Final Review

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Why is only one strand of DNA transcribed into mRNA?

Because the other strand would produce the same amino acid sequence in reverse order

Assuming a fat molecule can be oxidized into 2 glycerol molecules, which are immediately converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, in intermediate glycolysis, how many ATP can be produced from a fat molecule?

4

What are the possible phenotypes of the children of the mother has Type A Blood and the father has type AB blood ? Use punnet square

A , B , AB

Mutation

A change in a gene or chromosome.

Breeding a yellow dog with a brown dog produced puppies with both yellow and brown hairs intermixed. This is an example of:

codominance

testcross

cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype

Mitosis results in:

daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes

One function of peroxisomes involves the process of:

detoxification

Most human somatic cells are:

diploid

Cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells

A gene that affects, prevents, or masks the expression of a gene at another locus is a(n) ____ gene.

dominant

An allele or a gene that is expressed in an organisms phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present

dominant

Electrons generated from the Krebs cycle go next to the

electron transport chain

Nucleosomes are best described as:

eukaryotic DNA associated with histone proteins

A good hypothesis

falsifiable

Mendel verified true-breeding pea plants for certain traits before undertaking his experiments. The term "true-breeding" refers to:

genetically pure lines

The entire set of genes in an organism

genotype

The first stage in cellular respiration

glycolysis

Which of the following processes will occur in the presence or absence of oxygen

glycolysis

Select the correct sequence concerning glucose catabolism

glycolysis - pyruvate - acetyl - CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain

If an atom gains an electron in a chemical reaction , it is said that the atom

has been reduced

___________ consume organic molecules to live

heterotrophs

Having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci.

heterozygous

The act of mixing different species or varieties of animals or plants and thus to produce hybrids

hybridization

Which characteristic of water molecules directly contributes to the remarkable water walking success of the aquatic insects pictured in the accompanying figure

hydrogen bonds

Penicillin is toxic to certain dividing bacterial cells because it prevents cell wall formation, causing the cells to burst. This indicates that the bacteria live in:

hypotonic medium

semi-conservative replication

in each new DNA double helix, one strand is from the original molecule, and one strand is new

A kind of dominance occurring in heterozygotes in which the dominant allele is only partially expressed, and usually resulting in an offspring with an intermediate phenotype

incomplete dominance

In essentially all organisms, the AUG codon codes for

initiation of translation

If a cell is in G2

it has twice the amount of DNA present in a telophase nucleus

A mutation that replaces one amino acid in a protein with another is called a

missense

The M phase of the cell cycle involves 2 main processes

mitosis and cytokinesis

Which pair is mismatched?

monosaccharide:maltose

Isotopes differ from each other with respect to the number of

neutrons only

The following amino acid would be characterized as ______ based on the chemical properties of its side chain

nonpolar

Altering the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme might

prevent the substrate from binding the enzyme's active site.

Which of the following represents the pattern of energy flow within an ecosystem

producers, consumers, decomposers

Initiation of transcription requires

promoter sequence

A bottle of perfume is opened on the opposite side of the room and within minutes you begin to smell the perfume. This phenomenon is a classic example of:

simple diffusion

In asexual reproduction, daughter cells inherit their DNA from

single parent

The main structure for gas exchange in plants is called the

stomata

Within chloroplasts, the fluid-like matrix in which the Calvin cycle occurs is called

stroma

A maternal homologue and a paternal homologue synapse to form:

tetrad

A cell is said to have reached the metaphase stage of mitosis when

the centromeres have arrived at the equatorial plate.

Anaphase of mitosis occurs when

the chromatids begin to separate from the metaphase plate.

If meiosis did not occur in sexually reproducing organisms,

the chromosome number would double in each generation

A cell is in metaphase if:

the chromosomes are aligned at the midplane of the cell

Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic because

the covalent bonds between hydrogen and carbon are nonpolar

Which of the following produces NADPH

the light reactions alone

Karyotyping is useful for determining:

the number of chromosomes in an individual

DNA primase

synthesis of RNA primer

Which of the following best represents the path of electron flow that occurs during photosynthesis

A.) H2O->P680->Final Electron Acceptor->Electron transport chain->P700

During which of the follow stages of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate

Anaphase ||

The cell cycle of a typical somatic cell consists of __________ and M phase.

Interphase

What is meant by the term fluid mosaic model

It is the movement of lipids and integral proteins within the lipid bilayer

Which of the following statements about chlorophyll is correct

It reflects light in the green light spectrum.

Which of the following statements about the sodium potassium pump is true

It transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for 2 potassium ions.

Which of the following is true of the citric acid cycle

It yields ATP, NADH, and FADH2 as energy intermediates.

Persons having an XXY karyotype are nearly normal males but produce few or no sperm. They have __________ syndrome.

Klinefelter

The principal of independent assortment is not true for

Linked genes

Polyploidy

May be the result of more than one sperm fertilizing an egg

Chromosomes are condensed to their greatest extent during Of mitosis

Metaphase

The production of ATP in photosynthesis

Photophosphorylation

What are the primary functions of photosystems 1 and 2

Produce ATP and NADPH

During which phase does crossing over occur

Prophase I

The molecular fragment represented in Figure 3-3 is

RNA

Telomeres

Repeated DNA sequences at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.

Aneuploidies describe:

a condition in which an extra chromosome is present or one is absent

Which term most precisely describes the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones

anabolism

During photosynthesis , the energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to

generate an electrochemical H+ gradient across a membrane

An atom becomes a cation if

it loses one or more electron

Which of the following is not a process of aerobic respiration

lactate fermentation

Among the different forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the sun , which form is visible

light

The codon is found in the

mRNA

Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that:

maintain a constant internal environment

Using the Linnaean system of nomenclature, corn is named Zea mays. What is the specific epithet in this name?

mays

Autosomal aneuploidies arise by

meiotic nondisjunction

The Mitotic spindle is made of

microtubules

substitution of one base pair for another can result in a ____ mutation that results in the conversion of an amino acid specifying codon to a termination codon

nonsense

This molecule transmits heredity information:

nucleic acid

A single cell in a smoker's lung has become cancerous. It doubles its DNA and divides much faster than a normal lung cell. The most likely change that would have caused this condition took place in the:

nucleus

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by most directly by

number of valence electrons

Which of the following membrane activities does NOT require the expenditure of energy by the cell

osmosis

Four carbon compound

oxaloacetate

Translocation occurs when

part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome

The most abundant molecules in this structure are

phospholipids

Light energy arrives at earth in little packets called:

photons

When carbon dioxide is low in the leaf , the Calvin cycle cannot proceed efficiently, and the result is

photorespiration

Phenotype

physical characteristics of an organism

If an organism is eukaryotic, then by definition it will

possess a nucleus

Water held behind a dam would best reflect

potential energy

Which of the following represents the overall sequence of events during mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

If a toxin, such as a bacterial toxin, destroys ribosomes, what cellular activity will be affected first?

protein synthesis

A frameshift mutation could result from

The insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs

A brown-eyed couple already has a child with blue eyes. What is the probability that their next child will have blue eyes, assuming that the brown eye allele is dominant and the blue eye allele is recessive?

1/4

A pH of 4 is ______ times more ____ than a pH of 7?

1000; acidic

How many ATP and NADH molecules are produced from each molecule of glucose in the citric acid cycle only

2 ATP, 6 NADH

Which order of events for the Calvin cycle is correct 1 . Reduction 2. Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor ( RuBP) 3. Carbon fixation

3 , 1 , 2

The height of pea plants from a cross between parent plants heterozygous for height, in which tall is dominant, would be:

3 tall: 1 short

Which of the following nucleotide sequences represents the complement to the DNA strand 5' - AGATCCG - 3'

3' - TCTAGGC - 5'

When substrate-level phosphorylation occurs, it means that:

ADP is converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group

A covalent bond

Always forms between identical molecules

DNA helicase

An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication ( zipper )

guanosine triphosphate (GTP)

Another nucleotide involved in energy transfer

Colchicine

Arrests cells in mitotic metaphase

Which is the following is the most basic level of chemical organization

Atom

Which of the following represents the possible genotypes resulting from a cross between an individual heterozygous ( Bb) and one that is homozygous ( bb)

Bb and bb

In mitosis, telophase occurs when:

Both A and B

Somatic cells can include:

Both A and B are correct

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation to hot, dry conditions in which

CO2 is fixed and stored in the leaf.

The equation , C6H12O6+ 6CO2 + 6H2O ( ATP +HEAT) describes which of the following processes

Cell respiration

Hydrogen bonds can form between guanine and , and between adenine and .

Cytosine and Thymine

Which of the following causes the unwinding of the DNA double helix

DNA helicase

During prophase _____ is compacted into visible chromosomes

chromatin

Which of the following adds new nucleotides to a growing DNA chain

DNA polymerase

Within interphase, which of the stages is defined by the active replication of the cell's genetic material?

DNA synthesis phase

An organism with the genotype of AaXx can produce gamete's containing If the two genes are unlinked

Either AX, Ax, aX, ax

According to the first law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

DNA polymerase

Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule

Enzymes are consumed in chemical reactions and must therefore be replenished.

False

Metabolism reflects only those reactions that yield energy.

False

The Calvin cycle is only capable of fixing carbon dioxide in the dark

False

The rate of photosynthesis is much greater in the green than red light spectrum

False

Between the stage in the cell cycle where the genetic material is replicated and the process of cell division begins there is a stage referred to as:

Gap 2

The __________ can be considered a sorting processing and packaging center

Golgi complex

Which of the following represents a reactant or input for the light reaction of photosynthesis

H2O

The Gap 1, DNA synthesis, and Gap 2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called:

Interphase

6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 describes a reaction that

Is anabolic

during noncyclic electron flow of the light reaction which molecule is the final acceptor of the high energy electron

NADP+

The term "dominant" means that

One allele can mask the expression of another in a hybrid

The process by which an atom or molecule loses an electron is

Oxidation

What is needed for the product of glycolysis pyruvate to enter the Krebs cycle

Oxygen

The equation C6H12O6+6O2 > 6CO2+6H2O (ATP+HEAT) describes a reaction that

Requires energy

_______ contain identical DNA sequences and are held together by ______ during mitosis

Sister chromatids; centromeres

The ends of eukaryotic chromosome can be lengthened by

Telomerase

antiparallel

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.

Polyploidy

The presence of multiple sets of chromosomes

The 5 end of each okazaki fragment begins with

The same RNA primer that began synthesis on the leading strand

What is the function of nucleosomes

To prevent DNA strands from tangling

Catabolic and anabolic reactions in living cells involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another in reduction - oxidation reactions

True

If oxygen is present , pyruvate will be converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix

True

Organisms such as ourselves are best described as heterotrophs

True

Photons from light can boost an electron to a higher energy state.

True

Persons having an XO karyotype are sterile females. They have ____ syndrome.

Turner

If atom X contains 14 protons, 13 electrons, and 12 neutrons, and atom Y contains 14 protons, 14 electrons, and 12 neutrons, then you conclude that:

X and Y are atoms of the same element

During the light reaction water is oxidized to from oxygen . This process

Yields high energy electrons and is needed to replace the electron lost by P680 during the light reaction

Which of the following is a characteristic of asexual , as opposed to sexual reproduction

a cell splitting in half

Which of the following function, location relationship is incorrect

acetyl CoA formation; cytosol

The extra energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and to initiate a chemical reaction is called

activation energy

The site on the enzyme surface where the reactant fits is referred to as the

active site

uracil forms a complementary pair with ___ in RNA and ____ in DNA

adenine; adenine

In what portion of the plant does photosynthesis take place

all correct ( mesophyll , chloroplast , thylakoid membrane , grana)

The characteristic of a molecule determines the ability of hydrogen bonds to form between it and hydrogen

an atom with a partial negative charge

DNA ligase

an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments

During which of the following stages of meiosis do the sister chromatids separate

anaphase II

The domain eukarya includes all of the following except

archaean and bacteria

The cell theory states that All living organisms

are composed of basic units called cells

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

autosome

All of the following are functions of the cell membrane EXCEPT

being freely permeable to all substances

Which portion of the photosynthetic apparatus absorbs light?

both photosystem I and photosystem II

How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction?

by lowering the energy of activation of a reaction

An element is defined as a substance that:

cannot be broken into simpler substances by chemical reactions

During photosynthesis, ATP molecules are generated by

chemiosmosis

Where does the Calvin cycle occur?

chloroplast stroma

Table salt dissolves easily in water because:

the partial positive charge of the hydrogens in the water molecule can associate with the negative charge of the chloride ion, and the partial negative charge of the oxygen of the water molecule can associate with the positive charge of the sodium atom.

The tertiary structure of proteins is typified by the

three-dimensional shape of an individual polypeptide chain

The purpose of mitosis is to enable existing cells

to generate new, genetically identical cells

A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype

true-breeding

Using standard conventions for naming alleles, which of the following pairs is correct?

tt-homozygous

Introns in pre-mRNA are known to:

undergo excision, whereby they are spliced out of the message

In the experiments of Griffith , the conversion of nonlethal R- strain bacteria to the lethal S- strain bacteria

was an example of the genetic exchange known as transformation


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