Final Exam Quiz Questions
T-cell response to T-cell-dependent antigens requires ________.
All of the choices are correct
Contact dermatitis involves ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Degranulation of mast cells leads to ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Immunotherapy is the ________.
All of the choices are correct.
Innate chemical defenses include ________.
All of the choices are correct.
A naive B lymphocyte has receptors bound to its surface that ________.
All of the choices are true statements concerning B lymphocyte-receptors.
Choose the statement that best describes superinfection.
An infection that occurs due to the overgrowth of other potentially pathogenic microbes during or after initial antimicrobial therapy
A foreign molecule that causes an adaptive immune response is a(n) ________.
Antigen
A chronic, local allergy such as hay fever is considered ________.
Atopic
Which event occurs with the sensitizing dose of allergen?
Binding of IgE by the Fc region to mast cells and basophils
Which type(s) of hypersensitivity is IgG involved with?
Both antibody mediated and immune complex mediated
________ carriers are shedding and transmitting pathogens a long time after they have recovered from an infectious disease.
Chronic
What process provides many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?
Clonal expansion
Epidemiology is the study of disease in the ________.
Community
Which statement below characterizes the complement system?
Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis.
When would Koch's postulates be utilized?
Determination of the cause of a new disease in a microbiology research lab
Which of the following is a direct contact method of microbe transmission?
Droplets
_______ are toxins that are the lipopolysaccharide of the outer membrane of gram-negative cell walls.
Endotoxins
Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?
Forms the antigen binding sites
What could result when grafted tissue such as bone marrow contains passenger lymphocytes?
Graft versus host disease
Which is mismatched
Hay fever - type IV hypersensitivity
When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as ________.
Herd immunity
Type ______ hypersensitivity results in the lysis of foreign cells due to the actions of complement and antibodies (IgG and IgM), often resulting in transfusion reactions.
II
The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ________.
IgE
Local edema, swollen lymph nodes, fever, soreness, and abscesses are indications of _______.
Inflammation
Fungal spores and animal dander are considered to be which type of allergen?
Inhalant
An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that _______.
Inhibits DNA synthesis
What is the first step in the major events of the inflammation process?
Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
Which statement below characterizes the action of interferon?
Interferon, produced by a host cell in response to viral attack, is secreted and enters neighboring cells, stimulating the production of antiviral proteins in anticipation of an invasion.
Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum?
Isoniazid
Choose the statement that best describes the characteristics of lymph.
It is formed by fluid that leaves circulation into the surrounding extracellular spaces
Choose the method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing that involves measuring and evaluating zones of inhibition around antibiotic disks placed on a culture of bacteria prior to incubation.
Kirby-Bauer test
What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?
Lymph nodes
A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient's isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up?
MIC
Which of the following is in the correct order from greatest to least phagocytic activity?
Macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils
Choose the statement that best describes the benefits of microbial antagonism to the human host.
Microbial antagonism occurs when members of the normal microbiota prevent pathogens from colonizing and becoming established in the body.
Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except ________.
Mutation
What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins?
Penicillinase
Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.
Phagocytes move in response to chemicals from the site of injury or inflammation
During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections?
Quinolones
The primary, natural habitat of a pathogen where it continues to exist is called the _______.
Reservoir
Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
Secondary infection - infection spreads to several tissue sites
This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota.
Skin
Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis?
Sulfonamides
Cytokines mediate a variety of processes in the immune system, for example, ________ encourages inflammatory responses and ________ suppresses the actions of immune cells.
TNF-β; IL-10
Which of the following is mismatched dealing with inflammation?
Tumor-cancer
What cell wall inhibiting drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance?
Vancomycin
If an infectious disease emerged that was highly contagious and virulent, resulting in certain death with no known cure, epidemiological data would show _______.
a high incidence and low prevalence
The major histocompatibility complex is ________.
a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins
Helper T cells ________.
activate B cells and other T cells
The stage of an infectious disease when specific signs and symptoms are seen and the pathogen is at peak activity is the _______.
acute phase
Antigen-presenting cells ________.
all of the choices are correct
Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ________.
allergens
Drugs with high selective toxicity include _______.
ampicillin and bacitracin
The term ______ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.
antigen
Infections that go unnoticed because there are no symptoms are called _______.
asymptomatic
Aminoglycosides _______.
attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis
A well-functioning immune system should strike a balance between being over- and underreactive. An overreactive immune system results in hypersensitivities such as allergy and __________, while an underreactive immune system is due to ________.
autoimmunity; immunodeficiency
An antihistamine will ________.
bind to histamine receptors on target organs
Penicillins and cephalosporins ________.
block the peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.
B cell-receptors are similar to T cell-receptors in that ________.
both receptors have a variable and a constant region
The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called _______.
chemotherapy
An example of artificial active immunity would be ________.
chickenpox vaccine which triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
The most significant cells in graft rejection are ________.
cytotoxic T cells
Selective toxicity refers to ________.
damage to the target organisms but not host cells
Leukopenia is the ______ in the level of white blood cells in a patient.
decrease
Similar to macrophages, ________ are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.
dendritic cells
Each of the following result in drug resistance except _______.
drug used as a nutrient by the cell
The potential for hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when ________.
fetal Rh+ cells enter an Rh- mother
Sulfa drugs work on _______.
folic acid biosynthesis
The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all the following except ________.
four antigen binding sites
Mucinase has the greatest effect on the _______.
gastrointestinal system
The study of diseases associated with excesses and deficiencies of the immune system is ________.
immunopathology
Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?
lymphocyte
Each of the following are granulocytes except ________.
lymphocytes
All the following are events of early inflammation except ________.
macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis
he effect of "good" microbes against invading microbes is called _______.
microbial antagonism
The total number of deaths in a population due to a disease is the _______ rate.
mortality
The term infection refers to _______.
pathogens penetrating host defenses
The progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.
plasma cells
Immunodeficiency diseases are present at birth and usually stem from genetic errors are called ________ immunodeficiencies, whereas ________ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth and are due to agents such as infections, irradiation, or steroids.
primary; secondary
The initial, brief period of early, general symptoms such as fatigue and muscle aches is the _______.
prodromal stage
Hematopoiesis is the ________.
production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets
A second encounter with an allergen that causes a response is called the ________.
provocative dose
Class II MHC genes code for ________.
receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells
The histocompatibility complex proteins function in ________.
recognition of self
Lysozyme is found in ________.
salivary secretions
Plasma cells ________.
secrete antibodies
The objective, measurable evidence of disease evaluated by an observer is termed a(n) _______.
sign
If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _______ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B.
smaller
The subjective evidence of disease sensed by the patient is termed a(n) _______.
symptom
Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin, are synthetic drugs that interfere with the action of DNA helicases. This means that _______.
the bacterial cell will die since it cannot replicate or transcribe its DNA
Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial molecules are considered innate because ________.
they are not antigen-specific; they contribute to host defenses regardless of the source of activation
Direct damage to tissue or an organ due to the effect of an antimicrobial on that tissue or organ is known as drug ________, whereas an inappropriate immune reaction to an antimicrobial is known as drug-induced ________.
toxicity; allergy
Type II hypersensitivities differ from type III in that ________.
type II hypersensitivity involves the activation of complement proteins that attack and lyse cells, whereas type III involves the formation of immune complexes causing chronic inflammation