Final Proctored Exam Psychology Ch 11-14
Which of the following is the best explanation of how the Diathesis-Stress Model works?
The stronger the genetic vulnerability to a disorder, the less stress is necessary for it to be manifested.
Which type of medication would be most effective for Dennis, who suffers from social anxiety disorder?
Xanax
Self-actualization refers to
pursuing one's potential in life.
One key technique used in Gestalt therapy is
role-playing exercises.
Relatively enduring personal characteristics are called
traits.
What was Freud referring to when he created the phrase "royal road to the unconscious"?
dreams
Common side effects from antianxiety drugs include
drowsiness.
What is the best definition of a phobia?
A persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation.
What course of action would be most helpful when approaching someone with suicidal thoughts?
Accompany her to a local hospital emergency room.
A retail store is planning a charity drive to provide aid to children in a foreign country. What is one way they could ensure that the maximum number of customers donate?
Approach their customers individually.
Satish engages in a defense mechanism involving denial of childhood abuse. Which of the following might he do?
Avoid acknowledging the abuse he experienced as a child.
Of the following individuals, who is most likely to benefit from therapeutic drugs that block receptor sites for dopamine?
Barry, who hears noises and voices that are not really present in his environment.
Precious wants to train herself to have more positive expectancies. What might she do?
Believe that she will be successful if she makes an honest attempt at something
What is the difference between biomedical therapies and insight therapies?
Biomedical therapies are physiological interventions using medications intended to reduce symptoms associated with psychological disorders, while insight therapies focus on verbal interactions to help enhance self-discovery and promote healthy change.
Davis plans to raise his daughter to be an informed voter during elections. What should he do to encourage this behavior?
Bring her with him when he votes in elections and express pride in voting
You are trying to decide between meeting the demands of two secondary traits. How might you effectively resolve this issue?
By finding room for compromise and attending to the trait that is most important to you at the time
If George wanted to live up to the cardinal trait of loyalty to his country, how might he do so?
By supporting his country's actions, no matter what
Myra is concerned about how the results of her assessment might be biased in interpretation by her psychologist. Which is most likely the assessment Myra completed?
Projective test
Yuna is interested in cultivating a sense of unconditional positive regard with her son. Which would be most effective?
Provide her son with a sense of forgiveness and compassion, even when he makes mistakes.
Clancy is an extrovert and would like to figure out what she should do for the weekend. Which of the following recommendations would be best for her?
Clancy should see if any of her friends are throwing parties she can try to attend.
How would you explain the difference between client-centered therapy and Gestalt therapy?
Client-centered therapy focuses more on the inner self, while Gestalt focuses on self and relationships with others.
Sarah sees a therapist for treatment of numbness in her hands that appears to have no physical cause. Her therapist tells her that her symptoms stem from repressed emotions dating back to underlying conflicts from early childhood. Her therapist decides to use a psychodynamic approach to therapy. Which treatments might she use?
Conduct talk therapy to probe the unconscious roots of her problems.
A professor wants to structure her class so that all students are able to share their opinions without worrying what others think of them. What is one thing she could do to minimize the chances of students experiencing pressure to conform?
Create an online platform for students to anonymously state their opinions on course material.
In Freudian theory, what are the reality-distorting strategies of the ego to prevent awareness of anxiety-evoking or troubling ideas or impulses?
Defense mechanisms
Angelo has recently begun asking people on the street for money to help pay his medical bills. Which of the influences on helping explains the most about why many people refuse to help, or even acknowledge him?
Diffusion of responsibility
A relative of yours claims that all lawyers are dishonest. When hiring for a new position, if this relative refuses to consider anyone with a legal background, which would they be demonstrating?
Discrimination.
What is Freud's term for the psychic structure that attempts to balance instinctual demands with social realities and expectations?
Ego
What is the term given by some psychodynamic theorists to the Oedipus complex said to exist among young girls?
Electra complex
Some of Freud's followers believed the Oedipus complex should be extended to female children in the form of a(n)
Electra complex.
Marsha wants to reduce the chances that she raises her child to hold prejudiced views of different groups of people. What should she be mindful of doing around her child?
Emphasizing obedience to authority and the supremacy of people who look like members of their family
Juana would like to demonstrate her knowledge of a controversial topic, as well as convince those she meets that her position is the correct one to hold. What would be the best way for her to do this?
Establish her experience in the area related to the topic and engage the issue from multiple perspectives
A compliance technique based on securing compliance with a smaller request as a prelude to making a larger request is called the
Foot-in-the-door Technique
Kasumi prefers to focus more on her relationships with others and her roles as they relate to important people in her life. Which of the following personal identities would she most likely endorse?
Friend, significant other, and daughter
Which among the following people would likely benefit most from being prescribed an anti-psychotic drug?
Gena, who is trying to control her unfounded belief that she is being followed
Which therapy technique involves the confrontational role of the therapist?
Gestalt
Which type of therapist would employ the empty chair technique?
Gestalt therapist
Fritz Perls was a psychoanalyst who became dissatisfied with the lack of emphasis on the client's subjective experiences in the present, so he developed
Gestalt therapy.
Artyom is focused on getting good grades. He also cares about what his family thinks of his performance in school and how his friends view his tendency to study instead of spending time with them. Of these, which is likely to represent the greatest subjective value to Artyom?
Getting good grades
Lacy is very neurotic and has trouble with anxiety and trusting others. Which of the following activities would alleviate her neuroticism?
Giving her opportunities to engage with people and show her that they can be trustworthy.
Tendencies toward being solitary and reserved on the one end or outgoing and sociable on the other end are captured by which set of traits?
Introversion-extroversion
Where does self-actualization fall in fulfilling needs?
It comes after all other needs.
You and your friend Tammy are learning about abnormal behavior. Tammy doesn't understand the difference between a delusion and a hallucination when reading about faulty interpretations of reality. How can you distinguish between the two to help her understand?
Hallucinations occur with sensory information and delusions occur with faulty perceptions/beliefs.
Allen is perpetually bored and never satisfied with anything he does long-term. He has started to use drugs and commit theft as a means to feel excitement and is now involved in the legal system. Which among the following would be the best course of action to help Allen?
He could see a therapist to be evaluated for possible antisocial personality disorder.
Arnie is seeing a psychoanalyst. He had a particularly rough session, where he experienced feelings of extreme anxiety when he left his therapist's office. That night, he woke up in bed and found he could not lift one of his arms. What is the best conclusion you could assert given this information?
He is experiencing hysterical paralysis.
Juan lives next door to his girlfriend. He is worried that when they go off to college next year, they may have trouble maintaining the same kind of relationship as they have had for years. What is likely the source of Juan's concerns?
He is worried that they won't have as many chances to interact with each other.
Malcolm grew up in a home with little nurturing, and is often unfeeling with others. He becomes quickly bored and is described by his friends as a thrill seeker who often breaks the rules. Things quickly reel out of control at parties where he overindulges in alcohol and recreational drugs. If a mental health professional were to look at this case, which of the following is a plausible deduction?
He may have antisocial personality disorder.
Parker finds it difficult to view himself positively whenever he spends time around others. He tends to assume that other people have better lives than he does and that they are generally more successful. What is one thing that Parker likely does that contributes to his low sense of self-esteem?
He probably gets caught up in blaming other people for his failures and should take responsibility for himself.
Albert believes that he can learn a lot about a person just by touching various spots on their head. What information would be helpful for Albert to know about this practice?
He should know that this practice is called phrenology and was debunked a long time ago.
Reid feels strongly that dogs are better pets than cats. Another student, Candace, prefers cats to dogs. How might Reid react to Candace?
He will not be attracted to her very much at all
Doug is afraid of riding elevators. As a behavior therapist, which therapeutic technique would you suggest?
Help Doug gradually get used to boarding and being in an elevator step-by-step until he feels comfortable
Mr. Talbot has schizophrenia. His therapist needs to explain the difference between positive symptoms and negative symptoms associated with the disorder. Which of the following is the best way to explain it?
Positive symptoms are behavioral excesses and negative symptoms are behavioral deficits.
Which is described as the process of developing an opinion of someone else?
Impression formation.
What is the term for the now-discredited view that one can judge a person's character and mental abilities by measuring the bumps on his or her head?
Phrenology
Who among the following may benefit the most from the use of Prozac?
Pietro, who has major depression
Which of the following is considered a myth when it comes to suicide?
Most people who are suicidal will not give clues about their intentions.
How would a rational-emotive behavioral therapist explain how negative emotional reactions, such as anxiety and depression, are not a direct result of life experiences?
Negative emotional reactions stem from irrational beliefs we hold about life experiences.
Which therapist emphasizes the psychodynamic perspective toward abnormal behavior?
One who focuses on the role of the unconscious.
Which trait captures people who are curious, intellectual, and open to nontraditional values?
Openness to new experiences
Jennifer is interested in using validated personality measures to make clinical diagnoses. Which should she avoid?
Phrenology
Amanda feels hopeless and depressed. She has also experienced a significant loss of appetite and insomnia, which has persisted for over six months. What class of psychotropic medication would you suggest a doctor consider when treating Amanda?
Prozac
A mental health professional who has typically earned a master's degree and may work in a variety of settings such as private practice settings, public schools, college testing centers, counseling centers, hospitals, or mental health clinics is called a
Psychiatrist
Sigmund Freud is most closely associated with which model of understanding abnormal behavior?
Psychological model
Which type of therapy helps clients replace irrational beliefs with more adaptive, logical alternatives?
REBT focus
Rochelle has begun to buy small presents for her therapist and feels extremely jealous of the time he spends with other clients. How would Rochelle's therapist explain this?
Rochelle is exhibiting transference.
Which type of antidepressant drug is generally preferred because of fewer side effects?
SSRIs
Christopher has trouble relaxing and is consumed by feelings of nervousness and apprehension. What type of drug would Christopher most likely benefit from?
antianxiety
Dr. Rosenthal plans to help his client overcome fears of leaving his home by using behavior therapy in combination with drug therapy. What category of drugs will Dr. Rosenthal most likely use?
antianxiety
What is the term for Rogers's model of personality, which focuses on the importance of the self?
Self-theory
Judy is worried that the results of her personality tests are not valid and won't generalize to her life. Which of the following is it likely that Judy has done?
She has likely taken a non-objective personality test.
One of Kerry's central traits is honesty. Given this, how should one expect Kerry to act?
She likely does everything she can to tell the truth at all times.
Francesca experiences what is known as the Electra complex. How might Francesca's parents expect her to behave?
She will adore her father and attempt to come between him and her mother.
Which example best illustrates a phobia?
Shonda, who is so afraid of spiders that she doesn't like to go outside and especially refuses to go into the basement of her house alone.
Psychoanalysts most closely align their work to the views of which psychologist?
Sigmund Freud
Which of the following influences on helping behavior involves situations in which it is not clear what is happening?
Situational ambiguity
Bridget is very open to new experiences. Which of the following activities should she engage in to get the greatest sense of fulfillment?
Skydiving in a foreign country
Which do we use as a mental representation to understand our social world?
Social schema.
Which of the following psychologists conducted research on people's tendency to conform to the judgments of others?
Solomon Asch
Which type of drug is sometimes called a minor tranquilizer and helps to calm and reduce tension?
antianxiety
If someone views every member of a specific group as possessing similar characteristics, which are they displaying?
Stereotypes.
Annabelle's most cardinal trait is a commitment to her family. If she were given a choice between succeeding in her career or supporting a member of her family who has recently found themselves homeless, what would she be likely to do?
Take in the family member immediately and worry about her career later
Which test consists of a set of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes that may be interpreted differently?
The Thematic Apperception Test
Zheng is very well versed in professional football and believes that his favorite team performs the best in the league. When listening to a commentator criticize his team after a loss, Zheng reluctantly agrees with his analysis. Zheng's opinion of the commentator's analysis likely developed along which route of the elaboration likelihood model?
The central route
Andrea operates according to the pleasure principle. Which of the following might she be at risk of experiencing?
The negative long-term effects of consistently seeking short-term rewards.
Cameron is working on a paper that critiques the usefulness of projective tests in analyzing personality. Which of the following criticisms could he include in his paper?
There is limited evidence for the validity of projective tests and clinicians continue to grapple with how certain features of the tests may introduce bias.
Lisetti and Rico have recently filed for divorce. When you ask them why they are splitting up, they tell you that they no longer feel like they know each other. What is the most likely explanation of how they reached this point in their relationship?
They have little time for talking to each other due to various obligations such as children and careers.
Which of the following best illustrates a Gestalt therapeutic technique?
Tracy sits across from an empty chair and imagines her mother is sitting there while she explains why she feels the way she does about her.
Who among the following people would benefit from an antidepressant medication?
Trey, whose increasing feelings of helplessness and hopeless are leading him to feel that life is not worth living anymore
To help a client overcome fears of venturing out of his own home, Dr. Caspar plans to use behavior therapy in combination with drug therapy. Which of the following classifications of medication may be his best choice?
antianxiety drugs
Valium, Librium, and Xanax are the most widely used
antianxiety drugs.
Which type of drug treatment has been found to be effective for eating disorders, panic, and other anxiety disorders?
antidepressant
Shawn grew up in an individualistic culture. What might he want to do to provide a well-rounded sense of his personal worth based on both individualism and collectivism?
Value his contributions to improving social conditions while also attending to his own needs.
Tricyclics and SSRIs are types of
antidepressants.
Psychopaths or sociopaths are another name for people with which of the following disorders?
antisocial personality disorder
Which disorder is more often found in men than women?
antisocial personality disorder
Which is most likely to be characterized by lack of guilty feelings?
antisocial personality disorder
Phobias, panic disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorder would be classified as
anxiety-related disorders.
Psychological disorders characterized by excessive or inappropriate anxiety reactions are called
anxiety-related disorders.
Lulu often feels undervalued and unwanted and struggles with self-esteem. She has had trouble developing a clear sense of who she is and formulating goals for herself. A humanistic psychologist might suggest that she experienced
conditional positive regard when she was a child.
Valuing a person only when the person's behavior meets certain expectations or standards is known as
conditional positive regard.
Which abnormal behavior model is explained by complex interactions between biological, psychological, environmental, and sociocultural factors?
biopsychosocial model
Which disorder is lithium typically used to treat effectively?
bipolar disorder
Lithium has been found to be an effective treatment for
bipolar disorder.
From the rational-emotive behavioral theory perspective, which of the following would be an example of an irrational belief?
You have to achieve straight As in school for others to think you are sufficiently competent.
You are thinking about approaching another classmate who appears to be reserved and moody. How might you approach them to ask for help studying?
You should pay attention to their body language and wait to approach them.
Allison has bulimia and needs help with her binge-eating episodes. Which drug could her therapist use to help her?
Zoloft
Salvador enjoys films depicting superhuman feats of strength and brave individuals seeking to do good deeds. As a Jungian, when he approaches you to discuss the latest superhero movie, you realize that his love of this genre may be influenced by
a collective unconsciousness in which such themes and ideas are passed down through folk literature.
An ordered series of increasingly fearful objects or situations in behavior therapy best describes
a fear hierarchy.
Ted is irritable and frequently on edge. This can trigger angry outbursts targeted at his girlfriend for no reason. He is quick to apologize and express his need for her because he doesn't want her to leave. Which of the following best explains these tendencies?
borderline personality disorder
People who perceive things as all good or all bad, and shift their opinions abruptly from one extreme to another, are exhibiting characteristics in line with
borderline personality disorder.
Bandura's model, in which cognitions, behaviors, and environmental factors influence and are influenced by each other, is called
reciprocal determinism.
Lamar has confined himself to his house because he is fearful of being overwhelmed with anxiety. The thought of going outside terrifies him. What disorder is Lamar most likely experiencing?
agoraphobia
Howard lives at a hotel and refuses to leave his room because the thought of venturing out is overwhelming. He calls room service for food and has anything else he needs delivered to his door. His refusal to leave the safety of his room would most likely be indicative of
agoraphobia.
Someone who becomes housebound, unable to leave for even small outings like going to buy milk, would best illustrate someone suffering from
agoraphobia.
Raman is a joy to be around. He gets along with people and puts others at ease. Raman is high on
agreeableness.
An example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia is
an expressionless face.
Heather is an extremely controlling perfectionist. According to Freud, this is an example of an
anal-retentive personality.
Systematic desensitization involves
associating a pleasant, relaxed state with anxiety-arousing stimuli.
Feelings of liking for others, together with having positive thoughts about them and inclinations to act toward them in positive ways, is called
attraction.
Which method of therapy functions by associating an undesired stimulus with an unpleasant outcome?
aversive conditioning
Ibarra feels abandoned and alone when her parents ignore her needs. According to Horney, Ibarra is struggling with
basic anxiety.
Brent is angry with his parents for grounding him. According to Horney, Brent's anger represents
basic hostility.
Inez wants to know how she can avoid engaging in reaction formation. You tell her to
be honest with herself about her needs and feelings.
Stanley sees a therapist to overcome his fear of horses. The therapist uses a combination of systematic desensitization and gradual exposure to help Stanley reduce and control his fear. What type of therapist is helping Stanley?
behavior therapist
The study of how maladaptive behaviors, such as phobias, are learned or acquired through experience is the basis of the
behavioral model.
What type of therapy uses learning-based techniques?
behavioral therapy
Vera wants to know what kind of personality she needs to have in order to become an astronaut. You tell her that the source traits of astronauts tend to include
being self-assured, imaginative, and tough-minded.
Allport's term for the more pervasive dimensions that define an individual's general personality is
cardinal traits.
Fred is displaying a negative symptom of schizophrenia. Which is Fred currently exhibiting?
catatonia
Miriam, who is diagnosed with schizophrenia, stands posed like a statue for hours at a time. What is this type of behavior called?
catatonic
Mrs. Murphy suffers from schizophrenia. She usually sits passively in a motionless stupor, but sometimes bursts into a fit of waving her arms in agitation. She most likely is experiencing
catatonic behavior.
Allport's term for personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations is
central traits.
Showing empathy for a client's subjective experiences is a major goal of a(n)
client-centered therapist.
Dr. Gilmore reinforces depressed patients for their participation in pleasant activities and trains them to take more credit for the reward they gain from engaging in those types of activities. It is likely that Dr. Gilmore is which type of therapist?
cognitive behavioral therapist
According to recent survey research, which type of therapy is the most widely used today?
cognitive therapy
Evan has issues with depression and self-defeating thoughts. He was recently given constructive criticism on an assignment, which he interprets as impending failure in the course and possibly even the college. Given this information, which among the following types of therapy could Evan likely benefit from?
cognitive therapy
Which type of therapy would give a homework assignment such as reality testing?
cognitive therapy
Which type of therapy would be demonstrated by a professional who encourages a client to first shift their thought process and then change their actions?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
A friend of yours points out that most cultures share some examples of certain themes. According to Jung, this is due to the
collective unconscious.
A culture that emphasizes people's social roles and obligations is a(n)
collectivistic culture.
Emilia was born in a culture that emphasizes duty to society and the responsibilities that an individual has toward others. Emilia was born in a(n)
collectivistic culture.
Grant wants to learn how to perform basic mechanical work on his car. Grant is attempting to build
competency.
Wyoming wants to be seen as more conscientious by others. In order to do this, she should make a point of
completing her assignments on time and only submitting her best-quality work.
According to Freud, people are aware of certain thoughts and feelings that they have, though these do not represent the majority of their personality. These thoughts and feelings constitute the
conscious
Psychologist Gordon Allport's belief that under certain conditions, increased intergroup contact helps reduce prejudice and intergroup tension is called the
contact hypothesis.
The best psychotherapy outcome studies are randomized clinical trials that compare treatment groups with
control groups.
A psychological disorder characterized by a change in, or loss of, a physical function that cannot be explained medically best illustrates a
conversion disorder.
A mental health specialist who holds a doctoral degree in psychology, has passed a licensing exam, and sees clients who have milder problems (e.g. adjusting to college) is referred to as which of the following professionals?
counseling psychologist
Camila draws on a clear understanding of herself in order to remain focused on her goals. Camila is operating on the basis of her
creative self.
Using implanted electrodes to inhibit activity in an area of the brain that triggers negative emotions is called
deep brain stimulation.
A policy of reducing the population of mental hospitals by shifting care from inpatient facilities to community-based outpatient facilities is referred to as
deinstitutionalization.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are frequently prescribed for the treatment of
depression.
Suicide is most closely linked to
depression.
A pattern of behavior that varies from established cultural or social norms is considered to be
deviant.
Which biopsychosocial model relates to developing disorders arising from a combination of a genetic predisposition and stressful life circumstances?
diathesis-stress model
Unfair or biased treatment of people based on their membership in a particular group or category is called
discrimination.
While in therapy, Duane discovers that he is living with two other people inside his mind. They help him when he needs it, and they each have their own experiences and memories that Dave does not have. The two separate personalities are named Tracy and Rex. Given his symptoms, what would Duane's therapist most likely treat him for?
dissociative identity disorder
Antipsychotic drugs help to block the action of which of the following neurotransmitters?
dopamine
Dr. Johnson believes that most psychological disorders result from neurotransmitter imbalances. From this perspective, Dr. Johnson is most likely to use which of the following approaches when treating patients?
drug therapy
Which type of therapy utilizes principles and techniques that draw from different therapeutic approaches?
eclectic therapy
You decide to go to the gym one day. You believe that you will be able to bench press at least 100 pounds. Your estimation of your physical abilities is a/an
efficacy expectation.
Karl has tried almost all antidepressants available for his major depression without beneficial results. His doctor does not want him to give up hope, so he offers one alternative they have not yet tried. Which therapy is the doctor likely recommending?
electroconvulsive therapy
Sarah is diagnosed with severe major depressive disorder. Therapeutic interventions and medication have not been effective for her. What treatment option could be used when others have failed for Sarah?
electroconvulsive therapy
Which of the following treatments is most likely to be used with only severely depressed patients who have not responded to other treatment methods?
electroconvulsive therapy
Kathy is looking for a romantic partner on an online dating site and would like your help in finding a match. You suggest that she
emphasize aspects of her personality that would appeal to someone with a similar personality.
Which would a Gestalt therapist use?
empty chair or client-centered
People who experience claustrophobia have an excessive fear of
enclosed spaces.
Treatments shown to be effective in carefully designed empirical studies are called
evidence-based treatments.
Personal predictions about the outcomes of behavior are known as
expectancies
Repeatedly introducing people to things they fear and avoid best illustrates
exposure therapy.
Francisco has over 1000 friends on his social media profile. Francisco is likely a/an
extrovert
Mr. Humboldt struggles with alcoholism. His therapist first attempted to find out if his drinking was somehow related to his being scapegoated by other family members. Which type of therapist is Mr. Humboldt most likely seeing?
family therapist
The most well-known contemporary trait model of personality is called the
five-factor model.
Gary has a strong urge to smoke cigarettes. According to Freud, Gary's urge may represent a
fixation
Constellations of personality traits that result from either excessive or inadequate gratification at a particular stage of psychosexual development are called
fixations.
Vincent finds that he often enjoys hanging around people who help him out, and that he is usually willing to return favors. Vincent's preferences for friends reflects the aspect of attraction known as
reciprocity.
During his therapy session, Ned shared a disturbing experience he had at the age of 10 when he got into a fistfight with two bullies at school. His therapist asked him to close his eyes and focus on remembering everything he could about the experience and to share all thoughts that came to mind. What technique is Ned's therapist using?
free association
People with which disorder are seldom, if ever, free from worry?
generalized anxiety disorder
Joy is twenty and beginning to explore her sexuality. Her decision to engage in sexual behavior is a hallmark of the
genital stage.
Which type of therapy has an added benefit of encouraging improvement of communication skills?
group therapy
Hearing voices is an example of which?
hallucination
Hearing voices and seeing things that are not really present are called
hallucinations.
After receiving a failing grade on an exam, Ernest really wants to yell at his professor and demand a better grade. Instead, he engages in sublimation and likely
heads to the gym and lifts weights.
Zhi Liu has reached the latency stage of Freud's psychosexual stages. His mother wants to know what Freud says she can expect from him during this time. You tell her that
his sexual desires will lie under the surface and not be acted upon.
Doug is in therapy for depression. His therapist fosters a supportive emotional climate for him in which to share his feelings. Doug's therapist helps him realize that his depression is stemming from his need for others to accept him and from his overdependence on their approval and acceptance. Which type of therapist is most likely helping Doug?
humanist
Which type of therapist is most likely to teach a client to take more responsibility for their own feelings and actions?
humanistic
The type of therapy that emphasizes the importance of self-awareness for psychological adjustment can best be characterized as
humanistic therapy.
Given the research on factors related to manifesting schizophrenia, which person has a higher chance of developing the disorder in the same family?
identical twin
Cognitive therapists often help clients
identify and correct maladaptive beliefs and self-defeating attitudes.
If Lucille wanted to interact effectively with her conscientious brother, the best strategy would be to
interact with him when he is available and maintain her own working pace otherwise.
The belief that both personality traits and situational factors, and the dynamics between them, influence behavior is known as
interactionism
Julia tends to behave differently when she's around her parents compared to when she's around her friends. If she acts the same way around her parents as she does around her friends, they treat her differently. This is an example of
interactionism.
Which of the three basic components of love involves the close bond and feeling of attachment between two people?
intimacy
Tiffany recognizes the impact of cultural experiences on what Jung calls the collective unconscious. She likely
knows that primitive symbols are expressed differently in art across different cultures.
Jasper is nine years old and relatively quiet and well behaved. Freud would say he is in the
latency stage.
In dream analysis, what is the hidden or symbolic meaning of the dream called?
latent content
Susan is a victim of domestic abuse. Whenever her husband gets angry, he beats her and then begs for forgiveness. Susan stays because she is afraid to leave due to lack of resources, support, and the feeling that this relationship is the best that she can have. How would a therapist explain Susan's refusal to leave her abusive situation?
learned helplessness
Miranda's little sister comes to her with a problem. Because Miranda is low on psychoticism, you can expect her to
listen attentively to her sister and provide support.
Gilbert tends to blame others for his shortcomings and mistakes. This is likely because Gilbert has an external
locus of control.
One's expectancies about whether personal efforts can bring about desired outcomes or reinforcements is known as
locus of control.
Hannibal would like to be more like his extraverted sister, Stacy. In order to appear more extraverted, he should
make a point to meet new people and engage in various social activities.
The belief that people tend to pair off with others who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other characteristics is called the
matching hypothesis.
General features of psychotherapy, such as attention from a therapist and mobilization of positive expectancies or hope, can be explained as
nonspecific factors.
Sim needs help with a major project at his job. He is worried that his co-workers won't help him. What could Sim do to increase the likelihood that someone will lend him a hand?
not He could threaten to inform the manager if no one helps.
Julian wants to be sure that he is well regarded in his new job. According to the social psychology literature, which of the following would be best for him to do?
not He should groom himself and wear his best outfit to his first day on the job.
When discussing hobbies and personal interests with an acquaintance, which process is unfolding?
not Impression management
Jermaine is in therapy due to obsessive thoughts and an inability to complete ordinary daily activities without having to constantly go back and recheck or recomplete the activities. What is likely to be the true Jermaine's case?
not Jermaine's obsessions and compulsions, though troublesome, are probably not related to each other.
Who is most likely to display callousness?
not Someone who is diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
When evaluating psychotropic drugs, antidepressant side effects most likely include
not drowsiness
Nicholas cares very strongly about his wife and son. For Nicholas, family constitutes a
not expectancy.
Wayne has had several episodes in which he experiences intensive fear, difficulty breathing, has a very rapid heartbeat, and begins sweating. His heart is pounding so hard that he fears he's having a heart attack. Assuming he is not having a heart attack, which diagnosis is most likely to apply?
not somatic symptom disorder
Tests of personality that are based on a research foundation and can be scored on an unbiased basis are called
objective tests.
Your infant cousin loves to put things in her mouth. This behavior represents the primary urge of the
oral stage.
When a client is unwilling to discuss a particularly anxiety-evoking topic during therapy, it is called
resistance
Xiao is an engineering major and believes that all biology majors think the same things, like the same things, and even look similarly. Xiao's views on biology majors exemplifies
out-group homogeneity.
A cognitive bias involving the predisposition to attribute more negative characteristics to members of out-groups than to those of in-groups is called
out-group negativism.
Which of the following is most important to challenge in order to develop a sense of self-esteem?
perfectionistic expectations
A friend of yours recently attended a workshop on campus safety. Your friend admits that he was not very interested in the topic, and instead paid more attention to the workshop leader's muscular build. Any change in attitude that your friend may have experienced would likely have occurred along the
peripheral route.
Faiza holds a lot of memories and urges back from her conscious awareness. According to Jung, the area of her mind in which these elements reside is called the
personal unconscious.
People who exhibit excessively rigid and maladaptive patterns of behavior as well as poor interpersonal relationships that make it difficult to adjust to daily life may have a
personality disorder.
The relatively stable constellation of psychological characteristics and behavioral patterns that account for our individuality and consistency over time is called
personality.
Lee is attempting to trace his friend's behavior to the ridges and raises on his head. Lee is engaging in
phrenology
Positive outcomes in therapy resulting from client expectancies represent a(n)
placebo effect.
To Freud, the part of the mind whose contents can be brought into awareness through focused attention is called
preconscious.
Historically, the most widely practiced form of psychosurgery was a(n)
prefrontal lobotomy.
Personality tests in which ambiguous or vague test materials are used to elicit responses that are believed to reveal a person's unconscious needs, drives, and motives are called
projective tests.
Sigmund Freud introduced a form of psychotherapy know as
psychoanalysis.
Mr. Wang's therapist wants to help him become aware of his conflicting childhood feelings of both love and hate for his parents. Which type of therapist is most likely helping him?
psychoanalyst
Practitioners of psychoanalysis who are schooled in the Freudian tradition are called
psychoanalysts.
Dr. Ferguson needs to help Jessica understand what factors contribute to her major depressive disorder. His explanation will probably include
psychological and biological causes.
Mental disorders or mental illnesses can also be called
psychological disorders.
Brain surgery used to control violent or deviant behaviors is known as
psychosurgery
A method of therapy consisting of verbal interactions or treatment sessions between a client and a therapist to help resolve psychological issues is referred to as
psychotherapy.
A form of therapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are thought to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties is called
rational emotive behavior therapy.
Patrice explains the reason for taking a cookie from the cookie jar was in order to feed the family dog that seemed hungry. According to Freud, Patrice's excuse represents an attempt at
rationalization
Which defense mechanism involves behavior that stands in opposition to one's true motives and desires in order to prevent conscious awareness of them?
reaction formation
A thought disorder is associated with which other psychological disorder?
schizophrenia
In which type of disorder is a person's speech likely to be full of unrelated or meaningless words that lack meaning?
schizophrenia
Which disorder is strongly affected by genetics?
schizophrenia
Antipsychotic drugs have proved to be helpful in the treatment of
schizophrenia.
After being promoted to the head of her company, Helena experiences a sense of success and achievement that represents the work of a lifetime. Maslow would say that Helena has attained a sense of
self-actualization
A friend of yours describes taking a test in which they could only answer in certain ways when asked to describe themselves. You tell them they likely took a(n)
self-report personality inventory.
Gerald's parents only praised him when he met social demands. According to Rogers, Gerald will likely develop a distorted
self-theory
The neurotransmitter responsible for calming a person and reducing aggressive impulses is
serotonin
Prozac and Zoloft are drugs that help to raise levels of
serotonin in the synaptic gap between neurons.
Eustace is looking for a partner on an online dating site. When reviewing potential matches, he likely pays more attention to people who
share his interests and personality.
Dr. Carlson specializes in working with clients whose emotional problems interfere with their ability to function within the norms of their culture. Which criteria of abnormality best describes her focus?
social deviance
Francis identifies himself as male, white, and upper class. These traits are part of his
social identity.
The part of our psychological identity that involves our sense of ourselves as members of particular groups is known as our
social identity.
Ali is able to buckle down on her coursework when she studies in a group with her friends. Ali's study habits demonstrate the power of
social synthesis.
Raji listens to his boss at work only when it appears that other co-workers do so as well. Raji's behavior exemplifies the principle of
social validation.
A contemporary learning-based model that emphasizes the roles of cognitive and environmental factors in determining behavior is called
social-cognitive theory.
Juan Diego is struggling with how to reveal upsetting information about his values to his friends and family. Which model would most apply to Juan Diego's situation?
sociocultural model
Scores that represent an individual's relative deviation from the mean of the standardization sample are known as
standard scores.
Baker worries that his experience during a projective test might have been biased by common scenarios or stimuli represented by the items in the test. Baker is concerned about the influence of
stimulus pull.
According to Freud, a defense mechanism involving the channeling of unacceptable impulses into socially sanctioned behaviors or interests is
sublimation
Before abnormal behavior was considered a mental illness, it was believed that abnormal behavior was caused by
supernatural forces.
Samantha is looking for ways to reduce her experience of cognitive dissonance and follow through on her attitudes. When she approaches you with this issue, you tell her to
take minor steps to adhere to her values whenever possible and emphasize small amounts of progress.
The term subjective value refers to
the importance individuals place on desired outcomes.
A delusion that is experienced by someone with schizophrenia is most likely to be something they
think.
Many people with schizophrenia exhibit a breakdown in a logical structure of thinking and speech which is called a
thought disorder.
Jamari has always been a thrifty spender. Jamari's shopping tendencies are one example of his
traits
During the course of Christina's therapy, she starts noticing many similarities between her therapist and her mother. She finds that the more she sees her therapist, the more like her mother the therapist appears. Christina is demonstrating
transference.
Valuing another person as having intrinsic worth, regardless of the person's behavior at the particular time, is called
unconditional positive regard.
Traditional psychoanalysis typically can last several
years.
