Final Review
Why is only one strand of DNA transcribed into mRNA?
Because the other strand would produce the same amino acid sequence in reverse order
Assuming a fat molecule can be oxidized into 2 glycerol molecules, which are immediately converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, in intermediate glycolysis, how many ATP can be produced from a fat molecule?
4
What are the possible phenotypes of the children of the mother has Type A Blood and the father has type AB blood ? Use punnet square
A , B , AB
Mutation
A change in a gene or chromosome.
Breeding a yellow dog with a brown dog produced puppies with both yellow and brown hairs intermixed. This is an example of:
codominance
testcross
cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype
Mitosis results in:
daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes
One function of peroxisomes involves the process of:
detoxification
Most human somatic cells are:
diploid
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells
A gene that affects, prevents, or masks the expression of a gene at another locus is a(n) ____ gene.
dominant
An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organisms phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present
dominant
Electrons generated from the Krebs cycle go next to the
electron transport chain
Nucleosomes are best described as:
eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins
A good hypothesis
falsifiable
Mendel verified true-breeding pea plants for certain traits before undertaking his experiments. The term "true-breeding" refers to:
genetically pure lines
The entire set of genes in an organism
genotype
The first stage in cellular respiration
glycolysis
Which of the following processes will occur in the presence or absence of oxygen
glycolysis
Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism
glycolysis - pyruvate - acetyl - CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain
If an atom gains an electron in a chemical reaction , it is said that the atom
has been reduced
___________ consume organic molecules to live
heterotrophs
Having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci.
heterozygous
The act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids
hybridization
Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to the remarkable water walking success of the aquatic insects pictured in the accompanying figure
hydrogen bonds
Penicillin is toxic to certain dividing bacterial cells because it prevents cell wall formation, causing the cells to burst. This indicates that the bacteria live in:
hypotonic medium
semi-conservative replication
in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new
A kind of dominance occurring in heterozygotes in which the dominant allele is only partially expressed, and usually resulting in an offspring with an intermediate phenotype
incomplete dominance
In essentially all organisms, the AUG codon codes for
initiation of translation
If a cell is in G2
it has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus
A mutation that replaces one amino acid in a protein with another is called a
missense
The M phase of the cell cycle involves 2 main processes
mitosis and cytokinesis
Which pair is mismatched?
monosaccharide:maltose
Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of
neutrons only
The following amino acid would be characterized as ______ based on the chemical properties of its side chain
nonpolar
Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might
prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme's active site.
Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem
producers, consumers, decomposers
Initiation of transcription requires
promoter sequence
A bottle of perfume is opened on the opposite side of the room and within minutes you begin to smell the perfume. This phenomenon is a classic example of:
simple diffusion
In asexual reproduction, daughter cells inherit their DNA from
single parent
The main structure for gas exchange in plants is called the
stomata
Within chloroplasts, the fluid-like matrix in which the Calvin cycle occurs is called
stroma
A maternal homologue and a paternal homologue synapse to form:
tetrad
A cell is said to have reached the metaphase stage of mitosis when
the centromeres have arrived at the equatorial plate.
Anaphase of mitosis occurs when
the chromatids begin to separate from the metaphase plate.
If meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms,
the chromosome number would double in each generation
A cell is in metaphase if:
the chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell
Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because
the covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar
Which of the following produces NADPH
the light reactions alone
Karyotyping is useful for determining:
the number of chromosomes in an individual
DNA primase
synthesis of RNA primer
Which of the following best represents the path of electron flow that occurs during photosynthesis
A.) H2O->P680->Final Electron Acceptor->Electron transport chain->P700
During which of the follow stages of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate
Anaphase ||
The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of __________ and M phase.
Interphase
What is meant by the term fluid mosaic model
It is the movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bilayer
Which of the following statements about chlorophyll is correct
It reflects light in the green light spectrum.
Which of the following statements about the sodium potassium pump is true
It transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.
Which of the following is true of the citric acid cycle
It yields ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy intermediates.
Persons having an XXY karyotype are nearly normal males but produce few or no sperm. They have __________ syndrome.
Klinefelter
The principal of independent assortment is not true for
Linked genes
Polyploidy
May be the result of more than one sperm fertilizing an egg
Chromosomes are condensed to their greatest extent during Of mitosis
Metaphase
The production of ATP in photosynthesis
Photophosphorylation
What are the primary functions of photosystems 1 and 2
Produce ATP and NADPH
During which phase does crossing over occur
Prophase I
The molecular fragment represented in Figure 3-3 is
RNA
Telomeres
Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Aneuploidies describe:
a condition in which an extra chromosome is present or one is absent
Which term most precisely describes the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones
anabolism
During photosynthesis , the energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to
generate an electrochemical H+ gradient across a membrane
An atom becomes a cation if
it loses one or more electron
Which of the following is not a process of aerobic respiration
lactate fermentation
Among the different forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun , which form is visible
light
The codon is found in the
mRNA
Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:
maintain a constant internal environment
Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name?
mays
Autosomal aneuploidies arise by
meiotic nondisjunction
The Mitotic spindle is made of
microtubules
substitution of one base pair for another can result in a ____ mutation that results in the conversion of an amino acid specifying codon to a termination codon
nonsense
This molecule transmits heredity information:
nucleic acid
A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:
nucleus
The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by most directly by
number of valence electrons
Which of the following membrane activities does NOT require the expenditure of energy by the cell
osmosis
Four carbon compound
oxaloacetate
Translocation occurs when
part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
The most abundant molecules in this structure are
phospholipids
Light energy arrives at earth in little packets called:
photons
When carbon dioxide is low in the leaf , the Calvin cycle cannot proceed efficiently, and the result is
photorespiration
Phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
If an organism is eukaryotic, then by definition it will
possess a nucleus
Water held behind a dam would best reflect
potential energy
Which of the following represents the overall sequence of events during mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?
protein synthesis
A frameshift mutation could result from
The insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs
A brown-eyed couple already has a child with blue eyes. What is the probability that their next child will have blue eyes, assuming that the brown eye allele is dominant and the blue eye allele is recessive?
1/4
A pH of 4 is ______ times more ____ than a pH of 7?
1000; acidic
How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle only
2 ATP, 6 NADH
Which order of events for the Calvin cycle is correct 1 . Reduction 2. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor ( RuBP) 3. Carbon fixation
3 , 1 , 2
The height of pea plants from a cross between parent plants heterozygous for height, in which tall is dominant, would be:
3 tall: 1 short
Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand 5' - AGATCCG - 3'
3' - TCTAGGC - 5'
When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that:
ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group
A covalent bond
Always forms between identical molecules
DNA helicase
An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication ( zipper )
guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
Another nucleotide involved in energy transfer
Colchicine
Arrests cells in mitotic metaphase
Which is the following is the most basic level of chemical organization
Atom
Which of the following represents the possible genotypes resulting from a cross between an individual heterozygous ( Bb) and one that is homozygous ( bb)
Bb and bb
In mitosis, telophase occurs when:
Both A and B
Somatic cells can include:
Both A and B are correct
C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry conditions in which
CO2 is fixed and stored in the leaf.
The equation , C6H12O6+ 6CO2 + 6H2O ( ATP +HEAT) describes which of the following processes
Cell respiration
Hydrogen bonds can form between guanine and , and between adenine and .
Cytosine and Thymine
Which of the following causes the unwinding of the DNA double helix
DNA helicase
During prophase _____ is compacted into visible chromosomes
chromatin
Which of the following adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain
DNA polymerase
Within interphase, which of the stages is defined by the active replication of the cell's genetic material?
DNA synthesis phase
An organism with the genotype of AaXx can produce gamete's containing If the two genes are unlinked
Either AX, Ax, aX, ax
According to the first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
DNA polymerase
Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Enzymes are consumed in chemical reactions and must therefore be replenished.
False
Metabolism reflects only those reactions that yield energy.
False
The Calvin cycle is only capable of fixing carbon dioxide in the dark
False
The rate of photosynthesis is much greater in the green than red light spectrum
False
Between the stage in the cell cycle where the genetic material is replicated and the process of cell division begins there is a stage referred to as:
Gap 2
The __________ can be considered a sorting processing and packaging center
Golgi complex
Which of the following represents a reactant or input for the light reaction of photosynthesis
H2O
The Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called:
Interphase
6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 describes a reaction that
Is anabolic
during noncyclic electron flow of the light reaction which molecule is the final acceptor of the high energy electron
NADP+
The term "dominant" means that
One allele can mask the expression of another in a hybrid
The process by which an atom or molecule loses an electron is
Oxidation
What is needed for the product of glycolysis pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle
Oxygen
The equation C6H12O6+6O2 > 6CO2+6H2O (ATP+HEAT) describes a reaction that
Requires energy
_______ contain identical DNA sequences and are held together by ______ during mitosis
Sister chromatids; centromeres
The ends of eukaryotic chromosome can be lengthened by
Telomerase
antiparallel
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
Polyploidy
The presence of multiple sets of chromosomes
The 5 end of each okazaki fragment begins with
The same RNA primer that began synthesis on the leading strand
What is the function of nucleosomes
To prevent DNA strands from tangling
Catabolic and anabolic reactions in living cells involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another in reduction - oxidation reactions
True
If oxygen is present , pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix
True
Organisms such as ourselves are best described as heterotrophs
True
Photons from light can boost an electron to a higher energy state.
True
Persons having an XO karyotype are sterile females. They have ____ syndrome.
Turner
If atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons, then you conclude that:
X and Y are atoms of the same element
During the light reaction water is oxidized to from oxygen . This process
Yields high energy electrons and is needed to replace the electron lost by P680 during the light reaction
Which of the following is a characteristic of asexual , as opposed to sexual reproduction
a cell splitting in half
Which of the following function, location relationship is incorrect
acetyl CoA formation; cytosol
The extra energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and to initiate a chemical reaction is called
activation energy
The site on the enzyme surface where the reactant fits is referred to as the
active site
uracil forms a complementary pair with ___ in RNA and ____ in DNA
adenine; adenine
In what portion of the plant does photosynthesis take place
all correct ( mesophyll , chloroplast , thylakoid membrane , grana)
The characteristic of a molecule determines the ability of hydrogen bonds to form between it and hydrogen
an atom with a partial negative charge
DNA ligase
an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments
During which of the following stages of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate
anaphase II
The domain eukarya includes all of the following except
archaean and bacteria
The cell theory states that All living organisms
are composed of basic units called cells
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
autosome
All of the following are functions of the cell membrane EXCEPT
being freely permeable to all substances
Which portion of the photosynthetic apparatus absorbs light?
both photosystem I and photosystem II
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?
by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction
An element is defined as a substance that:
cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical reactions
During photosynthesis, ATP molecules are generated by
chemiosmosis
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
chloroplast stroma
Table salt dissolves easily in water because:
the partial positive charge of the hydrogens in the water molecule can associate with the negative charge of the chloride ion, and the partial negative charge of the oxygen of the water molecule can associate with the positive charge of the sodium atom.
The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the
three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain
The purpose of mitosis is to enable existing cells
to generate new, genetically identical cells
A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype
true-breeding
Using standard conventions for naming alleles, which of the following pairs is correct?
tt-homozygous
Introns in pre-mRNA are known to:
undergo excision, whereby they are spliced out of the message
In the experiments of Griffith , the conversion of nonlethal R- strain bacteria to the lethal S- strain bacteria
was an example of the genetic exchange known as transformation
