final prep

Pataasin ang iyong marka sa homework at exams ngayon gamit ang Quizwiz!

choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial)

2 5 4 1 3

the following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. the correct sequence of these events is

3 5 1 4 6 2

the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for moving

3 sodium and 2 potassium up their concentration gradient using atp

what is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?

3:1

normal blood glucose levels are homeostatically maintained at

70-110 mg/dL

if atom x has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?

74 protons

the composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin c

which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?

CH4

in the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open

Cl- ions enter the cell

the cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are

III, IV, and VI

which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses?

Na

excitatory neurotransmitters of the cns usually act by opening _____ channels

Na+

if a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention _____

cold

the fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is

collagen

you notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. there is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. what type of liquid is this?

colloid

the structure of bone tissue suits the function. which of the following tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?

compact bone

autonomic motor neurons

conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

the tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called _____

connective tissue

a needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?

corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

what is the regional term for the hip region?

coxal

the _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles

crossed extensor

the ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called _____

cruciate ligaments

control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the _____

hypothalamus

joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. in what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?

hypothalamus

the brain region that coordinates the activity of the endocrine and nervous systems is the

hypothalamus

apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

sympathetic division stimulation causes

increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure

the reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the midbrain. which nuclei accomplish this?

inferior colliculi

the spinal nerve T1 emerges _____ vertebra T1

inferior to

the opening of sodium channels causes a rapid _____ of sodium that _____ the neurons membrane

influx; depolarizes

which of the following is not a function of the csf?

initiation of some nerve impulses

the pia mater is the

innermost of the meninges

heat energy produced from a muscle contraction is released by the ______ system

integumentary

protection from environmental hazards is a function of the _____ system

integumentary

heart muscles would tend to separate without

intercalated discs

ossification of flat bones is called

intramembranous

smooth muscle cells are

involuntary

the general senses

involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure

salts are always _____

ionic compounds

the two major functional properties of neurons are

irritability and conductivity

the flexor reflex

is a withdrawal reflex

atp -> adp + pi is an example of a(n) _____ reaction

decomposition

which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?

decrease friction within joint

each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except

decreased heart rate

all of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it

decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun

which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?

dendritic cells - activate the immune system

the dermis is composed largely of _____

dense irregular connective

which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract?

dense microvilli

epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis

in a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of _____ between the individual cells of the tissue

desmosomes

the myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. you would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?

desmosomes

inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in

diabetes mellitus

a fracture in the shaft of a bone would break in the

diaphysis

ossification of the ends of long bones _____

is produced by secondary ossification centers

select the correct statement about isotopes

isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their mass number

synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. which of the following statements is true about this fluid?

it contains hyaluronic acid

which statement best describes the event indicated by the letter "c" in figure 7.1 and how is that event initiated?

it is a subthreshold graded potential resulting from the opening of sodium channels, closure of potassium channels, or opening of ion channels for sodium and potassium

which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?

it is considered the cause of most diseases

which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage?

it secretes synovial fluid

select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue

its primary function is nutrient storage

another name for the patellar reflex is the

knee-jerk reflex

the space occupied by an osteocyte is called a

lacuna

the spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the cns is the

lateral spinothalamic

parasympathetic functions include _____

lens accommodation for close vision

a ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells _____

lines most of the respiratory tract

simple columnar epithelia are found

lining the stomach

transitional epithelium is found

lining the urinary bladder

molecules that can freely diffuse across a cell membrane include

lipids and soluble gases

at an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. choose the correct classification

long

the humerus us an example of a(n) _____ bone

long

when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length

the two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

longitudinal fissure

the muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from

loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane

which organ system functions in defense against infection and disease?

lymphatic

the organelle that contains digestive enzymes for removing damaged organelles is called the

lysosome

prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit the category of _____

maintaining boundaries

which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?

mature bone cell

some large arteries that are proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of the blood vessels. this stretch indicates the blood's pressure. which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?

mechanoreceptors that are also interoreceptors

the vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the _____

medulla

upon landing in the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?

melatonin

the release of _____ from the pineal gland is important for establishing _____

melatonin; circadian rhythm

watery perspiration is an example of a(n) _____ secretion

merocrine

_____ swear glands are widely distributed across the body surface, _____ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and _____ sweat glands are found only in a few areas

merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

the epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the

metaphysis

which of the following structures would aid in a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?

microvilli

approximately 95 percent of a human cell's atp is produced by the

mitochondria

myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. this requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. you would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?

mitochondria

receptors for acetylcholine are located on the

motor end plate

passive membrane transport processes include

movement of a substance down it's concentration gradient

the flexor reflex

moves a limb away from a painful stimulus

which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?

moving the hand toward the shoulder

the hip joint is a good example of a(n) _____ synovial joint

multiaxial

the contraction of a muscle exerts a pull on a bone because

muscles are attached to bones by tendons

the white matter of the spinal cord is mainly

myelinated axons

the contractile units of skeletal muscles are

myofibrils

when body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. this is an example of

negative feedback

which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?

negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body

which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?

nervous tissue

each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single

neuromuscular junction

what is the functional unit of the nervous system?

neurons

which of the following drug classes would be useful for smoking cessation products?

nicotinic agents

if someone spills very hot coffee (200 F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?

nociceptors

which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholamine?

norepinephrine

which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholemine?

norepinephrine

the structure that allows chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol is called a

nuclear pore

which of the following are survival needs of the body?

nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen

the depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid

opening of sodium channels

the diffusion of water across a cell membrane is called

osmosis

bone is best described as _____

osseous tissue

the cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the _____

osteoblast

cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called

osteoblasts

bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. which of the following cells accomplishes this process?

osteoclast

in osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone?

osteoclasts

when an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an _____

osteocyte

mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are

osteocytes

the most abundant cell type in bone is

osteocytes

_____ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum

osteogenic

the structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

the basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following, except

oval

the single most important risk for skin cancer is

overexposure to UV radiation

the hormone that stimulates milk ejection is

oxytocin

the hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus during labor is

oxytocin

loss of sensation and motor control of the lower limbs is called

paraplegia

which of the following is mismatched?

parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release ne

which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?

parathyroid hormone

which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis?

parathyroid hormone

when no energy is required for cell membrane transport, the mechanism is said to be

passive

a cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize _____

phagocytosis

which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?

phagocytosis

which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?

phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules

the layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the

pia mater

melatonin is secreted by the _____ and regulates _____

pineal gland; day-night cycles

pointing the toes is an example of

plantar flexion

in which body cavities are the lungs located?

pleural, ventral, and thoracic

the fact that a cell has an electrical potential difference across its membrane makes that cell

polarized

during the resting state, a neuron is

polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell

immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid

potassium

which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside?

potassium

movement of what ion is responsible for event "d" in figure 7.1?

potassium (K+)

if the soma of a neuron became more permeable to potassium, which statement below best describes the graded potential that would be generated in the soma?

potassium would leave the cell, causing the membrane to hyperpolarize

a visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the cns is called a(n) _____ neuron

preganglionic

the common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems is to

preserve homeostasis

which receptors adapt most slowly?

pressure receptors

the cruciate ligaments of the knee _____

prevent hyperextension of the knee

the first location of long bone formation begins in an area called (the)

primary ossification center

which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?

produces a more rapid response than the nervous system

which of the following is mismatched?

promotes urination; sympathetic

receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called

proprioceptors

what is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?

protein

the basic structural material of the body consists of _____

proteins

increased levels of the hormone _____ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood

pth

compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are

rare because of the socket depth and ligament reinforcement

some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. they are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. these nerve endings represent a(n) _____ in the negative feedback mechanism

receptor

which of the following elements of a control system detects a change?

receptor

some hormones enter cells via

receptor-mediated endocytosis

suppose that you try to pick up an object and discover that is much heavier than you expected. which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the object?

recruitment

the increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called

recruitment

which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

red blood cells

a patient takes a medication that blocks ach receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. what is this drugs effect on skeletal muscle contraction?

reduces the muscle's ability for contraction

damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as

regeneration

the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to _____

regulate intracellular calcium concentration

functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature

carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____

removal of a water molecule between each two units

the layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the _____ layer

reticular

the framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of _____ tissue

reticular connective

identify the type of connective tissue that is found in the lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow

reticular connective tissue

what is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?

sagittal

the repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the

sarcomere

which of the following can actually shorten during a muscle contraction?

sarcomeres

in the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by _____. in the central nervous system, myelin is formed by _____

schwann cells; oligodendrocytes

what structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?

secondary structure

epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for

secretion

muscle tissue has all of the following properties except

secretion

antidiuretic hormone (adh) _____

secretion is inhibited by alcohol

which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?

sending signals to muscles

the carpal bones are examples of _____ bones

short

the joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the _____ joint

shoulder

which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?

shoulder

inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?

simple columnar

which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?

simple squamous

a tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as

simple squamous epithelium

which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?

skeletal

the type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the _____ fiber

slow

you suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to

smell his food

synthesis of phospholipids occurs in the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

the organelle that synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates is called the

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?

sodium

the skeletal muscles are innervated by the _____ nervous system

somatic

_____ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi

spongy

which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?

stimulates production of an action potential

a small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it

stimulates vitamin d3 synthesis in the epidermis

which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system?

stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response

which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum

storage and release site for calcium ions

myoglobin _____

stores oxygen in muscle cells

which of the following epithelial tissues is composed of many layers of cells?

stratified squamous epithelium

the deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

stratum basale

the epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in health, well-being, and functional of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?

stratum basale

the layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

stratum corneum

which layer of the skin is least protected by melanin?

stratum corneum

which of the following statements is true?

striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei

anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to _____

structure; function

cerebrospinal fluid flows within the

subarachnoid space

which is a major function of the skeletal system?

support of the body

functions of epithelia include all of the following, except

supporting muscle cells

skull bones are joined by tight connections called

sutures

a red blood cell placed in pure water would ______

swell and burst

the region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the

synapse

once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following except?

synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion

the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the

synaptic cleft

the gap between two communicating neurons is termed

synaptic cleft

a receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a

tactile receptor

identify the type of summation that is occurring in figure 7.1 where "s" refers to a stimulus from one source measured in the postsynaptic membrane

temporal

the reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the _____ reflex

tendon

john tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. you explain to him that cholesterol is important. which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?

testosterone

the chemical symbol O=O means _____

the atoms are double bonded

when a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

the blood supply to the skin decreases

how would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?

the bone would be more flexible

if cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?

the cells will lose water and shrink

the subdural space lies between

the dura mater and the arachnoid mater

which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate

which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of a muscle?

the head portion of the myosin molecule

the reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that

the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber

an emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. she records the reactivity of the patients pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. this test supports which of the following?

the patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III)

a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with _____

the release of energy

william has a cut that is superficial, painful but nor bleeding. based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to

the stratum basale but not the dermal layers

what does the formula C6H12O6 mean?

there are, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms

all of the following are true of neurons, except that

they are a very specialized form of connective tissue

which of the following statements best describes angular movements?

they change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones

which of the following accurately describes afferent neurons?

they transmit information from the periphery to the cns

which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction?

thin filaments and thick filaments

the type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)

third-degree burn

which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?

thoracic cavity

the sympathetic division of the ans is also known as which of the following

thoracolumbar division

at age 85, lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. the atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?

thymus

the hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine

what is the functional role of the t tubules?

to rapidly pass ap throughout the complete cell

which of the following is a solid structure?

trabecula

spongy bone contains

trabeculae

you would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the

trachea

which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?

transitional epithelium

hormones that activate other endocrine glands belong to the group known as

tropic

at rest, the active sites on the actin are blocked by

tropomyosin molecules

what is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?

tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules

at rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by

troponin molecules

a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but it's tension increases is called an isometric contraction

true

a disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei

true

a physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color

true

a tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function

true

all organic compounds contain carbon

true

cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space

true

during the relative refractory period, the stimulus intensity required to initiate an action potential is elevated

true

flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion

true

glucose is an example of a monosaccharide

true

glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells

true

it is the difference in the r group that makes each amino acid chemically unique

true

melatonin production peaks during the night to help regulate the body's day-night cycle

true

mineralocorticoids help regulate both water and electrolyte balance in body fluids

true

most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems

true

most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms

true

movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint

true

muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units

true

once an action potential is generated, it will always depolarize the neighboring membrane above threshold, ensuring the action potential will travel along the axon without interuption

true

one functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing

true

positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

true

sixty-five percent of the mass of a bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite

true

supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior

true

the apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation

true

the dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not

true

the effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure

true

the force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment

true

the limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain

true

the neurotransmitter used by the nervous system to activate skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine

true

the pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis

true

the pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis

true

the skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes

true

the structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk

true

the trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress

true

the vasomotor tone of blood vessels is mostly under sympathetic control

true

thyroid hormone is actually two iodine-containing hormones called T3 and T4

true

thyroid hormone targets all cells of the body

true

the statement "preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

the statement "ther is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the cns and the effector organ" is

true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

the statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

the statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is

true only for the parasympathetic nervous system

the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

tsh

which statement best describes connective tissue?

usually contains a large amount of matrix

almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the

vagus nerves

which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

vagus nerves

problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?

vestibulocochlear

damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck

the main component of the cytosol is

water

which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?

weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of the _____ reflex

withdrawal

movement of chemicals driven by concentration gradients with or without a membrane is called

diffusion

parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except

dilation of the airways

in general, the nervous system does each of the following, except

directs long-term responses to change

sucrose is a _____

disaccharide

lifting a stone with the tip of the foot is

dorsiflexion

sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?

eccrine and apocrine

muscles and glands are

effectors

the shape of the external ear is maintained by ______

elastic cartilage

the protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is

elastin

when one closes the mouth, the movement is called

elevation

which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food?

elevation

glands, such as thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as _____

endocrine

which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

endomysium

the number of mitochondria varies among cells because

energy needs vary between cells

a good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be _____

enhancement of labor contractions

which of the following does not describe enzymes?

enzymes work by raising the energy of activation

secretions through a duct might provide _____, whereas ductless secretions act as _____

enzymes; hormones

specialized _____ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus

ependymal

the area between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebrae is the

epidural space

the adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norephinephrine

examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. the cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. the tissue is most likely _____ tissue

epithelial

a substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?

epithelial tissue

the tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is

epithelial tissue

close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. the layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. this tissue is probably

epithelium

which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

the best way to delay skeletal aging is to

exercise

the pancreas produces both hormones and digestive enzymes. these are _____ secretions

exocrine and endocrine

pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are _____

externoceptors

B-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart

false

a dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis

false

aldosterone raises blood glucose levels through the breakdown of fats and proteins

false

calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (pth) are produced by the parathyroid glands

false

cells are the building blocks of all matter

false

excitatory graded potentials are those where the stimulus initiates a hyperpolarization of the cell

false

graded potentials are of equal magnitude and travel over long distances along the axon

false

in temporal summation, stimuli from different sources are applied at the same time such that they overlap and sum

false

isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains

false

meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons

false

muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached

false

a type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. the ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. these transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. this transport protein would best be described as _____

a symporter

which of the following does not describe the ans?

a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells

the cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the

accessory

what enzyme catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine?

acetylcholinesterase

once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract

false

short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to reduce their weight

false

sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus

false

the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles

false

the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap

false

the endocrine system is the fast-acting body control system

false

the magnitude of the action potential is dependent upon the extent to which the change in membrane potential is above threshold

false

they sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ans have the same effect on most body organ systems

false

triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy

false

when a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body

false

how is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?

fibers are not normally visible

connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by

fibroblasts

a rib is an example of a _____ bone

flat

curling into the "fetal position" _____ the intervertebral joints

flexes

movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones is which movement?

flexion

the movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the

foot

simple cuboidal epithelium is found

forming the kidney tubules

the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

fsh

vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems, except that it

functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system

cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. in order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. this is possible because

g protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

select the statement that is most correct

ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons

excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism

excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in

gigantism

the condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

acne

during skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to active sites of

actin filaments

the type of mechanism that requires energy for a substance to cross the cell membrane is

active

the in-folded structures of the inner mitochondrial membrane

add surface area and efficiency to the mitochondria

a movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed

adduction

which of the following hormones is not released from the adrenal gland?

adrenocorticotropic hormone

nerves that carry impulses toward the cns only are

afferent nerves

the most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is

aldosterone

stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in

all of the above

which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue?

all of the above are correct

the thin filaments of striated muscle are made primarily of which protein(s)?

all of the answers are correct

which adrenergic receptor(s) has the greatest affinity for norepinephrine?

alpha and beta 1

forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of

anabolism

the joints that are subjected to the greatest load are found in the

ankles

the joint between the carpals is a/an _____ joint

gliding

if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting

glucagon

increased breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose is stimulated by

glucagon

superficial membrane carbohydrates form the

glycocalyx

carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of _____

glycogen

lysosomes are produced in the

golgi apparatus

a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a _____ joint

gomphosis

which of the following potentials can sum?

graded potentials

which of the following potentials dissipate in size as the potential moves away from the site of initiation?

graded potentials

the study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called _____ anatomy

gross

what are the three main components of connective tissue?

ground substance, fibers, and cells

when cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones

grow longer

the glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called _____ glands

apocrine

sympathetic nerves

are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity

muscarinic receptors

are normally activated by acetylcholine

bursae are found in all the following areas, except

around blood vessels

mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. she has lost feeling in her lower body. her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?

ascending tracts

growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

in a neuron, where is the greatest concentration of voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels?

axon hillock

the axon is connected to the cell body by the

axon hillock

an action potential originates at the _____ and travels along the axon until it reaches the _____

axon hillock; axon terminal

the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons

the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of sensory neurons

johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. which hormone is recommended?

growth hormone

the pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

which of the following is not a function of lysosomes?

help in the formation of cell membranes

which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?

high heat of vaporization

presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?

hinge joint

the endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are

hormones

the outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called

horns

one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

each skeletal muscle fiber contains _____ myofibrils

hundreds to thousands

what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

hyaline cartilage

mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called

baroreceptors

which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?

beta 1

a certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. this drug probably binds to _____ receptors

beta 1 adrenergic

some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to

bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell

steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of g proteins and camp

the transmission of endocrine signals occurs through

blood

which of the following is an example of a suspension?

blood

the central canal of an osteon contains

blood vessels

ossification (osteogenesis) is the process of _____

bone formation

a decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in

both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel

the adrenal medullae secrete

both epinephrine and norepinephrine

the normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves

both flexion and extension

the surface of articular cartilage is

both slick and smooth

which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?

both the roof of the skull and the clavicle

the thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?

both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

which organ contains 95 percent of the neural tissue in the body?

brain

connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called

bursae

the sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. the secretion of sebum is stimulated

by hormones, especially androgens

in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows _____

by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis

burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. how do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?

by using the "rule of nines"

elevated levels of calcium in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin

bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium

why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction

calcium allows the binding of myosin to actin

prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of

calcium and vitamin d

all of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they

cannot be modified by the brain

the four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are _____

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of

cardiac muscle tissue

which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?

cardiovascular

_____ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow

carotene

the primary pigments contained in the epidermis are

carotene and melanin

substances like glucose are often large enough to need transport through

carrier proteins

the presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is

cartilage

what is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?

catastrophic fluid loss

the dorsal root ganglia mainly contain

cell bodies of sensory neurons

the smallest units of life are called

cells

what level of organization is the smallest living level of organization?

cellular level

glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called _____ glands

ceruminous

which glands produce ear wax?

ceruminous glands

clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic _____ ganglia

chain

which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

which of the following is not present in bone?

chondroitin sulfate

select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue

"blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells

which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse

2 1 4 3

which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?

X

choose the answer that best describes HCO3

a bicarbonate ion

the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a g protein

a fascicle is

a group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium

most skeletal muscles contain

a mixture of fiber types

acetylcholine is

a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle

in which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?

a polysynaptic reflex

homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _____

a relatively stable internal environment, within limits


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