final prep
choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial)
2 5 4 1 3
the following is a list of the events that occur during a muscle contraction. the correct sequence of these events is
3 5 1 4 6 2
the sodium-potassium pump is responsible for moving
3 sodium and 2 potassium up their concentration gradient using atp
what is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?
3:1
normal blood glucose levels are homeostatically maintained at
70-110 mg/dL
if atom x has an atomic number of 74 it would have which of the following?
74 protons
the composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin c
which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CH4
in the membrane of a resting nerve cell, when chemically gated Cl- channels open
Cl- ions enter the cell
the cranial nerves that innervate the eye muscles are
III, IV, and VI
which of the following elements is necessary for proper conduction of nerve impulses?
Na
excitatory neurotransmitters of the cns usually act by opening _____ channels
Na+
if a friend is talking about someone she knows who lost his special senses, you would correct her when you hear her mention _____
cold
the fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is
collagen
you notice that you cannot read your book through a test tube of patient fluid held against the print, making it so blurred as to be unreadable. there is no precipitant in the bottom of the beaker, though it has been sitting for several days in a rack. what type of liquid is this?
colloid
the structure of bone tissue suits the function. which of the following tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?
compact bone
autonomic motor neurons
conduct impulses to smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
the tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called _____
connective tissue
a needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
what is the regional term for the hip region?
coxal
the _____ reflex complements the flexor reflex by activating contralateral muscles
crossed extensor
the ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called _____
cruciate ligaments
control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the _____
hypothalamus
joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. in what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?
hypothalamus
the brain region that coordinates the activity of the endocrine and nervous systems is the
hypothalamus
apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital area
which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
sympathetic division stimulation causes
increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure
the reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the midbrain. which nuclei accomplish this?
inferior colliculi
the spinal nerve T1 emerges _____ vertebra T1
inferior to
the opening of sodium channels causes a rapid _____ of sodium that _____ the neurons membrane
influx; depolarizes
which of the following is not a function of the csf?
initiation of some nerve impulses
the pia mater is the
innermost of the meninges
heat energy produced from a muscle contraction is released by the ______ system
integumentary
protection from environmental hazards is a function of the _____ system
integumentary
heart muscles would tend to separate without
intercalated discs
ossification of flat bones is called
intramembranous
smooth muscle cells are
involuntary
the general senses
involve receptors that are relatively simple in structure
salts are always _____
ionic compounds
the two major functional properties of neurons are
irritability and conductivity
the flexor reflex
is a withdrawal reflex
atp -> adp + pi is an example of a(n) _____ reaction
decomposition
which of the following is a function of synovial fluid?
decrease friction within joint
each of the following effects is associated with the action of postganglionic sympathetic fibers, except
decreased heart rate
all of the following are true of the pigment melanin, except that it
decreases in concentration within cells during exposure to the sun
which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
dendritic cells - activate the immune system
the dermis is composed largely of _____
dense irregular connective
which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract?
dense microvilli
epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis
in a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of _____ between the individual cells of the tissue
desmosomes
the myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. you would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane?
desmosomes
inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
diabetes mellitus
a fracture in the shaft of a bone would break in the
diaphysis
ossification of the ends of long bones _____
is produced by secondary ossification centers
select the correct statement about isotopes
isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but differ in their mass number
synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. which of the following statements is true about this fluid?
it contains hyaluronic acid
which statement best describes the event indicated by the letter "c" in figure 7.1 and how is that event initiated?
it is a subthreshold graded potential resulting from the opening of sodium channels, closure of potassium channels, or opening of ion channels for sodium and potassium
which of the following statements is the most correct regarding homeostatic imbalance?
it is considered the cause of most diseases
which of the following is not a characteristic of articular cartilage?
it secretes synovial fluid
select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue
its primary function is nutrient storage
another name for the patellar reflex is the
knee-jerk reflex
the space occupied by an osteocyte is called a
lacuna
the spinal tract that relays information concerning pain and temperature to the cns is the
lateral spinothalamic
parasympathetic functions include _____
lens accommodation for close vision
a ciliated version of pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing mucus-secreting goblet cells _____
lines most of the respiratory tract
simple columnar epithelia are found
lining the stomach
transitional epithelium is found
lining the urinary bladder
molecules that can freely diffuse across a cell membrane include
lipids and soluble gases
at an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. choose the correct classification
long
the humerus us an example of a(n) _____ bone
long
when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,
long bones have reached their adult length
the two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the
longitudinal fissure
the muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from
loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane
which organ system functions in defense against infection and disease?
lymphatic
the organelle that contains digestive enzymes for removing damaged organelles is called the
lysosome
prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit the category of _____
maintaining boundaries
which of the following labels best matches osteocyte?
mature bone cell
some large arteries that are proximal to the heart are sensitive to the stretch of the blood vessels. this stretch indicates the blood's pressure. which of the following pairs of classifications below best fit the receptor type that is being described above?
mechanoreceptors that are also interoreceptors
the vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the _____
medulla
upon landing in the airport in Lagos, Nigeria, eric feels wide awake even though the local time is 11pm. which synthetic hormone supplement could he administer to help adjust to the new time zone?
melatonin
the release of _____ from the pineal gland is important for establishing _____
melatonin; circadian rhythm
watery perspiration is an example of a(n) _____ secretion
merocrine
_____ swear glands are widely distributed across the body surface, _____ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and _____ sweat glands are found only in a few areas
merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine
the epiphyseal cartilage connects to the diaphysis by a narrow zone called the
metaphysis
which of the following structures would aid in a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?
microvilli
approximately 95 percent of a human cell's atp is produced by the
mitochondria
myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. this requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. you would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?
mitochondria
receptors for acetylcholine are located on the
motor end plate
passive membrane transport processes include
movement of a substance down it's concentration gradient
the flexor reflex
moves a limb away from a painful stimulus
which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?
moving the hand toward the shoulder
the hip joint is a good example of a(n) _____ synovial joint
multiaxial
the contraction of a muscle exerts a pull on a bone because
muscles are attached to bones by tendons
the white matter of the spinal cord is mainly
myelinated axons
the contractile units of skeletal muscles are
myofibrils
when body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. this is an example of
negative feedback
which of the following statements is true concerning feedback mechanisms?
negative feedback mechanisms work to prevent sudden severe changes within the body
which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses?
nervous tissue
each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single
neuromuscular junction
what is the functional unit of the nervous system?
neurons
which of the following drug classes would be useful for smoking cessation products?
nicotinic agents
if someone spills very hot coffee (200 F) on their skin, they will likely perceive much pain. which of the following receptor types is causing this sensation?
nociceptors
which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholamine?
norepinephrine
which of the following neurotransmitters is a catecholemine?
norepinephrine
the structure that allows chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol is called a
nuclear pore
which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
the depolarization phase of the action potential is generated by a rapid
opening of sodium channels
the diffusion of water across a cell membrane is called
osmosis
bone is best described as _____
osseous tissue
the cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the _____
osteoblast
cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called
osteoblasts
bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
osteoclast
in osseous tissue, which of the following is able to break down bone?
osteoclasts
when an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as an _____
osteocyte
mature bone cells that monitor the matrix are
osteocytes
the most abundant cell type in bone is
osteocytes
_____ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum
osteogenic
the structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons
the basic shapes of epithelial cells include all of the following, except
oval
the single most important risk for skin cancer is
overexposure to UV radiation
the hormone that stimulates milk ejection is
oxytocin
the hormone that stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus during labor is
oxytocin
loss of sensation and motor control of the lower limbs is called
paraplegia
which of the following is mismatched?
parasympathetic postganglionic fibers; release ne
which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
parathyroid hormone
which of the following works with calcitrol to maintain bone homeostasis?
parathyroid hormone
when no energy is required for cell membrane transport, the mechanism is said to be
passive
a cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize _____
phagocytosis
which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
phagocytosis
which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules
the layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the
pia mater
melatonin is secreted by the _____ and regulates _____
pineal gland; day-night cycles
pointing the toes is an example of
plantar flexion
in which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
the fact that a cell has an electrical potential difference across its membrane makes that cell
polarized
during the resting state, a neuron is
polarized with sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside the cell
immediately after an action potential is propagated, which one of the following ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid
potassium
which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside?
potassium
movement of what ion is responsible for event "d" in figure 7.1?
potassium (K+)
if the soma of a neuron became more permeable to potassium, which statement below best describes the graded potential that would be generated in the soma?
potassium would leave the cell, causing the membrane to hyperpolarize
a visceral motor neuron whose cell body is within the cns is called a(n) _____ neuron
preganglionic
the common goal of the endocrine and nervous systems is to
preserve homeostasis
which receptors adapt most slowly?
pressure receptors
the cruciate ligaments of the knee _____
prevent hyperextension of the knee
the first location of long bone formation begins in an area called (the)
primary ossification center
which one of the following is not a characteristic of the endocrine system?
produces a more rapid response than the nervous system
which of the following is mismatched?
promotes urination; sympathetic
receptors that monitor the position of joints belong to the category called
proprioceptors
what is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?
protein
the basic structural material of the body consists of _____
proteins
increased levels of the hormone _____ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood
pth
compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are
rare because of the socket depth and ligament reinforcement
some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. they are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. these nerve endings represent a(n) _____ in the negative feedback mechanism
receptor
which of the following elements of a control system detects a change?
receptor
some hormones enter cells via
receptor-mediated endocytosis
suppose that you try to pick up an object and discover that is much heavier than you expected. which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the object?
recruitment
the increase in muscle tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called
recruitment
which of the following would you not find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
red blood cells
a patient takes a medication that blocks ach receptors of skeletal muscle fibers. what is this drugs effect on skeletal muscle contraction?
reduces the muscle's ability for contraction
damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as
regeneration
the major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to _____
regulate intracellular calcium concentration
functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature
carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the _____
removal of a water molecule between each two units
the layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the _____ layer
reticular
the framework or stroma of organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymph nodes is made up of _____ tissue
reticular connective
identify the type of connective tissue that is found in the lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
reticular connective tissue
what is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
the repeating unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
sarcomere
which of the following can actually shorten during a muscle contraction?
sarcomeres
in the peripheral nervous system, myelin is formed by _____. in the central nervous system, myelin is formed by _____
schwann cells; oligodendrocytes
what structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
secondary structure
epithelial cells exhibit modifications that adapt them for
secretion
muscle tissue has all of the following properties except
secretion
antidiuretic hormone (adh) _____
secretion is inhibited by alcohol
which of the following is a function of the efferent division of the nervous system?
sending signals to muscles
the carpal bones are examples of _____ bones
short
the joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body is the _____ joint
shoulder
which of the following joints is an example of a ball-and-socket joint?
shoulder
inability to absorb digested nutrients and secrete mucus might indicate a disorder in which epithelial tissue?
simple columnar
which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
simple squamous
a tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as
simple squamous epithelium
which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation?
skeletal
the type of muscle fiber that is most resistant to fatigue is the _____ fiber
slow
you suspect your friend has damage to cranial nerve I when he is unable to
smell his food
synthesis of phospholipids occurs in the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
the organelle that synthesizes lipids and carbohydrates is called the
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
which of the following is the major positive ion outside cells?
sodium
the skeletal muscles are innervated by the _____ nervous system
somatic
_____ bone does not contain capillaries, but receives nutrients through its canaliculi
spongy
which of the following is not a change typically produced by a hormonal stimulus?
stimulates production of an action potential
a small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it
stimulates vitamin d3 synthesis in the epidermis
which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system?
stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response
which of the following best describes the term sarcoplasmic reticulum
storage and release site for calcium ions
myoglobin _____
stores oxygen in muscle cells
which of the following epithelial tissues is composed of many layers of cells?
stratified squamous epithelium
the deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the
stratum basale
the epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in health, well-being, and functional of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
stratum basale
the layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the
stratum corneum
which layer of the skin is least protected by melanin?
stratum corneum
which of the following statements is true?
striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei
anatomy is to _____ as physiology is to _____
structure; function
cerebrospinal fluid flows within the
subarachnoid space
which is a major function of the skeletal system?
support of the body
functions of epithelia include all of the following, except
supporting muscle cells
skull bones are joined by tight connections called
sutures
a red blood cell placed in pure water would ______
swell and burst
the region where the axon terminal meets its target cell is called the
synapse
once a sympathetic preganglionic axon reaches a trunk ganglion, it can do all of the following except?
synapse with a parasympathetic neuron in the same trunk ganglion
the gap between the axon terminal of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle cell is called the
synaptic cleft
the gap between two communicating neurons is termed
synaptic cleft
a receptor that contains many mechanically gated ion channels would function best as a
tactile receptor
identify the type of summation that is occurring in figure 7.1 where "s" refers to a stimulus from one source measured in the postsynaptic membrane
temporal
the reflex that prevents a muscle from exerting too much tension is the _____ reflex
tendon
john tells you that cholesterol is bad and should be eliminated from the diet. you explain to him that cholesterol is important. which of the following hormones are synthesized from cholesterol?
testosterone
the chemical symbol O=O means _____
the atoms are double bonded
when a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?
the blood supply to the skin decreases
how would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone?
the bone would be more flexible
if cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen?
the cells will lose water and shrink
the subdural space lies between
the dura mater and the arachnoid mater
which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?
the greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate
which of the following acts as an ATPase during the contraction cycle of a muscle?
the head portion of the myosin molecule
the reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
an emergency medical technician is examining a trauma victim by shining a pen light into her patient's eye. she records the reactivity of the patients pupils as they constrict when stimulated by the light. this test supports which of the following?
the patient has function of the oculomotor nerve (III)
a chemical reaction in which bonds are broken is usually associated with _____
the release of energy
william has a cut that is superficial, painful but nor bleeding. based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
what does the formula C6H12O6 mean?
there are, 6 carbon, 12 hydrogen, and 6 oxygen atoms
all of the following are true of neurons, except that
they are a very specialized form of connective tissue
which of the following statements best describes angular movements?
they change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones
which of the following accurately describes afferent neurons?
they transmit information from the periphery to the cns
which of the following become connected by myosin cross-bridges during muscle contraction?
thin filaments and thick filaments
the type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)
third-degree burn
which of these is not part of the dorsal cavity?
thoracic cavity
the sympathetic division of the ans is also known as which of the following
thoracolumbar division
at age 85, lyle's immune system does not respond to vaccines as well as it did when he was younger. the atrophy of which endocrine gland is likely responsible for this?
thymus
the hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is
thyroxine
what is the functional role of the t tubules?
to rapidly pass ap throughout the complete cell
which of the following is a solid structure?
trabecula
spongy bone contains
trabeculae
you would find pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the
trachea
which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?
transitional epithelium
hormones that activate other endocrine glands belong to the group known as
tropic
at rest, the active sites on the actin are blocked by
tropomyosin molecules
what is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules
at rest, the tropomyosin molecule is held in place by
troponin molecules
a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but it's tension increases is called an isometric contraction
true
a disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei
true
a physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color
true
a tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function
true
all organic compounds contain carbon
true
cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space
true
during the relative refractory period, the stimulus intensity required to initiate an action potential is elevated
true
flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion
true
glucose is an example of a monosaccharide
true
glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells
true
it is the difference in the r group that makes each amino acid chemically unique
true
melatonin production peaks during the night to help regulate the body's day-night cycle
true
mineralocorticoids help regulate both water and electrolyte balance in body fluids
true
most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback systems
true
most hormones are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms
true
movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint
true
muscle tone is the small amount of tautness or tension in the muscle due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units
true
once an action potential is generated, it will always depolarize the neighboring membrane above threshold, ensuring the action potential will travel along the axon without interuption
true
one functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing
true
positive feedback mechanisms tend to enhance the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated
true
sixty-five percent of the mass of a bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite
true
supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from posterior to anterior
true
the apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation
true
the dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not
true
the effect of beta-blocker drugs (block beta-receptors) is to decrease blood pressure
true
the force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment
true
the limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective, brain
true
the neurotransmitter used by the nervous system to activate skeletal muscle cells is acetylcholine
true
the pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis
true
the pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis
true
the skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes
true
the structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk
true
the trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress
true
the vasomotor tone of blood vessels is mostly under sympathetic control
true
thyroid hormone is actually two iodine-containing hormones called T3 and T4
true
thyroid hormone targets all cells of the body
true
the statement "preganglionic axon terminals release acetylcholine" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
the statement "ther is always a synapse in a peripheral ganglion between the cns and the effector organ" is
true for both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems
the statement "it initiates contraction of urinary bladder smooth muscle" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
the statement "its ganglia are usually near or within the end organ" is
true only for the parasympathetic nervous system
the pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
tsh
which statement best describes connective tissue?
usually contains a large amount of matrix
almost 75 percent of all parasympathetic outflow travels along the
vagus nerves
which of these provides preganglionic parasympathetic innervation to structures in the neck and in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
vagus nerves
problems in balance may follow trauma to which nerve?
vestibulocochlear
damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with
visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck
the main component of the cytosol is
water
which of the following symptoms would you associate with damage to the spinal accessory nerve?
weakness of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
pulling away from a painful stimulus is an example of the _____ reflex
withdrawal
movement of chemicals driven by concentration gradients with or without a membrane is called
diffusion
parasympathetic functions include all of the following, except
dilation of the airways
in general, the nervous system does each of the following, except
directs long-term responses to change
sucrose is a _____
disaccharide
lifting a stone with the tip of the foot is
dorsiflexion
sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
eccrine and apocrine
muscles and glands are
effectors
the shape of the external ear is maintained by ______
elastic cartilage
the protein that permits stretching and recoiling of the skin is
elastin
when one closes the mouth, the movement is called
elevation
which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food?
elevation
glands, such as thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as _____
endocrine
which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
endomysium
the number of mitochondria varies among cells because
energy needs vary between cells
a good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be _____
enhancement of labor contractions
which of the following does not describe enzymes?
enzymes work by raising the energy of activation
secretions through a duct might provide _____, whereas ductless secretions act as _____
enzymes; hormones
specialized _____ cells form the secretory component of the choroid plexus
ependymal
the area between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebrae is the
epidural space
the adrenal medulla produces the hormones
epinephrine and norephinephrine
examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. the cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. the tissue is most likely _____ tissue
epithelial
a substance received or given off by your body will likely pass through which tissue type?
epithelial tissue
the tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is
epithelial tissue
close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. the layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. this tissue is probably
epithelium
which of these hormones increases production of red blood cells?
erythropoietin
the best way to delay skeletal aging is to
exercise
the pancreas produces both hormones and digestive enzymes. these are _____ secretions
exocrine and endocrine
pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are _____
externoceptors
B-adrenergic receptors are the only receptors found on the heart
false
a dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis
false
aldosterone raises blood glucose levels through the breakdown of fats and proteins
false
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (pth) are produced by the parathyroid glands
false
cells are the building blocks of all matter
false
excitatory graded potentials are those where the stimulus initiates a hyperpolarization of the cell
false
graded potentials are of equal magnitude and travel over long distances along the axon
false
in temporal summation, stimuli from different sources are applied at the same time such that they overlap and sum
false
isotopes differ from each other only in the number of electrons the atom contains
false
meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons
false
muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached
false
a type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. the ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. these transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. this transport protein would best be described as _____
a symporter
which of the following does not describe the ans?
a system of motor neurons that innervates all muscle cells
the cranial nerve with a cervical origin (spinal cord) is the
accessory
what enzyme catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine?
acetylcholinesterase
once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract
false
short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to reduce their weight
false
sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus
false
the ans stimulates smooth muscles, skeletal muscles, and glands, whereas the somatic nervous system innervates skeletal muscles
false
the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are two separate systems that work totally independent of each other and lack any functional overlap
false
the endocrine system is the fast-acting body control system
false
the magnitude of the action potential is dependent upon the extent to which the change in membrane potential is above threshold
false
they sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ans have the same effect on most body organ systems
false
triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy
false
when a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body
false
how is hyaline cartilage different from elastic cartilage or fibrocartilage?
fibers are not normally visible
connective tissue fibers are produced mainly by
fibroblasts
a rib is an example of a _____ bone
flat
curling into the "fetal position" _____ the intervertebral joints
flexes
movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between articulating bones is which movement?
flexion
the movements known as dorsiflexion and plantar flexion involve moving the
foot
simple cuboidal epithelium is found
forming the kidney tubules
the pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
fsh
vitamin D3 formed within the skin has all of these effects on other organ systems, except that it
functions in the activation of plasma cells by the lymphatic system
cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. in order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. this is possible because
g protein acts as the link between first and second messengers
select the statement that is most correct
ganglia associated with afferent nerve fibers contain cell bodies of sensory neurons
excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause
gigantism
excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in
gigantism
the condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is
acne
during skeletal muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to active sites of
actin filaments
the type of mechanism that requires energy for a substance to cross the cell membrane is
active
the in-folded structures of the inner mitochondrial membrane
add surface area and efficiency to the mitochondria
a movement toward the longitudinal axis of the body in the frontal plane is termed
adduction
which of the following hormones is not released from the adrenal gland?
adrenocorticotropic hormone
nerves that carry impulses toward the cns only are
afferent nerves
the most important mineralocorticoid regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is
aldosterone
stimulation of the beta receptors on heart muscle cells results in
all of the above
which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue?
all of the above are correct
the thin filaments of striated muscle are made primarily of which protein(s)?
all of the answers are correct
which adrenergic receptor(s) has the greatest affinity for norepinephrine?
alpha and beta 1
forming glycogen as energy storage in the liver is an example of
anabolism
the joints that are subjected to the greatest load are found in the
ankles
the joint between the carpals is a/an _____ joint
gliding
if a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting
glucagon
increased breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose is stimulated by
glucagon
superficial membrane carbohydrates form the
glycocalyx
carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of _____
glycogen
lysosomes are produced in the
golgi apparatus
a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a _____ joint
gomphosis
which of the following potentials can sum?
graded potentials
which of the following potentials dissipate in size as the potential moves away from the site of initiation?
graded potentials
the study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called _____ anatomy
gross
what are the three main components of connective tissue?
ground substance, fibers, and cells
when cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones
grow longer
the glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called _____ glands
apocrine
sympathetic nerves
are bundles of postganglionic fibers that innervate organs within the thoracic cavity
muscarinic receptors
are normally activated by acetylcholine
bursae are found in all the following areas, except
around blood vessels
mary is in an automobile accident and suffers a spinal cord injury. she has lost feeling in her lower body. her doctor tells her that swelling is compressing a portion of her spinal cord. which part of her cord is likely to be compressed?
ascending tracts
growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. which hormone is of greatest importance for bone growth during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
in a neuron, where is the greatest concentration of voltage-gated sodium and voltage-gated potassium channels?
axon hillock
the axon is connected to the cell body by the
axon hillock
an action potential originates at the _____ and travels along the axon until it reaches the _____
axon hillock; axon terminal
the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons
the dorsal root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of sensory neurons
johanna is significantly shorter than normal for her age. her doctor recommends treatment with a hormone before her growth plates ossify in her long bones. which hormone is recommended?
growth hormone
the pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is
growth hormone
which of the following is the single most important stimulus for epiphyseal plate activity during infancy and childhood?
growth hormone
which of the following is not a function of lysosomes?
help in the formation of cell membranes
which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
hinge joint
the endocrine system differs from the nervous system in that the chemical messengers of the endocrine system are
hormones
the outward projections from the central gray matter of the spinal cord are called
horns
one of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. which of the following describes this mechanism?
humoral stimulation
each skeletal muscle fiber contains _____ myofibrils
hundreds to thousands
what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
hyaline cartilage
mechanoreceptors that respond to changes in blood pressure are called
baroreceptors
which of the following adrenergic neurotransmitter receptors plays the major role in heart activity?
beta 1
a certain drug decreases heart rate by blocking a receptor on cardiac pacemaker cells. this drug probably binds to _____ receptors
beta 1 adrenergic
some neurotoxins work essentially the same way as some local anesthetics, which is to
bind to Na+ channels and inactivate them and prevent depolarization by blocking Na+ entry into the cell
steroid hormones
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by
binding to specific receptors and employing the services of g proteins and camp
the transmission of endocrine signals occurs through
blood
which of the following is an example of a suspension?
blood
the central canal of an osteon contains
blood vessels
ossification (osteogenesis) is the process of _____
bone formation
a decrease in the autonomic tone of the smooth muscle in a blood vessel would result in
both an increase in vessel diameter and an increase in blood flow through the vessel
the adrenal medullae secrete
both epinephrine and norepinephrine
the normal movement of the knee joint during walking involves
both flexion and extension
the surface of articular cartilage is
both slick and smooth
which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification?
both the roof of the skull and the clavicle
the thyroid gland secretes what hormone(s)?
both thyroid hormones and calcitonin
which organ contains 95 percent of the neural tissue in the body?
brain
connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called
bursae
the sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. the secretion of sebum is stimulated
by hormones, especially androgens
in the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows _____
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. how do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss?
by using the "rule of nines"
elevated levels of calcium in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
calcium
why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction
calcium allows the binding of myosin to actin
prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of
calcium and vitamin d
all of the following are true of neural reflexes, except that they
cannot be modified by the brain
the four elements that make up about 96% of body weight are _____
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of
cardiac muscle tissue
which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells?
cardiovascular
_____ is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow
carotene
the primary pigments contained in the epidermis are
carotene and melanin
substances like glucose are often large enough to need transport through
carrier proteins
the presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is
cartilage
what is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn?
catastrophic fluid loss
the dorsal root ganglia mainly contain
cell bodies of sensory neurons
the smallest units of life are called
cells
what level of organization is the smallest living level of organization?
cellular level
glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called _____ glands
ceruminous
which glands produce ear wax?
ceruminous glands
clusters of ganglionic sympathetic neurons lying along either side of the spinal cord are called sympathetic _____ ganglia
chain
which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
which of the following is not present in bone?
chondroitin sulfate
select the correct statement regarding the stem cells of connective tissue
"blast" cells are undifferentiated, actively dividing cells
which one of the following is the correct sequence of events that correlates to the sequence of events of a nerve impulse
2 1 4 3
which of the cranial nerves is named for the fact that it "wanders," that is, innervates structures throughout the thorax and abdomen?
X
choose the answer that best describes HCO3
a bicarbonate ion
the link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually
a g protein
a fascicle is
a group of muscle fibers that are encased in the perimysium
most skeletal muscles contain
a mixture of fiber types
acetylcholine is
a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle
in which of the following would the delay between stimulus and response be greater?
a polysynaptic reflex
homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains _____
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits