Final HIST 202
NOTES FROM READING
- Globalization - The cold war and decolonization movements produced the three-world order.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
When: Where: What: Significance - -
Police Battalion 101
When: Where: What: Significance - -
Solidarity
When: Where: What: Significance - -
Bosnian Genocide
When: Where: What: Significance - - 100,000 of mostly muslims killed during Bosnian Independence from Yugoslavia
Geneva Convention
When: Where: What: Significance - - A set of international standards of conduct for treating prisoners of war, established in 1929
Tito
When: Where: What: Significance - - Communist leader of Yugoslavia after WWII
The Battle of Algiers
When: Where: What: Significance - - Gillo Pontecorvo 1966
Dirty War in Argentina
When: Where: What: Significance - - Killing anybody in position of authority with the opposition to the Argentinian Government
Hungarian Uprising of 1956
When: Where: What: Significance - - Nagy declared hungary's independence on November 1, 1956. The red army came in and made Kadar leader
Rwandan Genocide
When: Where: What: Significance - - The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. PAGE 815
United Nations
When: Where: What: Significance - - an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security
Apartheid
When: Where: What: a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race. Significance - Apartheid protest - apartheid - racial segregation that stripped Africans, Indians, and colored persons of their few political rights > no intermarrying, segregated schools. Group Areas act divided country into separate racial and tribal areas called homelands and they could not travel out of their homelands
World Bank
When: Where: What: an international bank that offers low-interest loans, advice, and information to developing nations. funded loans for projects to lift poor societies out of poverty (electricity in India and building roads in Indonesia) Significance -Intruded the states Autonomy. New kind of imperialism. - financed and offered technical information for some of the largest development programs in the Third World. - The WB made available funds for the Volta River Project in Ghana to create an electrical power gird, as well as a system of national parks in the Philippines to help indigenous people manage rain forests, coral reefs, and other threatened ecological zones. -The WB required teh recipient governments to implement far-reaching economic reforms, which were often unpopular and often caused riots and charges. -nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) championed human rights or highlighted environmental problems. > Red Cross became more active in peace time (homeless shelter and food for famine) The most prominent supranational organizations were the World Bank and the IMF, which provided vital economic assistance to poorer nations
Mikhil Gorbachev
When: Where: What: general secretary of the Soviet communist party in 1985 and launched an effort to reform the Soviet system. He permitted contested elections form communist party posts, relaxed censorship, sanctioned civic associations, legalized small nonstate businesses, granted autonomy to state firms, and encouraged the republics to be responsible for their own affairs withing the Soviet Union. These reforms were linked with dramatic arms control initiatives to ease the superpower burden on the Soviet Union. He began withdrawing troops from Afghanistan and informed eastern European leaders that they could not count on Moscow's armed intervention to prop up their regimes. Significance - The most consequential factor in the collapse of the Soviet superpower was Mikhil Gorbachev - Credited with opening the USSR to the west and weakening the Communist party's control of the USSR. - tried to improve socialism, but he destabilized it. Civic groups called not for reform of the system, but for its liquidation.
Cold War
When: Where: What: the power struggle between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II Significance - slowed down the efforts to punish fascists, Nazis, and collaborators in Europe - Atomic Bomb. -Joseph McCarthy > uncover closet communists in the State Department and Hollywood > McCarthyism -The Gulag in the Soviet Union - a world divided by two hostile factions limited the prospects for a global exchange of peoples, ideas, and resources. This limited interaction was the result of pressure from the Soviet Union and the United States on other countries to align with them. -The Soviet Union and the United States stock piled nuclear and conventional weaponry. Military spending sprees brought economic troubles and the U.S. national debt increased and Soviet life expectancy began to decline and infant mortality to rise. - Regan unveiled the Strategic Defense Initiative to use satellites and space missiles to insulate the United States from incoming nuclear bombs. -the cold war left entire regions in such turmoil that even the most effective humanitarian agencies could not prevent mass killings. World bank, IMF, NGOs. Page 787
Decolonization
When: Where: China, India, Africa Japan, Africa, Europe What: the process of decolonization and nation building followed three patterns - civil war, negotiated independence, and incomplete decolonization. The action of changing from colonial to independent status WTWA 754 Significance - The Chinese revolution - communists vowed to free China from colonialism. Mao Zedong - negotiated independence in India and Africa - British realized they could not rule India and Africa. - Africa for Africans - nationalist demands and the fact that Europe was too in debt to invest more in keeping the peace led to decolonization -Zionism - (also result of Nuremberg laws... encouraged Jews to leave) Arab-Israeli War -The Algerian War of Independence -Mau Mau rebellion - Kenya's independence from British rule -apartheid - racial segregation that stripped Africans, Indians, and colored persons of their few political rights > no intermarrying, segregated schools. Group Areas act divided country into separate racial and tribal areas called homelands and they could not travel out of their homelands -Vietnam - Vietnam war -Third-world phenomenon (Asia and Africa) -Decolonization in India = Indian National Congress, All-Indian Muslim League, Indians cooperate with British army, *Jillianwala Bagh Massacre (nationalists take over), numerous uprisings, *Mahatma Gandhi -Indonesia -Algeria* Notes: the colonized throw off the colonizers. Nation building. Decolonized nations face three choices: 1. American support - capitalism 2. Soviet support - Marxism 3. Non-alignment movement Reasons: Erosion of European power, independence asserted during WWII, Moral repositioning, American opposition to Empire (the new global balance of power favored decolonization)
Mahatma Gandhi
When: Where: India What: Leader of the peaceful civil disobedience movement in India Significance - Martin Luther King borrowed the commitment to nonviolent protest and appeal to conscience from Gandhi. Civil Rights Movement (pg 769) - Notes: educated in England, practiced as a lawyer in south Africa, leader or Indian conference of 1920, 1930's civil disobedience, salt march
Television
When: Where: United States pioneered the medium, but the innovation soon caught on elsewhere. What: Significance -traditional national network and local culture music videos sports PAGE 798 - Allowed people to view events and shows in their homes -state of the Chipas, an impoverished area with many Mayan descendants. They were having trouble coping with social and economic charge in the 1980s. the people rebelled. CNN broadcasted the clash worldwide, and the rebel leaders created a website that drew thousands of hits. International new media flooded Chiapas and supranational forces played a role in helping the local democracy. Reading: In the 1980s, a new form of television programming spread rapidly: cable.
Democide
When: Where: What: The mass murder of civilians by government. Not targeting an ethnoreligious group. Significance - -
Auschwitz
When: (concentration camps) 1943-44. Previous to 1943, these were just death camps. Where: What: the main Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II. They put the Jews to work to get what they needed and then they killed them. Significance - -
Nuremberg Laws
When: 1935 Where: What: a group of laws that robbed Jews of their citizenship •gives Jews second class citizenship •protect German blood and honor - Jew = 3-4 Jewish grandparents - Mischlinge (mixed) = 2 Jewish grandparents - Germans = 3-4 German grandparents - sexual relations between Jew and German is banned -German savants under the age of 45 are not allowed in Jewish households Significance - it gave a way to target the Jews. Boycotts weren't working. - Kristallnacht (night of broken glass); widespread pogroms (spontaneous acts of violence against Jews) lead to death and deportation to concentration camps.
Eugenics
When: 1938-1941 Where: Nazi Germany What: Science dealing with improving hereditary qualities Significance - Aktion T4 - Holocaust Notes: Humans can and should engineer a new and better society. Some people are superior and should be chosen to reproduce. Inferior people should not be allowed to reproduce. -scientific attempts, after the enlightenment, to engineer a perfect society. •Aktin T4 - a holocaust precursor. Euthanasia project. Handicapped individuals are sterilized and euthanized, usually without family knowledge. Fake death certificates of mentally handicapped. Program is closed "Solution to the Jewish problem" -Ghettoization -relocation -concentration camps - labor and killing
Holocaust
When: 1939-1945 Where: German occupied territory in WW11 (Germany, France, Poland) What: the Nazi program of exterminating Jews under Hitler. Significance - - Notes: historical antisemitism (hatred for the Jewish culture and religion) and scientific antisemitism (they are inferior; racism) leads to the ideals of Nazi Germany. Germany nationalism- the Jews are responsible. Leads to boycotts, but this does not go well.
Operation Barbarossa
When: 1941 Where: Nazi Germany invasion of the Soviet Union (Russia) What: The code name of Hitler's plan to invade Russia. Significance - - Notes: Einstrazgruppen -mobile killing squad -Soviet union -Poland -police forces Jews targeted -Poles also targeting to a lesser extent Firing squad Gas vans -zyklon B
Wannsee Conference
When: 1942 Where: Germany What: conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews. "the complete solution." Significance - all Jews are to be deported to the east, Ghettos are to be systematically cleared, and many will die. The typical holocaust ideals are put into practice. Concentration camps. Auschwitz. -
Mao Zedong
When: 1949-1976 Where: China What: Communist leader Significance - The Maoist Model - Reading: 1958: Mao introduced the Great Leap Forward - an audacious attempt to unleash the peoples energy. organized China into 24000 social an economic united called communes. The campaign aimed to catapult China past the developed countries, but the communes failed to feed the people and the industrial good were inferior, thus china took an economic leap backward. 45 million people died from famine and malnutrition, which forced the government to abandon the experiment. The Great Leap also exacted a devastating environmental cost from the country > increased steel production > deforestation > soil erosion and water loss. 1966: Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution - appealed to China's young people and turned away from communist party. They organized into "Red Guards" and pledged to cleanse the party of its corrupt elements and thoroughly remake Chinese Society by getting rid of the four olds (old custom, old habits, old culture, and old ideas) and ransacking the city and artifacts and targeted anything foreign
Fidel Castro
When: 1953 (launched an assault on a military garrison) Where: Cuba What: University law student who led a botched assault on a military garrison and gave a stirring speech at the rebels' trial, which made him a national hero. In 1955 he was released from prison and fled to Mexico. He returned several years later and started organizing guerrilla raids. He seized control of the capital and started consolidating power, elbowing aside rivals and wresting control of the economy from the wealthy elite, who fled to exile. He implemented radical policies and he announced massive land redistribution and nationalization of foreign oil refineries. He ceclared himself a socialist and aligned himself with Soviet Union Communist dictator of Cuba who came into power in 1959. Significance - Cuban Revolution and National Liberation - Negative relation between Cuba and the United States -Cuban Missile Crisis (Cuba let Russia install nuclear weapons) -Ernesto Che Guevara. Bitter about American influences in Latin America. Joined Castro's forces
Algerian War of Independence
When: 1954 (full-fledged revolt) Where: Algeria What: war against France in Algeria, completed the process of decolonization Significance - - Reading: Arab nationalism was strong in Algeria where a sizeable French settler population (colons) stood in the way of complete and peaceful decolonization. atrocities and terrorist acts occurred on both sides 8 years 300,000 lives french soiety was torn asunder FLN (Front de Liberation Nationale)
Berlin Wall
When: 1961 (German Democratic Republic built a wall around West Berlin to insulate the east from capitalist propaganda and to halt a flood of emigres fleeing communism) Where: Berlin Germany What: Barrier set up in 1961 to separate East and West Berlin Significance - The Berlin Wall became the great symbol of a divided Europe and the cold war. U.S. policymakers wanted to shore up democratic governments in Europe so Truman promised American military and economic aid. Containing the spread of communist meant securing a capitalist future for western Europe, a job that fell to Truman's secretary of state, General George C Marshall. He launched the Marshall Plan, and ambitious program that provided over $13 billion in grants and credits to reconstruct Europe and facilitate an economic revival. U.S. policymakers hoped the aid would dim communism's appeal by fostering economic prosperity, muting class tension, and integrating western European nations into an alliance of capitalist democracies. Stalin saw the Marshall Plan as a threat to the Soviet Union. He felt the same way about the formation of NATO (a military alliance between countries in western Europe and North America - the breaching of the Berlin Wall in 1989 spelled the end of the Soviet bloc and communism collapsed.
International Monetary Fund
When: Emerged as a central player in 1980s Where: European, Japanese, and North American banks had loaned money on very easy terms to cash-strapped Third World and eastern-bloc borrowers. What: designed to assist in smoothing the flow of money between nations. The IMF supported the new governments (Third World) monetary systems when they experienced economic woes (Ghana, Nigeria, Egypt) Significance - Intruded the states autonomy - no international financial organization was more influential than the IMF -emerged as a central player in response to the debt crisis in Third World and eastern-bloc countries. - Trade barriers crumbled, state enterprises became private firms, and foreign investors called the former debtors "emerging markets." International finance -countries started taking loans from each other -America and China -International trade also shifted the international division of labor page 793 Reading: Americans wanted to ensure that market structures and private property underlay modernization in third world so they looked to two new instruments of global capitalism > IMF and the World Bank to provide crucial economic guidance in the Third World -
Prague Spring
When: late 1960s Where: Czechoslovakia What: The term for the attempted liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1968. Communist authorities experimented with creating a democratic and pluralist socialist world. Workers and students rallied behind the reformist government, calling for more freedom of expression, more autonomy for workers and consumers, and more debate within the ruling party. Soviet Union crushed the counterrevolutionary movement in Prague. A student doused himself with gasoline and lit a match and committed public suicide as a gesture of defiance against communist rule. Significance -Prague Springs served as a symbol for dissenters, who were divided between those who still wanted to reform socialism and those who wanted to overturn it. - Russians renewed their faith in Orthodox Christianity (per-revolutionary religion) - The Gulag Archipelago. Russian novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Repudiated the notion that socialism could be reformed by a turn away from Stalin's policies
Third World
When: termed in 1950s 1960s the term characterized a large bloc of countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Where: ^ Ghana, India, Egypt What: Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. Represented the majority of the population but were oppressed. All had experienced colonial domination and now aimed to create more just societies than those of the First and Second Worlds. Their leaders believed that they could build strong democratic societies (First World > West) and promote rapid economic development (Second World > Russia) without the empty materialism of western capitalism or the state oppression of communist regimes. First and Second world considered these nations as underdeveloped. Significance - World Bank and IMF threatened third world autonomy. Multinational corporation. Neocolonism - Third world nations fell into dictatorship and authoritarian rule Most had been pulled into the cold war -Third world revolutionaries > use violence against European oppressors and make radical social change. -Mao in China (Cultural Revolution) -Castro in Latin America -Racial discrimination in the United States > internal strain and international embarrassment -Tension in the Third World - OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, etc) -Developing world Reading: WWII made the Soviet Union and the US into superpowers (nuclear weapons, superior armies, industrial might) and they vied for global influence. As decolonization spread, the two powers offered new leaders their model for modernization. US (+ western Europe + Japan) had developed democratic forms of government and a dynamic capitalistic economy that proceeded immense quantities of affordable consumer good. Soviet Union had the communist party's egalitarian ideology and its rapid transition to being highly industrialized. Both the first world (N America and W Europe > free world) and the second world expected the decolonized third world to adopt their models.