Final Quizzes

"PO" is the abbreviation for

By mouth

Name an antifungal drug that increases the cell membrane permeability of yeast cells

Clotrimazole

Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) is used

to treat COPD

SNRI stands for

serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

dulaglutide (Trulicity) has this advantage over other incretin-related diabetes medications

1x per week dosing

bid is abbreviation for

2 times daily

Articaine is

A local anesthetic that has mixed polar and nonpolar properties and is often used in dentistry

Buprenorphine is

A mixed opioid agonist/antagonist that is used to treat addiction

Ketorolac is

A powerful NSAID that is available by prescription only.

Methadone is

A slow-acting opioid drug that is used to treat addiction

The abbreviation for "before meals" is

AC

amphetamine is a non specific adrenergic agonist that is known for treating

ADHD in low doses and extended release pills

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used as a

ADHD tx by blocking neurotransmitter reuptake

[__] is an "atypical" antipsychotic drug that is used to treat schizophrenia, which is NOT very prone to cause weight gain as a side-effect.

Abilify

___________ seizures involve brief losses of consciousness with staring and sometimes fluttering eyelids.

Absence

__ is an oral diabetes medication that causes increased sensitivity of insulin receptors in muscle and adipose tissue, but which may somewhat increase risks of heart failure & MI.

Actos

Beta-blockers like atenolol are used to treat:

Acute symptoms of stage fright

[__] is an extended release form of amphetamine used legally to treat ADHD.

Adderall XR

Combined use of a diuretic and a beta1-blocker can decrease blood pressure more than either drug alone. This is an example of a(n) __________ effect

Additive

Patients taking AZT and saquinavir (both anti-HIV drugs) together have much better outcomes than taking either drug individually. This best illustrates

Additive or synergistic effects

Patients taking chloramphenicol and azithromycin (both antibiotics) together are cured of chlamydia infections more reliably (and often faster) than taking either drug individually. This best illustrates

Additive or synergistic effects

Albuterol binds to a receptor in the autonomic nervous system, causing that receptor to be activated, expanding the airway. Accordingly, albuterol works as a(n)

Agonist

____________ is a widely prescribed non-benzodiazepine drug that is now available as a generic, and seems to have fewer withdrawal symptoms than benzodiazepines.

Ambien

A(n) [__] ion is the ionic form of an amine.

Ammonium ion

Why would the ammonium ion form of a drug be preferred for IV administration?

Ammonium ion would be preferred because it is more polar so it is more soluble in blood, so more immediately available. Also it would avoid the possibility of a thrombus forming around crystals of insoluble drugs

Acetylsalicylic acid is

An OTC drug that is often prescribed at low doses to reduce risk of MI

Prochlorperazine (Compazine) is an

Anti-emetic drug, NOT used with cancer chemotherapy

Ondansetron (Zofran)is an

Anti-emetic drug, used with cancer chemotherapy

Name a drug family that is used secondarily to treat bipolar disorder

Anti-seizure

Which of the following drug classes is also commonly used in treatment of bipolar disorder?

Anti-seizure medications

Which of the following is NOT an effective treatment for CHF (congestive heart failure)?

Anticoagulants

Abilify (arapiprazole) is an

Antipsychotic drug used with schizophrenia

Quetiapine(Seroquel) is an

Antipsychotic drug used with schizophrenia

Alprazolam is used primarily to treat

Anxiety

Calcium channel blockers are a class of antihypertensive drugs that

Are effective in reducing blood pressure in all racial groups, but their effectiveness in actually preventing MIs has been questioned

Angiotensin receptor blockers are a class of drugs that

Are less effective in many African Americans, likely due to lower natural renin levels

Salmeterol + fluticasone is used primarily to treat

Asthma

[__] is a benzodiazepine that is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including anxiety, alcoholism withdrawal, and chemotherapy-related nausea.

Ativan

Which of the following drug classes is also commonly used in treatment of bipolar disorder?

Atypical anti-psychotic medications

______ is a combination drug containing amoxicillin and clavulanate, which prevents bacteria from breaking down the amoxicillin.

Augmentin

Which of the following is NOT a means by which bacteria can be resistant to antibiotics

Bacterium makes a thicker cell wall

[__] may vary depending on whether a pill is taken as a gelatin capsule or tablet form.

Bioavailability

An organism that can cause pseudomembranous colitis via superinfection is

C difficile

Indicate what secondary effects occur in CHF and why they occur with regard to each of: arterial blood pressure, heart rate, arterial dilation/constriction

CHF occurs due to ineffective pumping of heart muscle due to lower contractility lowering arterial blood pressure causing reflex tachycardia due to beta1 stimulation, and arterial vasoconstriction due to renin.

carvedilol is a drug whose side-effects

Can lead to asthma exacerbations in predisposed patients

Extrapyramidal symptoms

Can result from treatment with haloperidol

Dopamine is not used directly as a drug for PD because it

Cannot cross the blood-brain barrier Is subject to the first-pass effect in the liver Can cause GI disturbances, orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia

__ is an antihypertensive drug that has two helpful synergistic effects, but can sometimes increase asthma attacks in patients who are pre-disposed to that.

Carvedilol

[__] is prescribed in withdrawal from alcohol, opiates and other drugs due to its reduction of sympathetic stimulation, and is also sometimes used as an antihypertensive.

Catapres

Category C drugs are ones that:

Cause birth defects in animal studies, but have inconclusive evidence in humans

losartan is an antihypertensive drug that

Causes vasodilation and has a secondary effect of lowering blood volume via less aldosterone

Nitroglycerin treats angina primarily by

Causing vasodilation in the heart to increase oxygen supply

[__] is a prescription drug that gives effects similar to nicotine, but lesser in degree. It has been associated with a small increase in suicidal ideation.

Chantix

What is Novolin (or Humulin) 70:30, and how does it work?

Combination product of Intermediate Acting insulin and a regular insulin in a stable 70:30 mix. The two can be mixed immediately before injection by the patient allowing the patient more control of the mixing ratio. The short acting regular insulin provides 30% immediate glucose control for a meal while the NPH provides 70% baseline glucose control for 6-8hours

________________ is a dopamine blocker (in the CTZ), which is often prescribed to treat post-surgical nausea, but not nausea from cancer chemotherapy.

Compazine

Patients taking Coumadin (a blood thinner that is inactivated by CYP3A4) may need to reduce its dosage if they drink grapefruit juice daily (a chemical in grapefruit juice is also inactivated by CYP3A4). This best illustrates

Competition for inactivation

Patients taking Coumadin (a blood thinner that is quite non-polar/lipophilic) may need to reduce its dosage if they begin taking Dilantin (an anti-seizure drug, also lipophilic). This best illustrates

Competition for serum albumin

[__] is the enzyme (full name, not just the abbreviation) that is inhibited by aspirin and other NSAIDs.

Cyclooxygenase

__ is a naturally occurring anabolic steroid

DHT

Advair is a combination asthma drug that is administered as a(n

DPI

Biochemically, depression seems to result from

Deficiencies of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine

____________ is an enteric coated version of valproic acid, which lessens nausea side-effects.

Depakote

Which of the following is an effective treatment for CHF (congestive heart failure), but has a particularly low therapeutic index, and substantial adverse effects?

Digoxin (digitalis)

Digoxin treats angina primarily by

Digoxin is not an effective treatment for angina

Name an antibiotic that works by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, which is also possible teratogen that can permanently stain developing teeth:

Doxycycline

What is the difference between efficacy and potency of a drug?

Efficacy refers to the effect of a drug. The more effect, the more efficacious the drug. Potency refers to the concetration of a drug needed for the effect. The less the concentration required, the more potent the drug. A drug can reach maximum effect with a lower drug concentration than a similar drug which will reach the same effect but needing more drug concentration.

Name a commonly used tricyclic antidepressant.

Elavil

The __ form of a drug can cause less stomach irritation.

Enteric-coated

[__] is used to cause transient vasoconstriction so that injected local anesthetics do not disperse in the bloodstream before they can take effect.

Epinephrine

When naming a drug, a trade name is

Exclusive to a particular company

__________ is the corticosteroid drug found in Flovent.

Fluticasone

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are found at

Ganglionic synapses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

Generally speaking, how do most anti-seizure drugs work? Why does it make sense that many anti-seizure drugs cause side-effects like sedation and ataxia?

Generally anti seizure medications work by either enhancing or inhibiting depolarization. They prevent either the initial discharge or the spread of electrical discharge. Those side effects make sense because you're preventing something the body feels the need to do. Anti seizure meds work in the central nervous system which plays a role in most bodily functions.

The liver is an important storage organ for __, which is normally broken down and released as glucose between meals to stabilize blood sugar levels.

Glycogen

Pepcid (famotidine) is an example of this class of anti-ulcer medication:

H2 antagonist

The class of drug for treatment of ulcers whose use is declining is

H2 antagonist

__ is an antihypertensive drug whose side-effects can commonly cause muscle cramps (or more rarely, heart arrhythmias) unless compensated for

HCTZ

List two examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia. ________________________________ and ________________________________

Hallucinations; paranoia, delusions

diltiazem (Cardizem) is an antihypertensive drug that

Has two helpful synergistic effects, but can sometimes be harmful during recovery from an MI, in part by causing AV heart block

carvedilol is an antihypertensive drug that

Has two helpful synergistic effects, but can sometimes be harmful in patients pre-disposed to asthma attacks.

Category A drugs are ones that:

Have been convincingly demonstrated not to cause birth defects in humans

Category X drugs are ones that

Have been convincingly demonstrated to have a substantial risk of birth defects in humans, and should not be used by women who are pregnant or might become so.

Long-term control (over 3 months) of blood glucose levels is monitored by measuring the amount of __.

HbA1c

Which of the following is NOT a potential side-effect of most opioid drugs

Heart arrhythmia

Gabapentin (along with several other anti-seizure medications) is characterized by

High frequency of off-label prescriptions

Phenytoin (along with several other anti-seizure medications) is characterized by:

High potential for teratogenicity

Valproic acid (along with several other anti-seizure medications) is characterized by

High potential for teratogenicity

[__] has a significant antitussive effect, as well as analgesic effects. Its pain-relieving effect is dependent on prodrug conversion by a cytochrome P450 isozyme, but its cough suppressant effect is not.

Hydrocodone

Which of the following is a possible effect of corticosteroid drugs that is always undesirable?

Hyperglycemia & insulin resistance

Too much insulin between meals may result in __, with symptoms of headache and fatigue.

Hypoglycemia

antibiotic vancomycin is usually delivered directly into the bloodstream over a period of an hour or more. this is an example of

IV administration

Explain briefly how a drug's rate of metabolism will most likely be affected: a) if they are a regular alcohol drinker and sober when they take the drug; b) when they are drunk; c) if they have cirrhosis of the liver

If they are a regular alcohol drinker and sober, or when they are drunk- Regular alcohol drinking can cause induction of cytochrome P450 isozymes which can result in faster drug metabolism. Liver cirrhosis- results in liver tissue death and lower liver enzymes, decreasing the amount of cytochrome P450 and can cause slower drug metabolism. when a person is drunk their liver is busy, using much of its energy to detoxify ethanol, slowing down other processes in a general way even though they don't use the same enzymes as alcohol.

Local lipohypertrophy results from

Increased conversion of glucose into fat, from repeat injections of insulin at the same site

A known side-effect of Celebrex is

Increased risk of MI

A possible negative side-effect of pioglitazone (Actos) is

Increased risk of heart failure & MI

triamterene works as a diuretic to lower blood volume by

Increasing potassium retention

Glitazone drugs like Rosiglitazone (Avandia) work by

Increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptors, primarily in muscle and adipocytes

Metformin (Glucophage) works by

Increasing the sensitivity of insulin receptors, primarily in the liver (also in muscle)

H2 antagonists treat ulcers by

Inhibiting response to histamine in the stomach lining

High throughput screening looks for:

Inhibition of a disease protein in a test tube or multi-well plate

SSRI's are sometimes prescribed together with amitriptyline to treat this side-effect of SSRI's

Insomnia

Simple, partial seizures are uniquely characterized by:

Involvement of only the cerebral cortex, and only part of the body

A carboxylate (-COO-) group should be categorized as

Ionic

Enoxaparin (Lovenox)

Is a low-MW form of heparin

__ is a synthetic glucocorticoid hormone-containing product that is used to treat mouth canker sores.

Kenalog Orabase

[__] is a powerful NSAID that is available by prescription only, and only for short-term use.

Ketorolac

A cyclohexyl (-C6H11) group should be categorized as

Lipophilic

__ is a newer, synthetic variant of insulin in which the order of two of the amino acids (lysine and proline) are reversed from human insulin; this produces an insulin which does not polymerize and which will give faster onset and faster degradation.

Lispro

Simvastatin

Lowers blood cholesterol by inhibiting synthesis of cholesterol in the liver

.Albuterol is an asthma drug that is administered via a(n__________

MDI

Albuterol treats asthma symptoms, formulated as a(n)

MDI

name a schedule 1 derivative of amphetamine

MDMA

What is the main advantage of a product like Nexplanon over "mini-pills"? What is its main drawback (vs "mini-pills")?

Main advantage Of Nexplanon is that it stays in the upper arm and lasts 3-5years so you don't have to worry about taking anything orally like mini pills. Main draw back is that it isa more invasive Way for birth control than just taking mini pills orally.

valsartan is a drug whose side-effects

Make it a category D teratogen in the 2nd & 3rd trimesters

A drug with a short half-life

May be quickly broken down by cytochrome P450 enzymes

__ is an antihypertensive drug that can help the heart muscle recover by lowering heartrate after an MI

Metoprolol

In addition to treating seizures, topiramate (Topamax) is FDA-approved for

Migraine prevention

In addition to treating seizures, topiramate is FDA-approved for

Migraine prevention

Pharmacodynamic tolerance occurs when

More cell receptors for a drug are made by the body over time, resulting in reduced effects of the drug.

Which class of drug is also used for smoking cessation?

NDRI norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor

The abbreviation for "nothing by mouth" is

NPO

[__] is an OTC NSAID that has a particularly long half-life.

Naproxen

On its own, fluticasone can be used to treat allergic rhinitis, formulated as a(n)

Nasal spray

A possible negative side-effect of metformin is

Nausea

Stanozolol is an anabolic steroid that works by binding to a receptor protein inside cells, increasing mRNA & protein synthesis in the same way that testosterone does. Accordingly, that receptor protein works as a(n)

Nuclear receptor

Side-effects of olanzapine treatment

Often produce weight gain

Describe what happens in an opioid overdose and in naloxone treatment of that.

Opioid overdose is caused by taking too much opioids which causes respiratory depression and Narcan is an opioid antagonist used to lesson adverse effects of narcotic overdose

Montelukast (Singulair) is formulated as a(n)

Oral pill

Biochemically, schizophrenia is partly due to

Overproduction of or oversensitivity to dopamine

Name the medical device that allows hospital patients to control (within limits) the dosing of their IV pain medications

PCA pump

Name a *class* of drug that provides long-term relief of GERD symptoms, but for which discontinuation of the drug can lead to worse symptoms due to rebound acid production.

PPI

Pantoprazole is an example of this class of anti-ulcer medication:

PPI (proton pump inhibitor)

The most effective class of drug for long-term treatment of GERD is

PPI (proton pump inhibitor)

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include

Paranoia

Ropinirole (Requip) is used primarily to treat

Parkinson's disease

Tonic-clonic seizures are most characterized by:

Periods of twitching followed by periods of muscle rigidity

Name two barbiturates still in current use, and the main application of each.

Phenobarbital sometimes used to tx seizures and Thiopental to induce anesthesia

Patients who stop taking atenolol (a beta-blocker) often experience rebound hypertension.This best illustrates

Physical dependence

Older antipsychotic medications tend mainly to treat the ____ symptoms of schizophrenia

Positive

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found at

Post-ganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic system

It takes a smaller dose of oxycodone than acetaminophen to ease a patient's back pain. This best illustrates

Potency

__ is a drug that treats peri-menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, that is derived from pregnant horses

Premarin

L-DOPA is an example of a [__] that is converted its active form by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase.

Prodrug

Steroids that prevent ovulation are classified as

Progestin

A person who has seasonal pollen allergies takes Claritin (loratadine, an antihistamine) year-round, including when pollen levels are low, because he says it makes him feel better. He is most likely experiencing

Psychological dependence

A person who is trying to quit caffeine but who experiences cravings when passing by Starbucks and smelling coffee is experiencing

Psychological dependence

Humulin R and Novolin R are both

Short-acting forms of insulin, for injection immediately prior to a meal

beta-1 blockers treat CHF (congestive heart failure) primarily by

Slowing down heart rate

____________ is a highly potent benzodiazepine, illegal in the U.S., which is notorious as a "date-rape" drug.

Rohypnol

Ropinirole is a dopamine agonist. Compare how ropinirole works versus how levodopa works to treat Parkinson's disease.

Ropinirole is a dopamine agonist which are molecules that imitate the action of dopamine. They must also be able to cross the blood brain barrier Levodopa is a prodrug that is converted into dopamine which then raises dopamine levels in the brain. It is used in combination with carbidopa

trazodone (Desyrel) is an example of a(n)

SARI antidepressant

venlafaxine (Effexor) is an example of a(n)

SNRI antidepressant

Illegal drugs with no accepted use in the U.S. are classified as:

Schedule I

Legal drugs with the lowest potential for abuse are classified as:

Schedule V

SNRI stands for ______________________________

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor

Physiologically, GHB works by

Stimulating GABA receptors, in place of GABA, and causing hyperpolarization of post-synaptic neurons.

Which of the following is a somewhat common side-effect of doxycycline?

Sun sensitivity/skin rash

Which of the following is an effect of corticosteroid drugs that is often harmful, but sometimes desirable?

Suppression of immune system

Which of the following is an effect of corticosteroid drugs that is always desirable?

Suppression of pain & swelling

Enzyme induction occurs when

Taking two drugs together causes liver enzymes to increase over time, metabolizing the drugs more quickly, resulting in shorter half-lives for both drugs.

Chronic users of heroin find that it takes more and more drug over time to achieve the same high. This best illustrates

Tolerance

Fentanyl is an opioid pain reliever that can be used as a "patch" called Duragesic that is applied to the patient's skin. This is an example of

Transdermal administration of a drug

which of the following is NOT a possible use of aromatase inhibitors

Treatment of post-menopausal hot flashes

__ is a once per day injected medication of a synthetic analog of GLP-1, with a long half-life, which results in more insulin release from beta cells, less glucagon release from alpha cells, and slower stomach emptying. It is also FDA-approved in a higher dosage for weight loss.

Victoza

Which of the following is one of the side-effects of tricyclic antidepressants, which can sometimes be used to combat an opposite effect from SSRIs?

Weight gain

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia include

Withdrawal from society

[__] is a serotonin blocker (in the CTZ), which can be prescribed to treat nausea from cancer chemotherapy.

Zofran

Temazepam (Restoril) is

a benzodiazepine that is mainly used to treat insomnia

Temazepam (Restoril) is

a benzodiazepine that is mainly used to treat insomnia.

Penicillin V is

a narrow spectrum antibiotic effective mainly against Gram positive bacteria

Zolpidem (Ambien) is

a non-benzodiazepine drug that has been heavily marketed for insomnia, and seems to have fewer withdrawal symptoms than benzodiazepines.

Codeine is metabolized by the liver into an active form, morphine. This makes codeine

a prodrug

The neurotransmitter at the ganglia of the sympathetic system is __________ and the type of receptor is __________.

acetylcholine, nicotine

Albuterol works by

acting as an short-lived but rapid-acting agonist of beta-2 adrenergic receptors

person who takes vicodin to relieve pain after having a tooth extracted is experiencing

additive or synergistic effects

pts taking chloramphenicol and azithromycin ( both antibiotics)together are cured of chlamydia indfections more reliably and often faster than taking either drug individually. this best illustrates

additive or synergistic effects

Combivent is a combination of a beta-2 agonist and a muscarinic antagonist, commonly used to treat COPD. Its two components provide a(n) [__] effect as a bronchodilator.

additive synergistic

"pc" is the abbreviation for

after meals

Buspirone binds to a type of serotonin in the CNS, causing that receptor to release a signal, leading to a neuron firing. buspirone works as a

agonist

[__] is a beta-2 agonist used as an asthma "rescue inhaler" drug because it is relatively fast-acting.

albuterol

__ is the one type of steroid hormone that has no clinically useful synthetic agonists, because we generally do not want to increase its effects.

aldosterone

The ____________ uses bacteria to test for carcinogenicity

ames test

Fluticasone / Nasonex works as

an anti-inflammatory steroid

Vancomycin is

an antibiotic that is reserved for antibiotic-resistant infections, which generally must be infused slowly via an IV drip

Warfarin (Coumadin) is

an anticoagulant drug with a low therapeutic index

Preventive antibiotic prophylaxis may be helpful before dental procedures for patients who have

an artificial heart valve or hip or knee replacement

MAO-B is

an enzyme involved in inactivation of dopamine, only in the brain.

DOPA decarboxylase is

an enzyme involved in production of dopamine, both in the brain and in peripheral circulation.

Loratadine / Claritin works as

an inhibitor of inflammatory H1 histamine receptors

Montelukast / Singulair works as

an inhibitor of inflammatory leukotriene receptors

Name an antihypertensive familythat is teratogenic. _______________

angiotensin II receptor antagonists

___often precedes phase I clinical trials, and can show if the drug is likely to cause liver damage.

animal testing

The class of drug for treatment of ulcers with the fastest short-term action is

antacid

Oxybutynin (Ditropan) is used primarily to prevent night-time incontinence (nocturia). It works as a(n) [__] of muscarinic receptors.

antagonist

The class of drug for long-term treatment of ulcers with the least risk of ulcer recurrence is

antibiotic

Loratadine (Claritin) is a 2nd-generation [__] drug used to treat allergies (and allergic triggers of asthma), that is administered as an oral pill.

antihistamine

Clonidine is used as a

antihypertensive that blocks receptors in the CNS, and to tx a variety drug withdrawal symptoms

Levodopa/Carbidopa have significant drug interactions with

antipsychotic meds

levodopa is a PD drug that works

as a prodrug that promotes the production of dopamine in the brain

____________ is a benzodiazepine that is used to treat a wide variety of conditions, including anxiety, alcoholism withdrawal, and chemotherapy-related nausea.

ativan

is used in emergency medicine to treat poisoning by organophosphate nerve gases

atropine

an enteric coated pill is specifically treated to

avoid irritating the stomach lining

Briefly describe a similarity between the molecular causes of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.

both are neurodegenerative diseases of elderly people. both caused by abnormal build up of proteins, killing brain cells

__________is a drug currently used as an inhalation anesthetic in the U.S.

desflurane

[__] are an older class of drugs that work similarly to benzodiazapines, but have a much greater risk of causing respiratory depression.

barbiturate

.The specific type of adrenergic receptors found in the bronchi: ________

beta 2

[__] are mostly unrelated to typical anxiety medications, but are sometimes prescribed to control tachycardia symptoms from panic attacks.

beta blockers

Based on its generic name, bisoprolol (Zebeta, Ziac) works as a

beta-1 antagonist

___ may vary depending on whether pill is taken as gelatin capsule or tablet form

bioavailability

____________ may vary depending on whether a pill is taken on an empty stomach or with food

bioavailability

____________ of a pill may vary if the patient has constipation or diarrhea.

bioavailability

trenbolone is used primarily to

build muscle

Name an antidepressant that is also used for tobacco/smoking cessation ______

bupropion (Wellbutrin)

carbidopa is a PD drug that works

by inhibiting DOPA decarboxylase to slow dopamine production in peripheral circulation

selegiline is a PD drug that works

by inhibiting MAO-B to slow dopamine inactivation in brain

Dopamine is not used directly as a drug for PD bc it

cannot cross blood brain barrier, subject to first pass effect in liver, causes GI disturbances, orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia

Dopamine is not used directly as a drug for PD because it

cannot cross the blood-brain barrier is subject to the first-pass effect in the liver can cause GI disturbances, orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia

Which of these medications is known for causing enzyme induction that results in higher doses being needed over time

carbamazepine (Tegretol)

.Levodopa is always administered with __________ to keep it from being converted into dopamine in peripheral circulation

carbidopa

term describing any drug that may cause cancer

carcinogenic

The Ames test looks for

carcinogenicity using bacterial growth plates

Bethanechol (Urecholine) is a parasympathetic agonist, logically it can be used to

cause urination

Bethanechol (Ureholine) is a parasympathetic agonist. Logically, it can be used to

cause urination

.A Digoxin binds to the sodium-potassium pump of cardiac myocytes, inhibiting ion flow. Accordingly, the sodium-potassium pump works as a(n)

cell receptor

is an antihypertensive that blocks receptors in the CNS, not as a beta blocker. It is available as a 7-day transdermal patch.

clonidine

What would be the likely result of crushing an enteric coated pill and mixing it with applesauce before feeding it to a patient? What would be the likely effect of doing this with a sustained release pill?

crushing would break up the enteric coating... sustained release would break up microcrystals, release drug all at once

____ has many isoforms and is responsible for the first step of inactivation of drugs in liver

cytochrome p450

____________has many isoforms and is responsible for the first steps of inactivation of many drugs by the liver.

cytochrome p450

Name a new anticoagulant that works directly to inhibit the blood clotting cascade. _______________. and name the enzyme in the clotting cascade that it works against _______________

dabigatran; thrombin

An HbA1c test result value of 9.3 would be typical for a

diabetic patient with poor control of their blood sugar

A drug that is sometimes used IV (or as a rectal suppository) to stop status epilepticus, but is not generally effective to prevent future seizures is

diazepam (Valium)

Tropicamide (Mydriacyl) is a muscarinic antagonist with a much shorter half life than atropine. accordingly it has replaced atropine to

dilate pupils for eye exams

.Name an example of a catecholamine drug or neurotransmitter: _________

dopamine

Buspirone (Buspar) is

effective against anxiety and is not sleep-inducing.

phase III trials test for:

effective treatment of a disease in a large number of individuals, before it has been approved by the FDA

ibuprofen (advil) is a drug that inhibits cyclooxyrgenase, resulting in less synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins by the body. cyclooxyrgenase works as a

enzyme

What is the generic name of Prozac? ________________

fluoxetine

The __ form of a drug is usually less stable and less safe, but can be fast-acting because it crosses the blood-brain barrier readily.

free base

Name the two most powerful diuretic drugs: _______________and _______________Hypokalemiais a frequent side-effect of these drugs that commonly results in _______________ _______________

furosemide (Lasix) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ); heart arrhythmia, muscle cramps & weakness

Variations in drug metabolism may occur due to

genetics, kidney disease, age

a possible negative side-effect of trenbolone is

gynecomastia

________________ is an older "typical" antipsychotic drug that is used to treat schizophrenia, and is sometimes used IV or IM to treat episodes of aggressive behavior in hospital patients.Regular use of this drug can cause symptoms similar to ________________ disease. These symptoms are called _____________-______________ effects.

haloperidol (Haldol); Parkinson's; PD-like

Premarin is used to prevent

hot flashes

A drug molecule with a high proportion of polar chemical groups is classified as ________philic

hydro

Vicodin (or Norco) is a combination drug that contains acetaminophen and

hydrocodone

GABA receptors cause [__] of post-synaptic neurons, inhibiting them from firing.

hyperpolarization

polymyxin B works by

increasing bacterial cell membrane permeability

Ciprofloxacin works by

inhibiting bacterial DNA synthesis

azithromycin works by

inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis

loratadine/claritin works as

inhibitor of inflammatory H1 histamine receptors

Zolpidem is used primarily to treat

insomnia

Type 2 diabetes results from:

insufficient functional insulin receptors, due to being overweight and sedentary

a possible negative side-effect of prednisone is

insulin resistance

a carboxylate (-COO-) group should be categorized as

ionic

adding acid to amine containing drug makes it

ionic form

Fentanyl is an opioid drug that

is available in 3-day transdermal patches

The cancer chemotherapy drug paclitaxel is often administered intravenously in combination with added, synthetic serum albumin (as Abraxane). The serum albumin is added because paclitaxel

is highly lipophilic

Methadone is an opioid drug that

is often prescribed to ease withdrawal from other addictive opioid drugs

Cytochrome P450 has many ____________ and is responsible for the first steps of inactivation of many drugs by the liver.

isoforms

__ is a drug that can be used medium-term to treat many breast cancers, but which can lead to osteoporosis with long-term use

letrozole

.montelukast (Singulair) inhibits synthesis of inflammatory __________

leukotrienes

in Parkinson's disease ___ are a defining feature that is generally only visible on autopsy in the substantial migration of the brain

lewy body

Which of the following is an ACE inhibitor, used to treat CHF (congestive heart failure)?

lisinopril

albuterol treats asthma symptoms formulated as a

mdi

Chronic users of phentyoin find that it takes more drug over time to prevent seizures. research shows these pts have higher cytochrome p450 CYP1A2 than nonusers. this best illustrates

metabolic tolerance

___is an ADHD treatment that inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain.

methylphenidate

____________ is a benzodiazepine that is given IV before surgery (or colonoscopy etc) to produce sedation and amnesia.

midazolam

__ is an oral contraceptive that results in a longer but irregular menstrual cycle, with less menstrual bleeding overall, which is safe to use for breast-feeding mothers but which must be taken at the same time each day to be effective, which makes them less reliable.

mini pill

on off efficacy of Parkinson's med results in

mixed good days and bad days for pt symptoms without obvious causes

The __________ agonist drug bethanecol is occasionally used post-partum in order to cause _________

muscarinic - urination

nicotine is a non specific autonomic agonist. among its many effects its copious salivation when taken as a chewing tobacco. this effect is simply due to its binding to

muscarinic receptors

Pseudoephedrine is a non-specific adrenergic agonist that is known for treating

nasal congestion, but with concern because home chemists can convert it into methamphetamine

pseudoephedrine is a non specific adrenergic agonist that us known for treating

nasal congestion, but with concern because home chemists can convert it to methamphetamine

On its own, fluticasone can be used to treat allergic rhinitis, formulated as a(n)

nasal spray

on its own fluticasone can be used to treat allergic rhinitis formulated as

nasal spray

Succinlycholine is a ___ blocker used in surgical procedures and Emergency intubations

neuromuscular

In addition to to treating seizures, several anti-seizure medicines are used to treat

neuropathic pain

When naming a drug, the generic name is

not capitalized

.Stanozolol is an anabolic steroid that works by binding to a receptor protein inside cells, increasing mRNA & protein synthesis in the same way that testosterone does.Accordingly, stanozolol works as a(n)

nuclear receptor

Propranolol, a drug approved by the FDA to treat hypertension, is sometimes prescribed to treat stage fright. This is an example of ____________.

off label use

a possible negative side-effect of stanozolol is

oily skin/acne

4 letter drug suffix identifies beta blockers

olol

What 4-letter drug suffix identifies ? blockers?

olol

qd is abbreviation for

once daily

which of the following is not a possible side effect of atropine (a muscarinic antagonist)

orthostatic hypotension

a possible negative side-effect of aromatase inhibitors is

osteoporosis

Which of the following is a distinctive side-effect of vancomycin?

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

The free-base form of an amine-containing drug will be present at any pH that is above the drug's ____________

pKa

A rare case where a sedative may act as a stimulant in a particular patient is an example of a(n) [__] effect

paradoxical

Succinylcholine has a(n) __________ effect of malignant hyperthermia

paradoxical

rare case where sedative acs as stimulant

paradoxical

Name a non-pill form in which nicotine is sometimes given to help with smoking cessation.

patch

[__] describes how a drug works on receptors in the body and the clinical effects it has, but not how it is absorbed or excreted.

pharmacodynamics

___ describes how a drug works on receptors in body and the clinical effects it has but not how it is absorbed or excreted

pharmacodynamics

____________ clinical trials test a small number of healthy volunteers to see if a new drug has toxic side-effects

phase 1

____________ clinical trials are the final step required before FDA approval

phase 3

[__] clinical trials use a large number of affected/sick patients and confirm long-term safety and drug efficacy, after FDA approval.

phase IV

[__] is an older but still widely used anti-seizure medication that has side-effects including sedation, ataxia and gingival hyperplasia.

phenytoin Dilantin

pts who stop taking atenolol often experience rebound hypertension. this best illustrates

physical dependence

Lewy body are

plaques of aggregated proteins that accumulate and are toxic in the part of the brain that produces most dopamine

Lewy body(ies) is/are

plaques of aggregated proteins that accumulate and are toxic in the part of the brain that produces most dopamine.

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are found at

post ganglionic synapses of the parasympathetic system

.L-DOPA is an example of a __________ that is converted its active form by the enzyme DOPA decarboxylase.

pro drug

___is a non-catecholamine adrenergic agonist / nasal decongestant that can also be used as a precursor to synthesize methamphetamine

pseudophedrine

person who is trying to quit smoking but who lights up every time she goes to a bar with friends is experiencing

psychological dependence

dexamethasone is used primarily to

reduce inflammation

What is the major adverse side-effect of barbiturates? ____________ ____________

respiratory depression

Which of the following is NOT a side-effect of benzodiazepine drugs:

respiratory depression

The natural aggregation of insulin into dimers and hexamers

results in slower release of insulin from SC injections

__________ is a long-acting __________ (be specific) agonist used in prophylactic treatment of asthma.

salmeterol, beta 2

.A patient, concerned about his blood pressure, started taking 3x the prescribed dose of his metoprolol, a b-blocker. He was disappointed to find that his blood pressure remained about the same as with the regular dose. This best illustrates

saturation

Medications that have no legitimate medical uses as well as a high potential for abuse and physical dependency are categorized as ____________.

schedule 1

Medications that have legitimate medical uses but also a high potential for abuse and physical dependency are categorized as ____________.

schedule 2

Illegal drugs with no accepted use in the US are classified as:

schedule l

CURRENT accepted uses of some barbiturate drugs include treatment of

seizures, or of tension headaches and migraines

_________ is a PD drug that works by inhibiting dopamine inactivation in the brain.

seliligine

A drug that is broken down quickly by liver enzymes will probably have a short ____________

short half life

Name an example of a statin drug

simvastatin

Diazepam (Valium) is a benzodiazepine that is:

sometimes used prior to dental procedures, or IV for status epilepticus

`adverse side effects of inhaled steroids used to treat asthma is

sore throat and oral infection with Candida albicans

Fluticasone is a [__] anti-inflammatory drug used in asthma treatment.

steroid

.Parkinson's disease is caused by deterioration of cells in the __________

substantia nigra in the midbrain

The __ form of a drug usually needs to be taken just once daily, making it easier for patients to remember to take.

sustained release

Tamsulosin (Flomax) is sometimes used to promote urination in pts with BPH. it is not a parasympathetic agonist. logically it instead is a

sympathetic antagonist

Fluticasone is a

synthetic glucocorticoid hormone that is commonly used in asthma and allergy-related inhalers & nasal sprays

Prednisone is a

synthetic glucocorticoid hormone with medium potency & efficacy that is commonly prescribed as an anti-inflammatory drug.

Name an expensive drug that is used to break down fibrin clots shortly after an MI or ischemic stroke has occurred: ________

tPA

Which one of the following drugs is used to break down existing clots in an MI or stroke?

tPA (tissue plasminogen activator)

competition for inactivation occurs when

taking two drugs together causes liver enzymes to metabolize each one more slowly resulting in longer half lives for both drugs

[__] is an example of a benzodiazepine that is commonly used for insomnia.

temazepam

Substantia nigra is/are

the anatomical part of the brain that contains the cell bodies of most dopaminergic neurons.

Alprazolam (Xanax) is a benzodiazepine that is:

the most commonly prescribed benzodiazepine for anxiety and panic attacks, and is very habit forming

Acetaminophen can cause irreversible and potentially fatal liver damage, but only at high doses, typically more than 10x higher than is needed to relieve a headache. The concept being described here is

therapeutic index

___ describes the difference between amount of drug needed for clinically useful effects to occur versus seriously toxic or fatal effects

therapeutic index

Oxybutynin (Ditropan) is a muscarinic antagonist used

to discourage urination (ie. to treat incontinence)

Tiotropium bromide (Spiriva) is used

to treat COPD

ipratropium bromide (Atropine) is used

to tx COPD

tiotropium bromide Spiriva is used

to tx COPD

Scopolamine is an anti-nausea drug that is often administered through the skin as a(n) __________ ___________

transdermal patch

Name a SARI antidepressant that is also used to treat insomnia

trazodone

Name a Serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitor SARI antidepressant that is also used to treat insomnia ________________

trazodone

levonorgestrel + ethinyl estradiol are used sometimes to

treat acne

letrozole is used off-label to

treat polycystic ovary syndrome

.Name an example of a drug that is a category D teratogen _________

valium

Which of these medications is useful for treating absence seizures?

valproic acid (Depakote)

Name a commonly prescribed calcium channel blocker that works on vascular smooth muscle ANDon the heart SA node.____________

verapamil (Calan) or diltiazem (Cardizem)