Final Exam Review- Huma

Huitzilopochtli

Huitzilopochtli was the Aztec's main god of worship. The Aztec people emphasized human sacrifice and bloodletting in their devotion to him. Huitzilopochtli was the god of war

When the ___________ arrived, somewhat to their surprise they discovered that thriving cultures had long since established themselves.

Portuguese

Several large kingdoms dominated the western African regions known as the _______, the grasslands that serve as a transition between the Sahara Desert and the more temperate zones to the west and the south.

Sahel

In the first half of the 20th century, recognizing that many of the oral traditions of Benin culture were in danger of being lost, the Benin court historian, Chief Jacob Eghaverba recorded as many traditional tales and historical narratives as he could find and published them in his _________ ________ ___ _______.

Short History of Benin.

Among the most important Mayan cities is __________, one of the best-preserved of all Mayan sites. Lost in the jungle for centuries following its decline, which occurred around the year 850, Palenque was rediscovered in 1746 by a Spanish priest who had heard rumors of its existence.

Palenque

Then, in 1500, ________ ______, seeking to repeat to repeat Da Gama's voyage to India, set out from the bulge of Africa. Sailing too far westward, he landed in what is now Brazil, where he claimed the territory for Portugal.

Pedro Cabral

However, out of these encounters came patterns of exchange— _______________ and _______________ —that would transform both the West and those parts of the world in which the West established their presence.

economic and cultural

Cortes financed his own expedition to Mexico by selling..............

everything he owned to Cuba.

Why the Chinese abandoned the program of pursuing Chinese exploration has never been determined with certainty, the future of global exploration, however, was to __________ ____ _____ _________.

fall to the west

Hernan Cortes came to the New World to seek his ____________________

fortune

Hernan Cortes had several secret weapons that terrified the Aztecs: _____________, ___________, ___________, _______________

gunpowder musket horses dogs

Hernan Cortes landed on the Island of ______________

hispaniola

According to Aztec legend, at the time of their exile from Tula, the supreme spiritual leadership of the culture was assumed by the bloodthirsty _______________, the god of war, who had emerged fully grown from the womb of his mother ____________, the earth goddess, wielding his weapon, the Fire Serpent, _________________.

huitzilopochtli coatlicue xiuhcoatl

In the years between 1400 and 1650, ________________, __________________, and _____________________ combined to ignite a program of outreach by which Europeans made direct contact with the populations of Africa and the Americas.

imperial ambition, commerce, curiosity, and maritime technology

The Pyramid of the Sun

is oriented to mark the passage of the sun from east to west and the rising of stellar constellation the Pleiades on the days of the equinox. The pyramid is thus an image of time.

Cortes came from a ___________ noble family in Medellin

lesser

After the year 1000, __________________, _________________, ___________________, and ____________________ stimulated cross-cultural contact between East and West.

long-range trade, religious pilgrimage, missionary activity, and just plain curiosity

Among the most important is ______, which shows the greatest influence Islam had come to have on much of northern Africa long before the end of the first millennium CE.

mali

To the south, another culture, that of the _____, both pre dated and postdated that of Teotihuacán.

maya

Cortez started his career in Cuba as a notary and rose to the ranks of _____________

mayor

The Aztec empire of Mexico was conquered by Hernan Cortes and his army of 600 men through a combination of ..................

military technology (gunpowder, cannon, and musket), disease inadvertently introduced by his troops, and a series of lies and violations of trust.

By 1100, it was producing highly __________, sculptural, commemorative portraits in clay and stone, probably depicting rulers, not long after, elegant brass sculptures as well.

naturalistic

Only the ____ could order brass work from them. As in Ife culture, the _____ capacity to organize the world and to prosper.

oba oba's

The Maya

occupied several regions: the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala; the Southern lowlands of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, and the Mexican states of Chiapas; and the Northern Lowlands in the states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. They were never unified into a single political entity, but rather consisted of many small kingdoms that engaged in warfare with one another over land and resources.

A pre-literary group known as the __________ came to inhabit the area between Veracruz and Tabasco on the southern coast of the Gulf of Mexico, where they build huge ceremonial precincts in the middle of the communities.

olmec

The Ife culture

one of the oldest in West Africa. It developed beginning around the 8th century in the city of Ife.

Sometime around 1170, the city-state of Benin, some 150 miles southeast of Ife, also in the Niger basin, asked the ____ of Ife to provide a new ruler for their territory, which was, legend has it, plagued by misrule and disorder.

oni

In 1453, the formidable armies of the_____________ _____________ captured _________________, renaming it Istanbul and bringing a thousand years of Byzantine civilization to an end.

ottoman empire constantinople

This power could be described and commemorated in an oral form known as a.....

praise poem

In 1488, ___________ ________ investigating the coast of West Africa was blown far south by a sudden storm, and turning northeast, found that he had rounded what would later be called the _______ ___ _____ _____ and entered the Indian Ocean.

Bartholomeu Dias Cape of Good Hope

Drawing of Benin City

Benin City, were the beginnings of a massive system of walls and moats that would become, by the 15th century, the world's largest manmade earthwork. They total some 10,000 miles in length or 4 to 5 times the length of the main Great Wall of China. When the British arrived in the late 19th century they were still in tact but they were soon destroyed by British forces.

After some years, Oranmiyan returned home but not before impregnating the Benin princess. Their son ________ became the first king or _______, as the Benin culture called their ruler, ruling from 1180-1246.

Eweka oba

Coatepec

"serpent mountain" where huitzilopochtli was born

Bartolomeu Dias

(In 1488) Portuguese explorer. Not much is known about Dias' life before he became an explorer, but what we do know is that one day Dias was sent by the Portuguese King, John II, to explore the coast of Africa and find a way to the Indian Ocean. - he had rounded what would later be called the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean

Pedro Cabral

(in 1500) seeking to repeat to repeat Da Gama's voyage to India, set out from the bulge of Africa. Sailing too far westward, he landed in what is now Brazil, where he claimed the territory for Portugal.

Colossal head

- La Venta, Mexico, Olmec Culture - The stone heads are generally believed to be portraits of Olmec rulers.

Benin Culture

- Like the Ife to the north, the Benin rulers also created lifelike images of their ancestor rulers - In the first half of the 20th century, recognizing that many of the oral traditions of Benin culture were in danger of being lost, the Benin court historian, Chief Jacob Eghaverba recorded as many traditional tales and historical narratives as he could find and published them in his Short History of Benin.

Coyolxauhqui

- She is the daughter of Coaticue, Coyolxauhqui kills her own mother, Coyolxauhqui is goddess of moon -

Head of an Oba

- Such heads were usually commissioned upon the death of an oba by his successor so that the deceased leader might continue to influence his community. - Only the oba could order brasswork from them. As in Ife culture, the oba's capacity to organize the world and to prosper.

The Pyramid of the Moon

- The Avenue links two great pyramids, the Pyramids of the Moon and the Sun, each surrounded by about 600 smaller pyramids, 500 workshops, numerous plazas, 2,000 apartment complexes, and a giant market area. - The pyramid of the Sun is oriented to mark the passage of the sun from east to west and the rising of the stellar constellation, the Pleiades, on the days of the equinox. Each of its two staircases contains 182 steps, which, when the platform at its apex is added, together total 365.

Ife Culture

- The Ife culture is one of the oldest in West Africa. It developed beginning around the 8th century in the city of Ife. - By 1100, it was producing highly naturalistic, sculptural, commemorative portraits in clay and stone, probably depicting rulers, not long after, elegant brass sculptures as well. - Ife culture depended upon the King's head for its own welfare. Since the Ife did not leave any written record of their cultural beliefs, we can best understand their ancient culture by looking at their contemporary ancestors. - The Yoruba people, whose population today is about 11 million, trace their ancestry directly to Ife culture.

Mayan Culture

- The Maya occupied several regions: the highlands of Chiapas and Guatemala; the Southern lowlands of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Belize, and the Mexican states of Chiapas; and the Northern Lowlands in the states of Yucatan, Campeche, and Quintana Roo. - They were never unified into a single political entity, but rather consisted of many small kingdoms that engaged in warfare with one another over land and resources - Among the most important Mayan cities is Palenque; Lost in the jungle for centuries following its decline, which occurred around the year 850, Palenque was rediscovered in 1746 by a Spanish priest who had heard rumors of its existence.

The Temple of Inscriptions

- The Temple of Inscriptions, facing into the main courtyard of the so-called Palace, which may have been an administrative center than a royal residence, rises in nine steps, representing the nine levels of the Mayan Underworld. - It is inscribed with the history of the Palenque kings, who were associated with the jaguar. The first recorded king is "Quetzal Jaguar," who, so the inscriptions say, founded the city on March 11, 431. - Palenque's most powerful king was known as Pakal (Great Sun Shield), who ruled for 67 years and the Temple of Inscriptions was erected over his grave

Head of a King

- The parallel lines that run down the face represent decorative effects made by scarring (scarification) - But the head itself was, for the Ife , of supreme importance. It was the home of the spirit, the symbol of the King's capacity to organize the world and to prosper.

Hernan Cortés (marquis del valle de Oaxaca)

- born around 1485 in Medellin, Spain - helped advanced Spain's position in North American in the 1500s - The chief god of the Mexica or Aztec. Originally associated with war, as the empire grew, he became the Sun god and was worshiped throughout Mesoamerica. Aztecs believed he required a steady diet of human blood.

The Spanish Peru : The Coricancha ( The Inca Temple of the Sun)

- literally, "the corral of gold"), - Dedicated to Inti the sun god, the original temple was decorated with 700 sheets of gold studded with emeralds and turquoise and designed to reflect the sunlight admitted through its windows. - Spain conquered Peru in 1533 through the exploits of Francisco Pizarro with an army of only 180 men. - Pizarro's military strategy was aided by simple deceit. - He captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa, who offered Pizarro ransom of 13,420 pounds of gold and 26,000 pounds of silver. - Pizarro accepted the ransom and then executed the unsuspected emperor.

Coatlicue

-1500, Aztec -Coatlicue (she of the serpent skirt), gave birth to the god of the sun and of war, Huitzilopochtli. Her other children, the stars and moon, wanted to kill him, but he emerged from his mother's body and drove them off, killing and dismembering the moon goddess in the process. Coatlicue is beheaded but two serpents rise up from her body.

Cortes was ____ years old when he set sail to the New World.

19

European Expansion.

A series of unique events and developments motivated the onset of European expansion after 1450 and launched a program of outreach that would link Western Europe with the vast continents of Africa and the Americas

____________ and the _____________ had illustrious histories of their own and when the Europeans were confronted with these unique traditions, they misunderstood and willfully destroyed their landmarks.

Africa, Americas

Quetzalcoatl

Aztec god, the "feathered serpent," who was borrowed origionally from the Toltecs; was believed to have been defeated by another god and exiled, and he promised to return riding on a cloud.

___________ ___________ took Arab merchants across Asia and over the desert highways of northern Africa.

Camel caravans

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

The roads that sped the exchange of goods between the East and the West also took thirteenth-century Franciscans into China and made possible a vast mingling of religious beliefs:

Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Confucian, and Buddhist.

The expedition to Cuba was led by ____________ _________________

Diego Velasquez

Olmec Religion

Elevated platforms and mounds with carved stone veneers served as backdrop for rituals. The Olmecs were polytheistic and most of their deities had male and female traits. Jaguars, crocodiles, snakes, and sharks were common motifs and the ability to transform themselves into these creatures was believed.

The Renaissance

Europe's first era of exploration and expansion. It was also the greatest age of trans-Eurasian travel since the days of the Roman Empire.

Muslims carried goods to and from _________ and _________, and Mongol tribes (newly converted to Islam) traversed the vast ________________, which stretched from Constantinople to the Pacific Ocean.

India and Anatolia Asian Silk Road

In the late thirteenth century, ________ __________, the young son of an enterprising Venetian merchant family, crossed the Asian continent with his father and uncle, who had earlier established commercial ties with the court of China's Mongol emperor, _______ __________

Marco Polo Kublai Khan.

In 1485, Hernan Cortes was born in ______________, Spain

Medellin

Arab merchants dominated the water routes of the _____________________, ____________________, and __________________ eastward to the Indian Ocean.

Mediterranean, the Red, and the Arabian sea

Teotihuacan

The city is laid out in a grid system, the basic unit of which is 614 square feet, and every detail is subjected to this scheme, conveying a sense of power and mastery.

The city of Teotihuacan

The city of Teotihuacan is laid out in a grid system, the basic unit of which of 614 sq. feet, and every detail is subjected to this scheme, conveying a sense of power and mastery. A great broad avenue, known as the Avenue of the Dead. It links two great pyramids.

Great cultures developed in the Americas before the arrival of the Spanish. Although in Mesoamerica (comprising present day Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico) the Maya established vast palace complexes that were both the administrative and religious centers of their culture.

These cultures were themselves preceded by others.

Praise poem

These poems often use a poetic device known as anaphora, a repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of successive sentences that, owing to the particularities of the West African languages, is almost impossible to duplicate in translation. But the poems are intended to create a powerful and insistent rhythm that rises to a crescendo.

Coyolxauhqui viewed the pregnancy of her mother as an affront and conspired to murder her mother, at the moment Huitzilopochtli was born he decapitated his sister ad cast her down from the top of Coatepec hill.

This is the Aztec explanation for the phases of the moon

Following Dias, ________ ___ ______ sailed around the cape with four ships in 1497 and reached Calicut, India, 10 months and 14 days after leaving Lisbon.

Vasco Da Gama

In these precincts, they erected giant pyramidal mounds, where an elite group of ruler-priests lived. At La Venta, very near the present-day city of ________________, three colossal stone heads stood guard over the ceremonial center on the south end of the platform. And a fourth guarded the north end by itself.

Villahermosa

Farther south, along the western coast of central Africa, were the powerful _______state of Ife and the kingdom of ________

Yoruba Benin

Such heads were usually commissioned upon the death of ____ ____ by his successor so that the deceased leader might continue to influence his community.

an oba

These poems often use a poetic device known as _________, a repetition of words and phrases at the beginning of successive sentences that, owing to the particularities of the West African languages, is almost impossible to duplicate in translation. But the poems are intended to create a powerful and insistent rhythm that rises to a crescendo.

anaphora

A great broad avenue, known as the _____________ __ ____ ______ runs through the city. It links two great pyramids, the ______________ ____ ____ ________ _______ ______ _____ , each surrounded by about 600 smaller pyramids, 500 workshops, numerous plazas, 2,000 apartments complexes and a giant market area.

avenue of the dead pyramids of the moon and the sun

Already in place at the capital, __________ ______, were the beginnings of a massive system of walls and moats that would become, by the 15th century, the world's largest manmade earthwork. They total some 10,000 miles in length or __ to ___ times the length of the main Great Wall of China. When the British arrived in the late 19th century they were still intact but they were soon destroyed by British forces.

benin city 4 to 5

Like the Ife to the north, the ______ _______ also created lifelike images of their ancestor rulers.

benin rulers

In addition, surrounding native populations in Mexico deeply resented the fact that the Aztecs regularly raided their villages to obtain victims for _____________ _______________

blood sacrifices

Hernan Cortes fought the ___________ and __________ warrior and then set his sights on _____________

cholula and tlaxcala motecuhzoma

Renaissance Europeans improved such older Arab navigational devices as the ________________ and __________________ (an instrument that fixes latitude).

compass astrolabe

The word conquistador means ______________

conqueror

Ife culture depended upon the King's head for its own welfare. Since the Ife did not leave any written record of their cultural beliefs, we can best understand their ancient culture by looking at their ___________ ____________.

contemporary ancestors.

Huitzilopochtli was born full-grown out of Coatlicue of necessity. Coatlicue was also mother of ______________, the Moon, and one day, while she was sweeping her temple on top of Coatepec hill, symbolically represented in ________________ by the Tempo Mayor, she had been impregnated miraculously by a ball of feathers that floated down from the sky.

coyolxauhqui tenochtitlan

The Portuguese, encouraged by ___________ ______________ ____ ______________, came to produce maps and charts that exceeded the accuracy of those drafted by Classical and Muslim cartographers.

prince henry the navigator

In addition, the Aztecs mistakenly thought that Cortes was the mythological feathered serpent _____________, who was widely throughout Mexico.

quetzalcoatl

Vasco Da Gama

sailed around the cape with four ships in 1497 and reached Calicut, India, 10 months and 14 days after leaving Lisbon.

An example of Ife brass work is the Head of a King. The parallel lines that run down the face represent decorative effects made by......

scarring—scarification.

The oni

sent Oranmiyan, who founded a new dynasty. Oranmiyan was so vexed by the conditions he found that he named his new state ibini, "land of vexation," from which the name Benin derives.

Marco Polo served the Chinese ruler for ____________ years before returning to ___________, where he eventually narrated the details of his travels to a fellow prisoner of war in ___________. The fabulous nature of his account, much of which made the West look like the poor, backward cousin of a great Eastern empire, brought Marco instant fame.

seventeen italy geona

The ultimate secret weapon that came with the Spaniards was disease, mainly _____________

smallpox

Encounter

the direct meeting of cultures, involved confrontation and conflict; but it also contributed to the rise of a global interdependence and the beginning of a Western-dominated modern world-system.

`A second development worked to facilitate European expansion: ________ ______________ ___ _______________ _______________ With the early fifteenth-century Latin translation of ______________ _______________ mapmakers began to organize geographic space with the coordinates of latitude and longitude.

the technology of long-distance travel. Ptolemy's Geography

At the height of Ottoman power, as the Turkish presence in Southwest Asia threatened the safety of European overland caravans to the East, Western rulers exposed two main offensive strategies:

warfare against the Turks and the search for all-water routes to the East

Portugal

was as active as Spain in seeking trading opportunities through navigation, but focused on Africa and the East instead of the Americas.

The stone heads are generally believed to be portraits of Olmec rulers, and they all share the same facial features, including _______, _______ _______ and ________ _____. They suggest that the ruler was the culture's principal mediator with the gods. Many of the characteristics features of later Mesoamerican culture, such as pyramids, ball courts, mirror-making, and the calendar system, probably originated with the Olmec.

wide, flat noses and thick lips

But the head itself was, for the Ife, of supreme importance. It was the home of the spirit, the symbol of the King's capacity to organize the ____________ and to _______

world and to prosper