FINAL PSY

Your friend Gaby loves reading articles about psychology studies in her monthly women's magazine. Which of the following would you tell her?

"Be careful about reading those articles bc they may not represent findings accurately"

Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent?

A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A description of the study's hypotheses

When reading an empirical journal article "with a purpose," which section should you read first?

Abstract

Which of the following is the correct ordering of the sections of an empirical journal article?

Abstract, Method, Results, Discussion, References

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as

An IACUC

Identify the outcome variable for the following hypothesis: "Exercise is linked to a reduction in anxiety for adults in the United States."

Anxiety

Which of these is a research question about an association? Select all that apply

Are manual dexterity and mental rotation ability correlated? Is gender predictive of spatial reasoning ability?

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following?

Asked her enemies if she was a nice person

Participants are asked to view gruesome images of car crashes to investigate the effect of negative emotions on memory. If some participants find the images especially disturbing and feel high levels of anxiety following the study, this would violate the Belmont Report principle of

Beneficence

A researcher concerned about the treatment of nonhuman animals should refer to what APA Ethical Principle under the APA Ethics Code?

Beneficence and nonmaleficence

Which of the following are considered nonscholarly sources? Select all that apply.

Blog written by nonexpert Magazine article

From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?

Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

Confidential research collects participants' names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants' names.

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving institutional review board (IRB) approval, Dr. Kushner trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kushner with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following?

Data fabrication

Does multitasking _____ productivity? Select the appropriate verb(s) to make the research question causal. Select all that apply.

Decrease, increase

What abbreviations might researchers use to identify variables in a study seeking to establish a causal relationship? Select all that apply.

Dependent variable, independent variable

Research questions that seek to determine the percentage of time individuals spent on an activity, but not the relationship between these variables, should use what research design?

Descriptive

One way that editors try to avoid any conflicts of interest during the review process is by instituting a(n) "_________" review process, meaning neither the authors nor the reviewers have any affiliation.

Double blind

A researcher wants to know if engaging in physical activity is associated with a student's grade point average. She randomly selects 10 high schools in her county and sits in each school's cafeteria to recruit students during their lunch period. Her population of interest is students in the United States between the ages of 15 and 18. What could this researcher do to ensure strong external validity?

Employ a sampling strategy to select student participants from across the United States

All associative relationships are causal relationships, but not all causal relationships are associative relationships.

False

In an associative relationship, the predictor variable always occurs before the outcome variable.

False

Variables in correlational and descriptive research are both manipulated and measured.

False

When a researcher uses a cover story to help ensure participant responses are not influenced by the purpose of the study, they do not need to reveal the actual purpose of the study in the debriefing

False

Researchers using qualitative research methods should include what step in the research process to help ensure participant confidentiality?

Formulate specific strategies to ensure privacy

Which of the following is a limitation of Google Scholar compared to PsycINFO?

Google Scholar is not limited to just psychology and related fields.

You and your friends go to see a speaker on campus. The speaker, Dr. Darian, is an "expert" on getting into graduate school. Which of the following should make you less skeptical about his advice?

His recommendations are based on research he conducted for his dissertation

Sakura has discovered there is a correlation between homesickness and weight gain among freshman students at her university. What does this correlation mean for her study?

Homesickness is related to weight gain

Dr. Gonzalez is a peer reviewer for a manuscript submitted to a journal. He is likely to provide comments on which of the following?

How well the research was conducted

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as .

IACUC

In which of the following ways is an institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) different from an institutional review board (IRB)?

IACUCs monitor the care and treatment of animals throughout the study; IRBs do not monitor the care of human participants throughout the study.

Lydia and her professor are studying the relationship between IQ and academic satisfaction within students in their last year of graduate school. Identify the predictor variable in this study.

IQ

All of the following are true of institutional review boards (IRBs) in the United States EXCEPT:

IRBs must have a psychologist as a member.

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?

If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

Where would scholarly journal articles place descriptions of cited sources used as background information?

Introduction

Which of the following is NOT a suitable reason for using debriefing in a study?

It prevents researchers from being sued.

Compared with doing a generic Internet search, why is PsycINFO a superior way to find scientific sources?

It searches only sources in psychology and related fields.

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

It violates an APA standard.

Which of the following is true of the Belmont Report?

It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

Sykina believes insomnia causes cardiovascular disease, but finds she is unable to analyze her research question. What difficulties has she most likely experienced that have prevented her from conducting her study?

It would be unethical for her to deprive individuals diagnosed with cardiovascular disease of sleep It might be more cost effective to use a correlation design first

Select the best research methods for a scientist analyzing the impact of strained professional relationships on productivity in the workplace? Select all that apply.

Lab observation & adminstering self report WERE WRONG TG Prob case study and naturalistic

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. Where should she go if she wants to look for a list of the study's hypotheses or research questions?

Last paragraph of intro

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback?

Make sure the peer reviewers are anonymous

Diego is interested in examining the relationship between a person's attachment style and his or her relationship satisfaction. He finds 65 studies that have examined this topic. He combines the results of all these studies and calculates an effect size. His research is most accurately described as:

Meta-analysis

Mikalya is conducting a literature review on the bystander effect, a topic that she knows little about. She is looking for a journal article that summarizes past research on the topic and includes a summary of the quantitative results from published studies. She should look for a(n) _____.

Meta-analysis

Identify one downside of using the scientific method to help increase our knowledge base.

NOT ANSWERING ONE QUESTION OFTEN UNCOVERS SEVERAL UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

It is expected there will be validity issues in research. Select the appropriate steps for a researcher to take to address these issues. Select all that apply

NOT Acknowledge any issues in a published article or Report any issues in the Results section of a paper or article TG

When the researcher is conscientious about creating a clear, understandable informed consent, the researcher is applying the principle of _____ from the Belmont Report.

NOT BENFICENCE

What ethical practices did psychologists Stanley Milgram and Jerry M. Burger both adhere to?

NOT DEBRIEFING

A small group of researchers following the scientific method who inadvertently profit off a study that was not introduced to the public might be considered to be _________.

NOT ENTRY LEVEL RESEARCHERS

What information would not be included in the Conclusion of an Abstract? Select all that apply.

NOT HOW A STUDY IS RELEVANT TO SOCIETY OR THE RESEARCHERS OPINIONS OF THE RESULTS

Articles reviewing research that is already published on a particular topic are considered to be what type of source?

NOT LITERARY

What is the purpose of a predictor variable in a study using a correlational research design?

NOT TO FORECAST THE OUTCOME VARIABLE

What is the purpose of a predictor variable in a study using a correlational research design?

NOT TO PREDICT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VARIABLES

A researcher can only claim the study has internal validity if they are using a ________ research design

Not descriptive

The researchers recruited five participants with panic disorder to complete the study. This small number of participants will make it difficult to detect statistical differences in treatments, if any differences exist. Select the correct form of validity.

Not external

A study seeking to determine how many first-year students take public transportation during the week would benefit from having a large sample size to help increase the study's ________.

Not internal validity

Paul and Anka are studying the religious affiliations of people in their town and notice they have two smaller subgroups representing 4% and 6% of the larger religious population, respectively. What type of sampling method and technique should they use to ensure all groups are represented in their study?

Not probability; cluster

When two variables are found to be correlated, this correlation determines _________.

One variable is related to another

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

Principle of beneficence

How would you adopt the mindset of a scientific reasoner?

Remaining objective as you interpret scientific data

The most appropriate research design is determined by the

Research question

Why were the Milgram Obedience Studies considered controversial?

Researchers encouraged participants to continue even when participants stated they did not want to harm other participants

Your professor says that researchers do not make ethical decisions alone. What does this mean?

Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

Scientific evidence includes

Results of a scientific study

Which of the following is an operational definition for depression? Select all that apply.

Score on the Beck Depression Inventory Self-reported symptoms of depression

Sara is seeking to establish if stress at work is correlated to strained friendships. When formatting her hypothesis, she should not use which of the following phrases?

Stress at work affects friendships

A researcher wants to know how often U.S. high school students engage in physical activity during their free time. She asks the athletic office at the local high school for a list of all the students who are on the school's sports team so she can randomly select participants from this list. Her population of interest is U.S. high school students. What is the group from which her sample is actually drawn?

Students at this high school who are on the school's sports teams

Hannah just finished reading an empirical journal article for a class project. What information might she get out of reading the references section of her article?

The name of an article that researched a similar topic

Researchers who provide study participants with an informed consent document should ensure the document includes what information? Select all that apply.

The procedures that participants will undergo during the study Any potential risks and benefits to participants

When science claims to be falsifiable, this means it meets which of the following criteria? Select all that apply.

The theory was evaluated carefully for weaknesses The hypothesis was tested and shown to be false

In addition to being ethical violations, why are data falsification and fabrication problematic?

They impede scientific progress.

A researcher feels multitasking causes decreased productivity in the workplace. She should use an experimental research design to evaluate her hypothesis.

True

One downside of multistage sampling is that clusters might not provide a representative sample.

True

Science is furthered by an individual's ability to think critically and evaluate all sources purporting to offer scientific evidence.

True

Studies that seek to determine the value of one or more variables are considered the most basic type of research question.

True

While research conducted in laboratories can help to identify a causal relationship, the authenticity of the study might be compromised due to researchers not conducting naturalistic observations.

True

Variables are characteristics or conditions that are manipulated or measured in a study. Select the ways variables are identified in research.

Values, categories, levels

Which of the following is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?

We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

Translational research is best thought of as _________________ basic research and applied research.

a bridge between

Ethical decision making should be:

a thoughtful balance

Which of the following is an important criterion for analyzing an empirical article?

analysis of data

Edward believes that there are a lot of differences between men and women on a variety of different dimensions. He believes this because when he thinks about books that have been written on men and women, he can quickly recall only books that say men and women are different (e.g., Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus) and cannot recall any that say men and women are the same. His reliance on what comes to mind is an example of which of the following?

availability heuristic

Ideas presented in nonscholarly sources are often _________ and appeal to readers' emotions or seek the approval of certain authority figures.

biased

Does attending psychotherapy lead to an increase in self-esteem? This research question expresses a(n)

causal relationship

In which section of a journal article will the authors describe the number of participants in a study and how they were recruited?

method

Another word for data is

observation

James is asked about the best way to study for an exam. He responds that the best way to study is by making flash cards. He easily thinks of all the times he used flash cards and he made As. However, he fails to take into consideration all the times he made As and did not use flash cards and the times he used flash cards and did not do well. His faulty thinking is an example of:

present/present bias

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of justice

A research participant completed three lengthy questionnaires and provided information on her study habits, social activities, and academic performance. After submitting the questionnaires, the participant became concerned about what would happen with her data, especially since she included her name with her responses. The participant is expressing concern with the APA Ethical Standard of

privacy and confidentiality

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

replacement

Advice that is based on _____________ is most likely to be correct.

research

You identify a relevant source from your school library's website, but can only access the abstract (not the full text) from the library search results. You should conclude that:

the full text may be available at the library our through inter library loan

Before any research with nonhuman animals may begin

the research proposal must be approved by the IACUC.

Select the type of study and variable(s) for the following research question: What is the average GPA for freshmen at private universities in the United States?

values study; GPA