action directly ex: holding an empty cup to one's mouth= "I want a drink"

Body Image: girls vs boys

girls: -increases over the course of early to midadolescence boys: -more satisfied with their bodies because they are becoming more muscular

hand control

grasping reflex, at 3 1/2 mos can grasp moderately sized things, such as a rattle but have trouble holding a sm. object, next they begin to grasp objects with one hand and transfer them to the other and then to hold but not pick up sm. objects. b/ 7-11 mos hand become coordinated to pick up a tiny object using pincer grasp, by 15 mos the avg bby can build a tower of 2 cubes, a few mos after the 3rd birthday, the avg toddler can copy a circle pretty well

Milestones of motor development: complex skills

grasping: babies uses whole hand (simian grip), adults use pincer grip

Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8)

group intelligence test for kindergarten through 12th grade

physical domain

growth of body, brain, sensory capacities and motor skills Ex: a sickly child won't be able to relate to their peers, tall-for-their-size kids stick out

Robert Plomin

gxe correlations researcher

Nelson theory of infantile amnesia

happens because baby can't talk about memories

Piaget Theory of infantile amnesia

happens because brain isn't fully developed

Poverty Hurts Children

health- death in infancy, premature birth, inadequate prenatal care, no reg. healthcare education- repeat a grade, being a dropout

risks for kids with obesity as adults

heart disease, stroke, diabetes

Fetal Movement (Als)

heidelise Als- harvard med awake or asleep the fetus moves >50x/hr-flexing, extending, exploring, sucking thumb

how to help parents

help them understand what a reasonable portion size is for children, emphasizing patience when kids are trying new foods-they'll learn to like it

Reinforcement

higher likelihood of behavior re-occuring, usually a pleasant experience for the child/person

secular trends of early menarche

higher standard of living now-we are healthier, better nourished and cared for so we mature earlier and grow bigger a girl's first period may be similar to mom's if environment and nutrition stay the same

ainsworth caregiving scales: emotional accessability

how available caregiver is overall and how often bby was ignored ex: on your phone?

2 formal questions posed by developmental psychologists

how do people change from conception to adolescence? What characteristics remain stable?

1 in 10

how many caregivers or parents of preschoolers say their child has a sleep problem

Preoperational Thought: Understanding of identities and categorization

identities: people and things are the same despite changing form, size, or appearance ex: mommy can also be aunt cathy- requires understanding similarities + differences ex: distinguishing life from non-life? - is your doll alive: lack of identity=animism-attributing life to non-living objects can your doll really eat food? No! "mommy the cloud is crying on me!"

heredity

if a trait has the ability to be inherited- the trait has variation in the population, trait is due to genetic influence EX: having 2 arms in inherited but no variation= not heritable eye color= highly heritable

visible imitation

imitation with parts of one's body that one can see (hands/feet)

invisible imitation

imitation with parts of one's body that one cannot see

microsystem

immediate environment home, school, neighborhood, face-to-face relationships

macrosystem

in the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

infantile amnesia

inability to remember events prior to age of 3 years, any memories before that= "borrowed" memories

horizontal decalage

inability to transfer learning about one type of conservation to other types ex: mastering conservation of volume but not physical conservation

categorization

includes: seriation transitive inference class inclusion

socioeconomic status (SES)

income, education, occupation - low SES children are more likely to have emotional/behavior probs, poorer school performance

Side effects of punishment

increased aggression, temporary suppression, avoidance behavior, modeling

results of decreased tv/computer time

increased in activity greater than 3.5 hours/ week ate less

systems of action

increasingly complex combos of skills that permit a wider or more precise range movement and more control of the environment Ex: - jump w/ b ft. -hopping mastery - alt. feet on stairs -gallop -skipping

Bandura's Bobo Doll Study

indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive rewards and punishments

cognitive therapy

individual or family psychotherapy assumes probs are due to maladaptive patterns or thinking focus is on recognition and alteration of unhealthy thinking patterns

.four parenting styles

indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, indifferent

Preterm baby

infants born before completing the 37th week of gestation

normative domain

influences that effect many or most people experienced similarly by most people Ex: puberty at 10-14 y/o

non-normative domain

influences that only occur to a sm # of people or unusual events that have a mjr. impact. 2 types: - typical event at an atypical time ex: early puberty -an atypical event ex: birth defect, transgender, precocious devel (female)- attention from males earlier than cohort members, at risk for early sex behaviors, risk for STD's and pregnancy, "prostitot"

protective factors

influences that reduce the impact of early stress and tend to predict positive outcomes

temperament

innate or gentically based aspect of an individual's psychological traits different that personality robust, unchanging, lifelong reactivity (unreactive "mellow" vs. reactive "anxious")

Imprinting (Lorenz)

instinctive form of learning in which during a critical period in early development a young animal forms an attachment to the first moving object it sees

case studies

intensive investigation of 1 person or sm group (less than or = to 10), unique condition/trait/event, lg amount of info gathered, often used clinically EX: childhood schizophrenic adv=in-depth, exhaustive coverage of possible influences, clinically more info is helpful in designing tx EX: art therapy for kids with schizophrenia disadv= low generalizability

Secure attachment adults

intimacy not confused with sexual intimacy, more and more stable relationships, able to recognize own children's needs (high on Ainsworth Caregiving scale)

reflexes

involuntary behaviors (i.e. not learned), help keep baby alive, infants have 27 major reflexes, first appear 1 mo of age in gestation, disappearance of reflex indicates a learned behavior has taken over

temporary suppression

is only in the presence of the punishing person or circumstances

Why is spatial relationship accuracy difficult

lack of dual representation hypothesis -dual representation is difficult because it requires holding 2 mental representations at one time ex: on this map, this is where we live! - hard for a kid to understand

Explain example

lang- how does a child learn to use lang? A: listening to others sex- what cause precocious sexual behavior? A: family context; disorder/ abuse

describe example

lang- when does a child say their first word? A: around 1 y/o sex- what is a typical first sexual experience? A: holding hands/kissing

Predict example

lang- will delayed lang effect speech? A: yes sex- does precocious sex lead to more STD's? A: yes

modify example

lang-can speech therapy help speech delays? A: yes sex- is sex ed for pre-teens related to lower STD's? A: yes

Descent and emergence of the baby

last 1-2 hrs, begins when the bby's head begins to move through the cervix into the vaginal canal, ends when bby emerges completely from the mother's body. If this stage lasts longer than 2 hours, signaling the baby may need help, a Dr. may grasp the bby's head w/ forceps or use vacuum extraction w/ a suction cup

expulsion of the placenta

lasts b/ 10 mins-1 hr

mirror test

late 60's observation of reaction of primates as they view their own mirrored reflection given mirror 8 hrs/day up to 2 weeks P1: initially humans/nonhumans treat reflection as other individuals, eventually self-exploration or inspection of body parts they couldn't normally see-similar to human inspection ("how does the back of my hair look?") p2: aka: Rough/mark test bright red mark on one eyebrow/ear/nose do you notice this mark or not? a considerable amount of time spect inspecting mark(strange part of their body)=awareness implications= internalized identity that permits recognization of an external representation of themselves (mirror image) "I have a distinct physical existence"- this distinct experience permits that "I am an observer and observed"

integrity vs despair

late adulthood, elderly person achieves acceptance of own life, allowing acceptance of death or else despairs over inability to relive life, virtue= wisdom

Pretend Play/ Sociodramatic play

late preschool 3rd cog level of play involves imaginary people or situations aka: fantasy, dramatic, or imaginative play includes the symbolic function: - playing dolls - pretending with storylines - interacting with other kids; role playing children learn: - to explore/rehearse social roles they see around them - to convince each other of ideas (manipulation) - regulate emotions through play ex: pretending to be sad - develop self-concept in non-threatening situations ex: brave soldier or pretty girl -Frustration tolerance ex: "I can't always be the king if I want to play with others" "interactive play"

Piagetian Approach: Sensorimotor Stage

learning through senses and motor activity

4D ultrasound

like 3D but adds movement- like a video o Baby does things in real time (ex sucking thumb)

first words

linguistic speech 10-14 mos verbal expression designed to convey meaning usually pointing and learning names of objects ex: mama, dada, dog includes holophrases

adoption studies

looks at the similarity between unrelated individuals in the same home

middle child

lost child, trying to stand out (drug addict, clown), babysitter vs babysat

Equilibriation (Piaget)

making a constant toggle b/ assimilation and accommodation EX: I can use b a bottle and a cup, they just require diff. tongue and mouth movements parallel to adaptation

youngest child

mascot, "the baby of the family", brat, personality= not ambitious/independent

generativity vs stagnation

middle adulthood, mature adult is concerned with est. next generation or feels personal impoverishment, virtue=care

fetal movement indications

mismatch of environment for preemies, outside of the body but tx like they're still in the womb (kangaroo care), changing care so preemies can: bring knees to chest, curl up, touch themselves with hands-like in utero

Fetal movement indications

mismatch of environment for preemies, outside of the body by tx ike they're still in the womb (Kangaroo care), changing care so preemies can: bring knees to chest, curl up, touch themselves with hands-like in utero

plasticity

modifiability of the brain through experience

sounds preferences

mom's voice preferred over a stranger, mom's voice filtered through amniotic fluid preferred over air conducted voice xenophobes: mom's native tongue preferred over foreign tongue, prefer being read familiar texts even if by a stranger, not new txts people who read/talk to the fetus feel more comfy with newborn than those who do not

childhood depression

mood disorder characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, feelings of worthlessness, weight change, physical complaints, and thoughts of death or suicide

crucial family structure changes in the last century

more single parents, blending families, adoption/foster, gay/lesbian parents, no kid families

postural reflexes

moro, tonic neck, perez, walking/swimming/crawling

walking/swimming/crawling reflex

most of these tests are done in water (studies)-alleviates the weight, put in h20 face down or held under arms-the baby makes well coordinated swimming/walking motions disappears around 4 mos -precursor to walking

extended family

multigenerational kinship network of parents, children, and other relatives, social relationships flexible, historically more common in Asia, africa, and latin america, becoming less typical

3D ultrasound

multiple 2d's at different angles render a 3D image o Looks like a photo o To examine suspected fetal anomalies (ex. Cleft lip)

fetal blood sampling

needle guided by ultrasound is inserted into blood vessels of umbilical cord, allows direct access to fetal DNA-assessment of blood disorders and infections

newborn size/appearance

neonate/newborn= birth - 4wks transition to physical independence wt: 5.5-10 lbs =avg wt. range (avg=7.5), first borns tend to weigh less (uterus tight) size: boys=longer and heavier, girls=shorter and lighter, lg. heads (1/4 whole body) appearance= mis-shaped head due to birth canal-eventually fontanels will fuse together, lanugo-fuzzy prenatal hair, vernix- creamy coating for protection

Gardener's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

no such thing as single unified intelligence. linguistic, musical, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal

family

nuclear and extended

Phenotype

observable expression of genetic makeup, needs environment to express sometimes Ex: callouses, schizophrenia, ADHD, product of genotype EX: Mr. T genotype=full hair, phenotype= mohawk

naturalistic observation

observing people and other animals in "natural setting" EX: teens at rave, children at playground every attempt is made unnoticed by subject adv: can observe behaviors that for ethical reasons cannot be manipulated, higher generalizability EX: (pepler/craig) bullying on a school playground -physical aggression occurred for boys 1x/11 min -verbal aggression for girls occurred for girls / 5min -runaway teens/gangs disadv: difficult to discount biases or other factors, lack of control over setting/subject

Childhood diabetes

one of the most common diseases for school-age children each year 3,700 children are dx with type 2 diabetes

formal operational stage

only 35% of high school grads usually begins around 11 y/o capacity for abstract thoughts

Fear Reactions with Cloth Mother

open field test- contains various objects for baby to manipulate and play w/ in open area Fearful objects- rxn= would run to the mother for comfort, were more likely to explore if she was there than absent

3 stages of piaget cognitive stage theory

organization, adaptation, equilibriation

schemes

organized patterns of behavior used in particular situations

schemes

organized patterns of behavior, used in different situations, "foundation that builds scaffolding", how to interact with different things in the environment EX: infants and sucking schemas toddlers and 4-legged schema depends on envrionment

Over-extend word meanings

over-generalizing a word to several meanings too much assimilating not enough accommodating ex: calling all men daddy

child-directed speech (CDS)

parentese form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers slow, simplified speech high pitched tone exaggerated vowel sounds short words and sentences much repetition

Origins of Sexual Orientation

partly genetic the more older biological brothers a man has, the more likely he is to be gay brains of gay men and straight women are more symmetrical brains of lesbian women and straight men are more symmetrical

sex-linked inheritance

pattern of inheritance in which certain characteristics carried on the X chromosome inherited from the mother are transmitted differently to her male and female offspring

polygenic inheritance

pattern of inheritance in which multiple genes at different sites on chromosomes affect a complex trait

preconventional morality

people act under external controls obey the rules to avoid punishment or reap rewards or act out of self interest typical of ages 4-10

avoidance behavior

people and animals avoid unpleasant things (LAW OF EFFECT)

bidirectional development

people change their world as it changes them

conventional morality

people have internalized standards of authority figures they are concerned about being good, pleasing others, maintaining the social order reached around 10 y/o many people never move beyond it

postconventional morality

people recognize conflicts between moral standards and make judgments on the basis of principles of right, fairness, and justice

Surveys/Questionnaires

people respond directly to a structured set of questions about cognitive process, answers: structured response sets, rating scales-likert type -operationally define: on a scale of 1-6, how do you feel? adv= mass survey: high generalizability; sample=population, non-intrusive disadv=hopefully people are truthful

Influence on intelligence-culture

people think different ways in different places -sorting example

categorization

perceptual, conceptual

social construction

periods that are based on subjective perceptions (usually widely accepted) or assumptions Ex: pds of devel prenatal pd= conception to birth infancy/toddlerhood=birth to 3 yrs early childhood=3 to 6 yrs middle childhood= 6 to 11 adolescence= 11 to 20 years U.S. adult= 18 years old Drinking age = 21 years old

mutations

permanent alterations in genes or chromosomes that may produce harmful characteristics but provide the raw material of evolution

psychosocial domain

personality and social relationships ex: anxiety about friendships at school leads to bedwetting... leads to anxiety about sleepovers

4 interactive domains of development

physical, cognitive, psychosocial, normative vs. non-normative

id

pleasure principle-drive to seek immediate satisfaction of needs and desires, newborns governed by this

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Preoperational Though: Casuality

preoperational children still have some difficulty with cause and effect still using transductions (a tendency to mentally link particular phenomena whether there is a casual relationship) Ex: I was bad and that's why my parents broke up I asked Santa to come and he did -Ease with cause and effect in some of the following ways biological reasoning: -"I am taking meds to make my fever go away" Physiological reasoning: -"I am talking quietly so Daddy can sleep"

Darwinian (grasping) reflex

present at birth, disappears ~ 4 mos, stroke babies palm (palmar) or foot (plantar), palmar strong enough to be raised to a standing position

rooting reflex

present at birth; disappears around 9 months- babies gaining muscle tone-neck and mouth

prevention and treatment of childhood obesity

prevention: healthy attitudes about food and appropriate activity levels what parents can do: -make sure children are offered healthy food choices -outdoor play time -limit food choices -limit tv to 2 hours a day -provide healthy role models schools: -develop school wellness policies -provide healthier foods -make sure children get at least 30 minutes vigorous physical activity private industry: -employee medical benefits that include prevention coverage -healthy products that are attractive to children -incentives for healthy eating -use tv ads aimed at children to promote healthy products HCP's: -identify and track children at risk for obesity -calc. BMI annually Communities: -offer after-school rec. programs -pedestrian friendly neighborhoods GOV: -publish nutritional guidelines for foods sold in schools -give the fed. trade commission authority to est. guidelines for ads for junk food

operations

principles we use when solving problems -children develop logical but NOT abstract thinking -children solve actual or "concrete" probs -children DO NOT solve possible or abstract prbs -cause and effect is mastered but limited to here and now

newborn body systems

prior to birth= placenta providing O2, waste removal, blood cleansing, etc. breathing: baby usually breathes with exposure to air, only have 1/10 the air sacs of adults (must breathe ASAP), can suffer from anoxia (lack of O2)-causes permanent brain damage waste: 1rst days/weeks secrete meconium-greenish/black stringy waste from the intestines, the sphincter and pelvic floor muscles are NOT controlled, when the bladder and bowels are full they expel

IQ controversy

pro- IQ tests in middle childhood are fairly good predictors of school achievement con- They infer intelligence from what already know

circular reactions

processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance

identity vs identity confusion

puberty to young adulthood, must determine sense of self or develop confusion about roles virtue= fidelity

Modeling (Albert Bandura)

punisher serve as a "model" for the same behavior they're trying to stop

ego

reason, develops gradually during the first year or so of life, mediates b/ ID and superego-reality principle

negative reinforcement

removing something aversive (result = pleasant) Devel EX: baby-remove dirty diaper when bby cries young child-time out for being ssy-remove attention teen: removing chores for good grades

negative punishment

removing something pleasant

Bedwetting (Enuresis)

repeated involuntary urination at night not unusual for children expected to have bladder control 10-15% of 5 y/o more commonly boys most outgrow it by 8 y/o runs in families- 75% of bed-wetters have a close relative who also wets the bed identical twins more concordant than fraternal twins Tx: alarms that awake the child, drug therapy with desmopressin a synthetic replacement for the hormone that reduces urine production during sleep- in combo with tolterodine showed a significant decrease in bed-wetting

deferred imitation

reproduction of an observed behavior after the passage of time by calling up as to red symbol

elicited imitation

research method in which infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a specific series of actions they have seen but not necessarily done before

Elizabeth Loftus

researched assisted memory (before ages 3-4 we take on memories given to us) research implications: repeated questioning, validity of older memories

"Food vs. Fun" Experiment

results: kids w/ parents who restricted their foods ate the most

Dr. Itard

rich white guy with a lot of resources, considered a psychiatrist, took in Victor, gave him tutors and a housekeeper, taught him words and phrases using food motivation through operant conditioning

longitudinal studies

same people, different ages (same cohort)

amniocentesis

sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and analyzed under guidance of ultrasound, most commonly ued procedure to obtain fetal cells for testing, can detect chromosomal disorders, used in geriatric pregnancies, carriers of Tay-Sachs, Sickle cell anemia

amniocentesis

sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn and analyzed under guidance of ultrasound, most commonly used procedure to obtain fetal cells for testing, can detect chromosomal disorders, used in geriatric pregnancies and carriers of Tay-sachs/sickle cell anemia

maternal blood test

sample of mom's blood tested for levels of alpha feto protein (AFP), hCG, and cestriol, may indicated defects in formation of brain or spinal cord, predict down syndrome, monitoring of pregnancies at risk for low birth weight or stillbirth

maternal blood test

sample of mom's blood tested for levels of alphafetoprotein (AFP), hCG, and cestriol, may indicate defects in formation of brain or spinal cord, predict down syndrome, monitoring of pregnancies at risk for low birth weight or still birth

adaptation

schemes chng through 2 complimentary processes: assimilation and accomodation -act like a seesaw: b don't happen at the same time

inattention (ADD)

school, home, or other social situations -Inability to sustain attention or complete task -Look at appropriateness for developmental level Example: coloring, building, reading, chores, video games -sustained mental effort is unpleasant

one marshmellow

scores low on emotional intelligence low frustration tolerance higher risk of ADHD

Primate Self-Awareness (Gallup)

self-awareness, theory of mind study, mirror test

self-concious vs. self-awareness

self-concious= peaks in adolescence, embarassment, envy self-awareness= a cognitive understanding of a recognizable and separate identity from the rest of the world 15-24 mos old beginning of empathy and moving away from egocentrism toward allocentrism

fetal learning (DeCasper and Greensboro)

sensory adaptation-w/benign, constant stimuli EX: stop thinking about the air conditioner, sucking studies

ethnicity

shared attitude/belief/ identity, united by ancestry, religion, lang, or origin

cohort effects (generation effects)

similarity due to being of the same cohort ex: WW2, depression, the 60's, tattoos

holophrases

single word or syllable that conveys a complete thought dependent on intination "da."= I want that or where is daddy "no." = I don't want that "noooooo" = stop that I don't want you to do that

average sleep time and number of naps for a 5 year old

sleep time= 11 hours naps= 0

when should a woman have a c-section

slow progressing labor, first and/or lg babies, older moms, fetal distress, mal-presentation, placenta previa, placenta abruptio, mom's with previous c-sections request doesn't equal a valid reason in medical world

violation of norms

social/cultural norms & rules that guide behavior in particular situations -age appropriate

Babinski reflex

sole of baby's foot stroked, toes fan out, foot twists in disappears ~ 4 mos

2D ultrasound

soundwaves bounce of organs/fluids o Echos converted to images (cross-sections) o Doppler addition can add sound (heartbeat) o Used throughout pregnancy, internal anatomy

critical periods

specific time when a given event or its absence has a specific impact on development

Victor's story contribution to field of human development

spurred nature v nurture debate, first systematic attempt to study human devel, first time exploring the question, "how do we educate the developmentally delayed?"

Freud's Psychosexual Theory

stage models, importance of unconscious processes and the influences of early childhood experience, sexual and aggressive energy, development expressed through activities associated with different body zones

Ethology

study of behaviors and mental traits that have adaptive value and encourage fitness

two marshmellow

success later in school popularity high SAT scores low risk ADHD

SIDS

sudden infant death syndrome, abnormal sleep patterns here indicate a high risk, 1-3 months with SIDS, put baby BACK to sleep- you get deeper sleep on you stomach

"rejecting mothers"

surrogate mother designed to reject and abuse using strong jets of air, blunt spikes forcing baby away rxn= once rejection ended they would return and cling even tighter

Assimilation

taking in new info and organizing it with existing info/ scheme EX: 4-legged scheme-when you see ANYTHING w/ 4 legs

first sentences

telegraphic speech (~2 y/o) consists of only a few essential words (usually person + verb), usually deals with everyday activities/things/people/events includes syntax: the rules of forming a sentence in a particular language ex: "doggy walk" or "walk doggy" "wee tory"= ???

concordance/concordant

term describing tendency of twins to share trait or disorder

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-111)

test for ages 6 through 16 measures verbal and performance abilities, yielding separate scores for each as well as a total score.

menarche

the first menstrual period

meconium

the greenish material that collects in the intestine of a fetus and forms the first stools of a newborn

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

the inability to NOT disrupt; problems with impulse control problems with delayed gratification only sm % of school-aged children (3-5%) DX features: -usually present before 7 y/o -associated with learning disabilities -LD's and ADHD or HD more problematic for boys

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

ecological theory of perception

theory developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, locomotor devel depends on infant's increased sensitivity to the interaction b/ their changing physical characteristics of their environment

organization stage

thinking that becomes more complex and integrated with age, schemes EX: infants and sucking schemes, toddlers and 4-legged scheme

oldest child

third parent, responsible, independent, guinea pig for parents

disability or disfunction

thoughts, emotions, or actions that interfere with ability to function in own life AND within society

Cognitive Domain

thoughts, feelings, emotions, and mental abilities: lang, learning, attention Ex: inability to express=frustration-leads to higher cortisol levels and evokes negative rxns in others

sensitive period

times in development when a given event or its absence usually has a strong effect on development

chronic villus sampling (CVS)

tissues from hairlike chorionic villi are removed from placenta and analyzed. early dx of birth defects and disorders

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

tissues from hairlike chorionic villi are removed from placenta and analyzed. Early dx of birth defects and disorders

Constructive play

toddlers and preschoolers 2nd level of play involves use of objects or materials to make something ex: legos, drawing, finger painting, play dough usually "parallel play"

Dominant vs. Recessive and genotypic vs. phenotypic

tongue folding:inability=dom earlobes: free=dom thumbness: left on top=dom hair whorl: clockwise=dom hitchhiker's thumb: straight= dom

A, not-B error

transition to object permanence (4th substage) 8-12 mos kids will search for a hidden object in a place where they previously found it, rather than in the place where it is now Ex: carrot under towel (a) carrot under towel (a) carrot under towel (a) carrot under desk (b) -BUT bby looks under towel for carrot (a) why a (towel) and not b (desk)? - egocentric -piaget: the carrot is linked to a particular location (under towel) - baby likes to repeat pleasant experiences

kangaroo care

treating the preemie like they're still in the womb

head control

turn head side to side while lying on backs, can lift heads enough to turn them when lying chest down, 4-6 mos

fine motor movement in early childhood

tying shoelaces, cutting w/ scissors, pour milk into bowl, eat w/ silverware, toliet alone -allows for more independence with personal care

Understand grammatical relationships they cannot yet express

understanding when we say "daddy has to go to work" they say: "daddy go"

historical context

unique time in which people live and grow up; experiences tied to time and place-generational cohorts

school phobia

unrealistic fear of going to school; may be a form of separation anxiety disorder or social phobia

fixation

unresolved developmental conflicts

Preoperational thought: mastery of symbolic thought/function

use all mental representations (words, #'s, or images) to which a child has attained meaning shown by: a. deferred imitation -ex: playing Dr., phone calls b. pretend play -imaginary people/situations c. lang use -use of all symbols to communicate

Immature Aspects of Preoperational Thought

use of centration, distinguishing b/ appearance and reality

biomedical therapy

use of meds and other med therapies to treat the symptoms associated with psychological disorders

Psychotherapy

use of psychological techniques to treat cognitive, emotional, behavioral and interpersonal problems

simplify

use of telegraphic speech, ex: "drink oju"

Ainsworth Caregiving Scales

used to rate a caregiver's way of being with his/her baby- sensitivity, acceptance, cooperation, emotional accessability

Electrical Fetal Monitoring (EFM)

used to track the fetus's heartbeat during labor and delivery and to indicate how the fetal heart is responding to the stress of uterine contractions

behavior therapy/modification

uses conditioning principles (operant/classical) -goal= rid maladaptive behaviors and promote beneficial ones behavior change does NOT require insight into causes example: ADD or autism

correlational studies

uses previously gathered data (usually surveys) and statistically examines relationship b/ 2 variables

prelinguistic

utterance of sounds that are not words, includes early vocalizations crying (newborn): different pitches, patterns, and intensities can signal hunger, sleepiness, and discomfort cooing (starts 6 weeks-3 months): squealing, gurgling, making vowel sounds -both highly idiosyncratic, subjective

stranger anxiety

wariness of unknown people -somewhat normal

behavior

we respond based on whether the situation is painful (aversive) or pleasurable (appetitive)

Passive GxE

we share genes with our biological parents whom we also tend to share a physical environment, "extended phenotype" EX: guitar playing/ book reading parents, create environment where there's a lot of instruments/books in house, kids get a lot of practice with items, parents pass on genes related to musicality/reading mostly seen in early life

gaze

what are you looking at? we follow each other's gazes

social currency

what is an effective operant for that individual what's their carrot? EX: teens; hugs vs. money

What have older kids learned with regard to portion size?

what's on your plate is the right portion size and you are supposed to eat it all

visual cliff studies

when do humans perceive depth? - by the time a species is mobile

Hughes Policeman Task

where can the clown/boy hide so the policeman can't see him? step above 3 mountain task- has to take 2 other perspectives

alertness

william fifer, 90-95% of the day drowsing/daydreaming, closer to birth sleep 85-90% of the time-closer to a full sleep cycle, includes deep sleep and REM sleep (>1/2 of the total time)-REM associated with learning and memory, eyes move like adults-indicates dreaming

Alertness

william fifer, uni of colombia, 32 wks gestation 90-95% of the day "drowsing" = daydreaming closer to birth- 85-90% of the time-closer to a full sleep cycle, includes deep sleep and REM sleep > 1/2 of total time-REM associated with learning and memory, eyes move like adults-indicates dreaming

sensory adaptation

with benign, constant stimuli, ex: stop thinking about the air conditioner

Under-extend word meanings

words for a single object and not similar objects, no assimilation ex: flower only represents a rose

apparent hypocrisy

young adolescents often do not recognize the difference between expressing the ideal and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it.

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

young adulthood, person seeks to make commitments to others; if fails may suffer from isolation and self-absorption virtue=love

personal distress

your own judgement functioning level children=parent/teacher judgment cyberbullying

artistic development in early childhood-scribbling

zig zags or vertical lines 2 y/o

primary circular reactions

~1-4 mos, + reinforcement feedback loop me myself and I... babies learn to repeat pleasant bodily sensation first achieved by chance via reflexes action + response involve baby's own body ex: sucking thumb

Fetal Taste (gustation)

• By 3 ½ months in-utero= mature taste buds • Amniotic fluid contains strong taste • Preemies suck longer and stronger on pacifier flavors they've been exposed to in-utero

hyperactivity (ADHD)

• Fidgetiness, squirming in seat • Excessive climbing or running where inappropriate • **Difficulty engaging in leisure activities • Parents: • "always losing things" • "...like they're a hamster on a wheel." • "driven by a motor that wont stop"

Mozart effect

• Kit claiming to o Increase attention span o Encourage better sleep patterns o Expand cognitive powers • No evidence of this • Usually dangerous o In fact sticking earphones close to stomach is dangerous o Can damage baby's hearing

19th century trends

• Medicine and Science • Child Protective Laws • Agriculture Education • Psychology

non-shared environment (NE)

• Reflect unique environment in which each child grows up, consisting of distinctive influences that affect one child differently from another o Accidents, illnesses, unique interactions with friends or peers • Accounts for differences among MZ twins

Embryoscopy

• Tiny viewing scope is inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo and fetus • Can guide fetal blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants • Can assist in diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders

embryoscopy

• Tiny viewing scope is inserted in woman's abdomen to view embryo and fetus • Can guide fetal blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants • Can assist in diagnosis of nonchromosomal genetic disorders

categorization-class inclusion

• Understanding of the relationship between a whole and its parts • Example: 5 pencils and 10 crayons o Are there more things to write with or more crayons? o Answers: • Preoperational Child would say "crayons," comparing the crayons with pencils • Concrete Operational would say "things to write with," comparing subclasses with the major (superordinate) class

categorization-transitive inference

• Understanding of the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object • Examples: o Bobby is shorter than Tom. o Tom is shorter than Phil o Is Bobby shorter than Phil? Yes.