Final Exam Quiz Questions

T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.

All of the choices are correct

Contact dermatitis involves ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Degranulation of mast cells leads to ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Immunotherapy is the ________.

All of the choices are correct.

Innate chemical defenses include ________.

All of the choices are correct.

A naive B lymphocyte has receptors bound to its surface that ________.

All of the choices are true statements concerning B lymphocyte-receptors.

Choose the statement that best describes superinfection.

An infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of other potentially pathogenic microbes during or after initial antimicrobial therapy

A foreign molecule that causes an adaptive immune response is a(n) ________.

Antigen

A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.

Atopic

Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?

Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils

Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?

Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated

________ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.

Chronic

What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

Clonal expansion

Epidemiology is the study of disease in the ________.

Community

Which statement below characterizes the complement system?

Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis.

When would Koch's postulates be utilized?

Determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab

Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?

Droplets

_______ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.

Endotoxins

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?

Forms the antigen binding sites

What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?

Graft versus host disease

Which is mismatched

Hay fever - type IV hypersensitivity

When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as ________.

Herd immunity

Type ______ hypersensitivity results in the lysis of foreign cells due to the actions of complement and antibodies (IgG and IgM), often resulting in transfusion reactions.

II

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.

IgE

Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______.

Inflammation

Fungal spores and animal dander are considered to be which type of allergen?

Inhalant

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that _______.

Inhibits DNA synthesis

What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?

Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators

Which statement below characterizes the action of interferon?

Interferon, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, is secreted and enters neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.

Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?

Isoniazid

Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.

It is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into the surrounding extracellular spaces

Choose the method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that involves measuring and evaluating zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on a culture of bacteria prior to incubation.

Kirby-Bauer test

What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

Lymph nodes

A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?

MIC

Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?

Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils

Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.

Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.

Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ________.

Mutation

What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?

Penicillinase

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes move in response to chemicals from the site of injury or inflammation

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

Phagocytosis

Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?

Quinolones

The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _______.

Reservoir

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites

This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.

Skin

Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?

Sulfonamides

Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, ________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells.

TNF-β; IL-10

Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?

Tumor-cancer

What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance?

Vancomycin

If an infectious disease emerged that was highly contagious and virulent, resulting in certain death with no known cure, epidemiological data would show _______.

a high incidence and low prevalence

The major histocompatibility complex is ________.

a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins

Helper T cells ________.

activate B cells and other T cells

The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.

acute phase

Antigen-presenting cells ________.

all of the choices are correct

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.

allergens

Drugs with high selective toxicity include _______.

ampicillin and bacitracin

The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

antigen

Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.

asymptomatic

Aminoglycosides _______.

attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

A well-functioning immune system should strike a balance between being over- and underreactive. An overreactive immune system results in hypersensitivities such as allergy and __________, while an underreactive immune system is due to ________.

autoimmunity; immunodeficiency

An antihistamine will ________.

bind to histamine receptors on target organs

Penicillins and cephalosporins ________.

block the peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

B cell-receptors are similar to T cell-receptors in that ________.

both receptors have a variable and a constant region

The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.

chemotherapy

An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.

chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox

The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.

cytotoxic T cells

Selective toxicity refers to ________.

damage to the target organisms but not host cells

Leukopenia is the ______ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.

decrease

Similar to macrophages, ________ are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.

dendritic cells

Each of the following result in drug resistance except _______.

drug used as a nutrient by the cell

The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.

fetal Rh+ cells enter an Rh- mother

Sulfa drugs work on _______.

folic acid biosynthesis

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.

four antigen binding sites

Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.

gastrointestinal system

The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.

immunopathology

Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

lymphocyte

Each of the following are granulocytes except ________.

lymphocytes

All the following are events of early inflammation except ________.

macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis

he effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.

microbial antagonism

The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _______ rate.

mortality

The term infection refers to _______.

pathogens penetrating host defenses

The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.

plasma cells

Immunodeficiency diseases are present at birth and usually stem from genetic errors are called ________ immunodeficiencies, whereas ________ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth and are due to agents such as infections, irradiation, or steroids.

primary; secondary

The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the _______.

prodromal stage

Hematopoiesis is the ________.

production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets

A second encounter with an allergen that causes a response is called the ________.

provocative dose

Class II MHC genes code for ________.

receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in ________.

recognition of self

Lysozyme is found in ________.

salivary secretions

Plasma cells ________.

secrete antibodies

The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n) _______.

sign

If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _______ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.

smaller

The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n) _______.

symptom

Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, are synthetic drugs that interfere with the action of DNA helicases. This means that _______.

the bacterial cell will die since it cannot replicate or transcribe its DNA

Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.

they are not antigen-specific; they contribute to host defenses regardless of the source of activation

Direct damage to tissue or an organ due to the effect of an antimicrobial on that tissue or organ is known as drug ________, whereas an inappropriate immune reaction to an antimicrobial is known as drug-induced ________.

toxicity; allergy

Type II hypersensitivities differ from type III in that ________.

type II hypersensitivity involves the activation of complement proteins that attack and lyse cells, whereas type III involves the formation of immune complexes causing chronic inflammation