Final review for bio 94 quiz 1-4

b. What is the name for this terrestrial biome? [2 pts]

tropical forest - how do we know? 1. Temperature is very consistently warm - 28-30 degrees C, and its very wet - even the low end of the range is wetter than most other biomes on the diagram.

Examine the accompanying figure to answer the following questions. [18 points] a. Circle the biome with the highest variation in annual precipitation. [2 pts]

varies from ~150 cm to 450 cm per year - largest RANGE in annual precip

Mammals and birds eat more often than reptiles. Which of the following traits shared by mammals and birds best explains this habit?

Although mammals and birds share most of these traits, only one is both directly linked to metabolic rate (expensive!) and unique to those taxa.

Is the likely outgroup to all animals # the outgroup to animals cannot be an animal itself; of the remaining choices, which is the closest?

Choanoflagellates

this major clade first appears 300 my after the Cambrian Explosion # Things you know: all major phyla of animals (and all the clades on this list) appeared around the Cambrian explosion. The Cambrian Explosion was ~540 mya, so 300 my after that is relatively recent (240 mya). Of the remaining taxa on our list, fungi and algae are too old; must be a plant. You can have memorized some approximate years for plants, or just guess at the most recently evolved plant clade.

Angiosperms

This group includes earthworms and leeches. # memorization

Annelids

Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are paraphyletic?

Answer Some protists evolved into other eukaryotic groups. Look back at your definition of paraphyletic. Check for answers that are value-laden, like "more advanced" etc. and assess if they are accurate or not. More than one of these answers could be technically true, but choose the one that has most to do with defining them as a paraphyletic group.

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________.

Answer - in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil Explanation- This is another question to critically assess each answer. Think about the sequence of events in plant evolution alongside other big events. What kind of plants need pollination, and did they evolve earlier or later? What do plants need in order to colonize land? Is there any evidence that herbivores were abundant in the ocean, or are there other reasons plants would colonize terrestrial habitats instead? Do you know what else was going on on land around 150 million years ago? Hint: the age of dinosaurs began around 230 million years ago; would they have made it without land plants?

Assume that some members of an aquatic species of motile, photosynthetic protists evolve to become parasitic to fish. They gain the ability to live in the fish gut, absorbing nutrients as the fish digests food. Over time, which of the following phenotypic changes would you expect to observe in this population of protists?

Answer - loss of chloroplasts Explanation- Read the question carefully and think about what ecological differences there are between being out in the world vs. inside of a fish. Is there still a benefit to being able to move? What about being able to photosynthesize?

Lamarck developed a hypothesis to explain the inheritance of traits that is often referred to as the "inheritance of acquired characters." This idea suggests that ________.

Answer- as an individual develops, its phenotype changes in response to challenges posed by the environment, and it passes on these phenotypic changes to offspring Pay close attention to the difference between genotype and phenotype, and consider whether Lamarck discussed embryos or not and whether he would have been aware of the existence of genotypes.

A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. The actual forelimbs of these mammals do NOT seem to be optimally arranged because ________.

Answer- natural selection is generally limited to modifying structures that were present in previous generations and in previous species Explanation- The forelimbs of all mammals are homologous and are shared because their common ancestor had a similar forelimb. Natural selection does not create new variation, and mutations rarely result in new complex structures. Natural selection also does not necessarily select for the "optimal" design - many traits are governed by trade-offs and must serve multiple purposes. Finally, traits do not have to be "optimal" to be functional, just good enough to survive and reproduce. The relationship between genotype, phenotype and environment is not relevant to this question.

Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria?

Answer- sugar Explanation Remember our table has a need for sources of A) carbon and B) ATP. Which of these are inorganic vs. organic? Energy sources vs. Carbon sources?

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

Answer- the engulfed cell provided the host cell with ATP Explanation - This is a memorization question, but also one that can be extrapolated if you know anything about endosymbionts like lichens, corals, etc. What benefit does the host get? What benefit does the symbiont get?

Which of the following describe all existing bacteria?

Answer- tiny, ubiquitous (everywhere), metabolically diverse Explanation- The key word in this question is "all". Check and make sure that all three words would apply to ALL bacteria in their wide, wide diversity.

You find what you believe is a new species of animal. Which of the following characteristics would enable you to argue that it is more closely related to a flatworm than it is to a roundworm?

At the time of this quiz we had not yet discussed roundworms; therefore you were left to assess each characteristic for whether it was true of flatworms. If this process of elimination still left you with more than one answer, and you find yourself guessing, can you narrow it down based on which traits you know tend to be more useful for defining groups, rather than ones that evolve many times? If you are between two answers where you know one is true, and one you aren't sure you know enough to definitively eliminate, have a little confidence in the things that you definitely know! Educated guessing is a good strategy to practice.

Captain Kirk visits a new planet and samples 100 tribbles from the wild. He gets 68 individuals with the white phenotype WW, 28 WB (tan), and 3 4 BB (brown). (HWE: 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2) a. What is the frequency of the W allele? [2 points]

Captain Kirk visits a new planet and samples 100 tribbles from the wild. He gets 68 individuals with the white phenotype WW, 28 WB (tan), and 3 4 BB (brown). (HWE: 1 = p2 + 2pq + q2) a. What is the frequency of the W allele? [2 points] freq(W) = 0.68 + (0.28/2) = 0.82

Show segmentation in the form of repeated muscles and bones # Although at the time of this quiz we hadn't gone in depth on chordates yet, we discussed the vertebrate spine as an example of segmentation and had not discussed bones in any invertebrate taxa. Only one taxa has bones.

Chordata

have one opening to their gastrovascular cavity, which they use for digestion and gas exchange and as a hydrostatic skeleton # Although two taxa we have discussed have a GVC (flatworms and cnidarians), one definitely does not have a hydrostatic skeleton.

Cnidaria

It is an area of active debate whether this group or Porifera are the sister taxa to all other animals. # key here is "all OTHER animals" - this taxa is also an animal. We discussed this when we drew the tree on the board, but it's also on slide 4 of the Aug 18 Animals Lecture slides.

Ctenophora/comb jellies

in this taxa, during gastrulation, the blastopore ultimately becomes the anus

Deuterostomes

his taxa is defined by a tough chitinous exoskeleton that must be molted for the organism to grow # I take some lumps on this one - Although the best answer to this question as worded would have been Arthropods, I didn't include it in the word bank. There is, however, only one taxa on this list that molts, the Ecdysozoa. I should have phrased this question as "tough cuticle" instead of "chitinous exoskeleton" to be true of all Ecdysozoa; this is why I curveJ.

Ecdysozoans

are radially symmetric, but have bilaterian ancestors.

Echinodermata

An organism that exhibits cephalization probably also ________.

For this question you first need to know what cephalization means; you can make an educated guess by thinking through the choices and trying ot think of example taxa for these test questions - do most animals that have a head also have a coelom? Do most animals that have a coelom also have a head? If the answer isn't yes to both, you likely can eliminate that choice. Another strategy is to have memorized the mini-tree of major animal taxa and their features. The tree you memorize should include the three animal stem taxa (sponges, comb jellies, and cnidarians), protostomes and deuterostomes, and lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoa. Mapping cephalization and the five answer choices on that tree can help you identify which traits evolved around the same time.

the name of this group means "naked seed" # memorization, but only two clades have seeds; which is more "naked"?

Gymnosperms

Write a null hypothesis. [3 points]

H0: The null hypothesis must be one in which "nothing interesting" is happening; in this case, the ship population is actually not different from the wild population and no evolution or assortative mating is taking place.

[6 pts] Your colleagues in Florida have noticed that a different but closely related seagrass species, Thalassia testudinum, only opens its flowers at night, when many marine invertebrates are active and eat pollen. Your colleagues decide to conduct an experiment in which they place one male and one female flower into multiple aquariums. They added invertebrates to some aquariums ("With fauna") and not to others ("Control"). They then measured how much pollen was on each female flower after several hours, and summarized the results on the figure below. What can you conclude about the interaction between invertebrates and T. testudinum from these results? Explain how the figure supports your conclusion.

Important things to remember: first, female flowers don't make pollen, only male flowers do (while some plants have both male and female parts in one flower, it's clear from this question that this species doesn't). Second, while invertebrates do eat the pollen, so do bees and other pollinators - the reason it works is that they're messy eaters and more still gets to its destination than would without! To answer this correctly you needed to both describe what happened in the figure and what you thought the mechanism was. While you didn't have to answer this, its useful to note what the null hypothesis would be: that invertebrates make not difference to pollination rates; we would expect the amount to be the same. It's also possible that while there is more fertilization, it could be an effect of the aquarium or just a coincidence. The fact that the flowers open at night and that coincides with when the invertebrates are active supports the idea that the flowers benefit from the activity of the invertebrates. It's also possible that the invertebrates are increasing pollination just by swimming around and increasing currents! The authors of this study did a second experiment of how many flowers each invertebrate visited, microscope images of how many pollen clung to their legs and sides, and how many were exchanged during a visit, and found that it was likely that the invertebrates were transferring the pollen. A study this month found a similar effect of invertebrates fertilizing a red algae! https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abo6661

Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events under the influence of natural selection? 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly-adapted individuals. 2. A change occurs in the environment. 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly-adapted individuals have decreased survivorshi

In order for natural selection to alter gene frequencies, there must first be selective pressure. Selective pressure results in differences in fitness; the only thing that matters in fitness is the number of offspring. Decreased survivorship alone does not guarantee that gene frequencies will differ in the next generation; that decreased survivorship must result in greater offspring for certain genotypes in order for gene frequencies to change.

About thirteen different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?

In reviewing your answer to this question, consider the following general assumptions. If mutations accumulate at a roughly even rate over time, it is reasonable to assume that more recently diverged species will have fewer accumulated mutations and more similarity than species that diverged longer ago. Similarly, if we assume phenotypic changes accumulate gradually over time, more time since the most recent common ancestor would suggest more phenotypic changes. Nothing in this question indicates a barrier to colonizing more than six islands. We also have not learned anything about the likelihood of hybridization depending on relatedness in this class so far.

In which of the following scenarios has evolution occurred (there may be more than one correct answer)?

In reviewing your answers to this question, remember that evolution includes natural selection, mutation, migration/gene flow, and drift. Evolution does NOT include changes over the life of the individual (including those in response to the environment). Evolution also does not include when there is a change in the species composition of a comm

Which of the following student-drawn niche models most clearly shows two species of bacterium that are specialized to survive in environments of different pH?

Interpreting each graph to see whether the visual matches the hypothesis in the question can help. At what pH is each strain most abundant in each graph? Which one makes sense with the question?

Refer to the accompanying figure. Suppose new molecular analyses indicated that the phylum Annelida had diverged from the arthropod lineage after Onychophora and Tardigrada. What would this imply about protostome evolution?

Segmentation evolved only once within protostomes. 2. The annelid lineage gained and then lost the ability to molt. 3. The annelid lineage gained and then lost jointed limbs. The first thing we can do is figure out what this question is suggesting and illustrate it. What is the change? Then we can assess each of the three statements. 1. We know that Annelids and Arthropods are both segmented; the new configuration of the tree would allow it to evolve with only one change instead of two. Neat! 2. All Ecdysozoans molt; if Annelids are nested within the Ecdysozoans, they must have had an ancestor that molted. 3. We didn't talk about Onychophorans or Tardigrades in class and its hard to tell from the image if they have segmented limbs or not (side note: they don't). The best evidence we have is that we discussed jointed limbs as a major innovation of Arthropods; moving Annelids to be their sister taxa does not mean they have to have shared that trait.

Suppose you traveled back in time and located the first animals to have evolved feathers. You found that these animals were tree-dwelling ectotherms, able to run quickly but unable to fly. You also noticed that only males had feathers. Which hypothesis of feather evolution would these data most support? Feathers initially evolved in a role associated with ________.

It's pretty clear that if feathers evolved before flight, they didn't evolve FOR flying or gliding, but it may be harder to narrow down between insulation and sexual selection. Do ectotherms need insulation? Under what circumstances do males and females differ in phenotype?

are not a phylogenetic clade, but a symbiosis between two taxa: answer- fungi and answer-algae. # Another OOPS. Two sets of answers are equally correct here: Lichens are a symbiosis between fungi and algae; Mycorrhizae are a symbiosis between fungi and plants[angiosperms, gymnosperms, etc.]. I gave partial credit as appropriate.

Lichens

Some, but not all members of this group share a common feeding structure and larval shape # Although this is technically true of many groups (it's a little vague), the Lophotrochozoa is defined by these shared traits and is the best answer.

Lophotrochozoans

Hypothesize how Z. marina pollen likely reaches ovules and explain your reasoning.

Many creative answer accepted here, but currents mostly!

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions?

Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

determine the color of the epidermis # See discussion activity

Melanocytes

most have a calcium carbonate shell secreted by a tissue called the mantle # memorization

Mollusks

12. and answer - Bryophytes 13. Rely primarily on wind to spread their spores and reproduce # Only two taxa on this list have true spores (aka, the seedless plants)

Monilophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

form symbiotic relationships with plants # The last oops that I'm accounting for with the curve - I intended the answer to this to be mycorrhizae, but this question then should have been worded "is a symbiosis between a fungi and a plant". Points were given for both fungi (more technically correct as written) and mycorrhizae; while my vague wording also means many other taxa can, hypothetically, be symbiotic with plants, we didn't discuss any of those in class.

Mycorrhizae

as parasites, may have multiple hosts over their complex life cycles and are only a few cells thick # although several taxa can be parasites and have complex life cycles, we discussed it primarily in one taxa; Which animal taxa is only a few cells thick? We discussed thickness in the context of surface area/volume ratios for gas exchange/waste etc.. Fungi can also meet this criteria (and got partial credit), but we did not discuss their life cycles or multiple hosts in class.

Platyhelminthes/ flatworms

are neither radially or bilaterally symmetric and are filter feeders # "feeder" means it's a heterotroph and likely not a fungi; possible answers include Porifera, ctenophores (but we didn't really discuss their feeding habits, except as predators with their tentacles), and choanoflagellates (though we never talked about their symmetry). The cleanest answer is Porifera; especially if you correctly use the other two elsewhere in the match.

Porifera/sponges

Which of the following is an important role for fungi in the carbon cycle?

This is a memorization question, but you can eliminate several answers based on your knowledge of fungi biology. If you got this wrong, you may want to read to clarify what "fixed" carbon means.

account for more than half of all known species # This was a memorization question based on the slides; although true of any taxonomic level that includes insects (ecdysozoa, protostomes, animals, etc.), the best answer is one not used anywhere else and that we discussed in class.

Protostomes

Why are seedless vascular plants considered paraphyletic rather than monophyletic?

Remember the definition of monophyletic (includes all descendants and common ancestor) and paraphyletic (includes common ancestor but excludes some descendants). This is a question where it is useful to have the tree with big groups and big innovations memorized; drawing a mini-tree in the margin to refer to can help you reason through the answers. Consider two things when evaluating answers: First, is it a true statement, or is something not quite correct, based on your tree and what you know about each group? Second, if true, is the statement relevant to the question? If it does not actually inform the question, there is likely a better answer among your choices.

B.) [4 points] Name four taxonomic groups/clades (common names okay) that glass catfish, tuco-tucos, and hagfish all belong to (8 points).

See gradescope

During the Cambrian explosion, the characteristics of animals that appeared include________.

This is a memorization question, but if you remember what happened in the Cambrian explosion, approximately when it happened, and picture in your head what some of the animals looked like from illustrations of Cambrian explosion species, you should be able to narrow it down to the correct choice.

Among the organisms listed here, which are thought to be the closest relatives of fungi?

This is a memorization question, but memorizing a tree can help.

The accompanying graph shows data collected to test the hypothesis that the dewlap extension (a colorful flap of skin hanging from an Anolis lizard's throat) and the push-up displays of Anolis lizards play a role in sexual selection. Given this data, what can you conclude?

The experimental results show a comparison between how often a male does each behavior when he is by himself (control), in the presence of a female anole (Male with female) or in the presence of another male (Male with male). If a behavior is associated with sexual selection, you might predict that it would occur more frequently in situations where they might have the opportunity to mate, i.e., when females are around. Behaviors could also happen more frequently around males if they are competing. Evaluate each graph separately to decide if either behavior follows the predictions.

Most moss gametophytes do not have a cuticle and are 1-2 cells thick. What does this imply about moss gametophytes and their structure?

They can easily lose water to, and absorb water from, the atmosphere.

You have found a new prokaryote. What line of evidence would support your hypothesis that the organism is a cyanobacterium?

This is a good question to eliminate answers one at a time. What do you know about cyanobacteria? What kind of organism causes Lyme disease? What kind of organism has mycelia? Are there other kinds of prokaryotes that can be endosymbionts? If you have to guess for the last few choices, which one do you KNOW to be true of cyanobacteria? It is able to form colonies and produce oxygen.

Echinoderms ________.

This is a memorization question - you just need to remember a few features common to ALL echinoderms. Do they have an exoskeleton or an endoskeleton? Do all echinoderms digest their food outside of the organism? How does a water vascular system differ from a circulatory system, and is hemolymph the correct word for the fluid in an echinoderm's WVS? Only one answer gives us a little wiggle room or isn't explicitly wrong - the word OFTEN lets us answer without needing to know if all echinoderms have tube feet.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all chordates at some point during their life cycle?

This is a memorization question and requires you to have memorized the four characteristics of chordates, and know which ones are NOT common to all chordates, including cephalochordates and urochordates.

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?

This is a memorization question but some people may have been tripped up by the terminology. Most inclusive means includes the most variables; least inclusive means includes the least variables. Which is the biggest? That should be first. Which is the smallest? That should be last.

Approximately how far back in time does the fossil record extend?

This is a memorization question, but if you can remember a few big dates, like how old the earth is and when the Cambrian explosion was, you should be able to reason your way to the answer.

In examining an unknown animal species during its embryonic development, how can you be sure what you are looking at is a protostome and not a deuterostome?

This is a memorization question, but if you find yourself going by process of elimination, also benefits from a memorized mini-tree to map the characters and examine which trait is NOT shared between both protostomes and deuterostomes.

The digestive system of most animals is lined with cells through which nutrients are absorbed. What is the embryonic origin of these cells?

This is a memorization question; it can help to remember the relative locations of the three layers in the developing embryo if you have to guess.

In the process of alternation of generations, the ________.

This is a memorization question; refer to the diagrams in your book or in the lecture slides to evaluate which is true.

After the drought of 1977, researchers on the island of Daphne Major hypothesized that medium ground finches that had large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. If this hypothesis is correct, what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where T. cistoides is the most abundant food for the next 1000 years? Assume that (1) even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T. cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice; and (2) food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.

This is a question about natural selection. On the new island, the birds who can take advantage of the most abundant food source will be the most likely to survive. What shape are the beaks of the birds most likely to survive and pass their genes on to the next generation?

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and life cycle, he notes the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________.

This is another question which will benefit from a memorized mini-tree. Even if you haven't heard of some of the things mentioned in the question (e.g., flagellated sperm, tracheids), you can solve this based on only 1 clue. One approach for this question could be to make a small table of the features vs. taxa; marking a X, a, or ? for features you don't know.

Which of the following is major characteristic of fungi that distinguishes them from other eukaryotes?

This is question requires a little more reasoning than it appears at first; it is important not only to know what fungi have/do, but also what other eukaryotes do not generally have/do. Which is the most unique to fungi?

18 pts] Examine the photos below of Zostera marina, an organism that lives in the ocean and has flowers. Seagrasses, including Z. marina, are flowering plants which have adapted to living in shallow marine environments, and live the majority of their lives submerged. [6 pts] You are a genetic researcher who has just finished sequencing the genome of Z. marina. Hypothesize three specific traits you think are the most likely to have been lost in seagrass relative to its land-based relatives. Explain your reasoning.

This question asks you to be creative - what traits were needed to make it on land? Which ones would you NOT need anymore if you went back? What were they for in the first place and why is it not necessary in the water?

What was an early selective advantage of a coelom in animals? A coelom ________.

This question is part memorization (we discussed this in class), but you can also reason your way to it if you know what the coelom is (a fluid-filled body cavity), and consider how the coelom might contribute to each of the answer choices.

Among the invertebrate phyla, phylum Arthropoda is unique in possessing members that have ________.

This question really threw the class! The key word here is invertebrate. A good way of approaching this is to ask, can I think of any non-arthropod invertebrates that have this feature? If you saw the word invertebrate, it makes narrowing things down much easier. Mostly, we discussed how flight was a major innovation in arthropods and specifically insects - resulting in an adaptive radiation of the group with more species than all the other species on earth combined. There are no winged mollusks, winged annelids, winged flatworms etc. While we can think of some winged vertebrates (bats, birds, pterosaurs), there are no other flying invertebrates. The most common answer from the class was segmented bodies. While this is a major innovation of Arthropoda, we discussed segmentation at some length in class in Annelids and Chordates. The remaining answers we can examine but we need more specific information to assess, and we didn't explicitly discuss all of them in class. Nematodes also have a cuticle. We didn't discuss dorsal/ventral nerve cords or open circulation very much in class, which if you're trying to strategize with not enough information, means you shouldn't overthink it and instead go with answers you feel more confident about or are more likely. If you REALLY were studying the textbook you might know that Annelids have a ventral nerve cord and Mollusks have open circulation, but you didn't necessarily need to know that in order to get wings.

How many of the following are characteristics of at least some members of the phylum Cnidaria? 1. A gastrovascular cavity 2. A polyp stage 3. A medusa stage 4. Cnidocytes 5. A pseudocoelom

This question required some familiarity with characteristics of Cnidarians and to recognize some of the features; however, the impostor answer can also be identified by looking at your mini-tree.

Use the following information to answer the question below. An elementary school science teacher decided to liven up the classroom with a saltwater aquarium and stocked the tank with various marine invertebrates, including several bivalves, a shrimp, several sea anemones of different types, a few coral species, an ectoproct, and a sea star. Lastly, she added some vertebrates-a parrotfish and a clownfish. She arranged for daily feedings of copepods and feeder fish. The clownfish readily swims among the tentacles of the sea anemones; the parrotfish avoids them. One hypothesis for the clownfish's apparent immunity is that they slowly build a tolerance to the sea anemone's toxin. A second hypothesis is that a chemical in the mucus that coats the clownfish prevents the nematocysts from being triggered. Which of the following graphs supports the second, but not the first, of these hypotheses?

This question required you to, like the last quiz, interpret the results of a graph and assess how they compared to a null hypothesis. The most important skill is careful reading of the question and answer choices! Before you assess these answer choices, you should read the hypotheses and make a prediction for what you would expect to see if each were true. For example: H1: Clownfish build immunity to toxin; that is, they are stung just as much as parrotfish but it doesn't hurt them H2: Clownfish mucus means stingers don't get triggered; that is, they don't get stung as much as other fish The important part of the answer choices is the y-axis label - number of non-discharged nematocysts per unit surface area of the stinging tentacle after contact with the fish. What would the graph look like if H1 were true? What would the graph look like if H2 were true? Which one matches best?

In house sparrows (Passer domesticus) both males and females generally care for the eggs and young. However, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. In addition, the young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledglings (leaving the nest). Which of the following activities by males that do NOT provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring?

This question requires some reasoning; remember that evolutionary fitness is ALL about how many of your offspring survive to reproduce. If the father is sacrificing potential survival of some of his offspring, only one of these answers might increase the number of offspring more.

The fruit of the mistletoe, a parasitic angiosperm, is a one-seeded berry. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? It should _________.

This question requires you to apply your knowledge about dispersal and think about what traits would help in a situation you have not heard of before. This question also requires you to read the question carefully to identify what it is actually asking for. It is easy based on the clues to assume the question will ask which is an adaptation; it is necessary to read the full question to know which adaptation they are specifically looking for.

Marsupials are found only in North and South America and in the Australian region. Their distribution is a result of the breakup of the supercontinent Pangea into Gondwana and Laurasia 120 mya. The modern distribution of marsupials is therefore a result of the effect of ________.

This question requires you to know the difference between abiotic and biotic factors. Is geography a biotic or abiotic factor? All the information you need is in the question.

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

This question requires you to know the difference between proximate causes (HOW) and ultimate causes (WHY). Which answer tells you HOW this occurred, the actual mechanism by which the cat urinates more, not the evolutionary advantage gained?

Use the accompanying information to answer the question: Researchers studying a small milkweed population note that some plants produce a toxin and other plants do not. They identify the gene responsible for toxin production. The dominant allele (T) codes for an enzyme that makes the toxin, and the recessive allele (t) codes for a nonfunctional enzyme that cannot produce the toxin. Heterozygotes produce an intermediate amount of toxin. The genotypes of all individuals in the population are determined (see chart) and used to determine the actual allele frequencies in the population Refer to the accompanying figure. Is this population in Hardy—Weinberg equilibrium?

This question was covered during lecture on 8/18

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ________.

This question was discussed in class pretty extensively; if you missed this one it would help to revisit your lecture notes. Approaching your strategy again of, which statements is both true and has the most to do with a "filamentous nature"?

To test, you plug your data into the equation for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. Describe what you would expect to observe in order to support or reject your null and alternative hypotheses [5 points].

To reject the null hypothesis, you need to see the predicted genotype frequencies be different from the observed genotype frequencies. Depending on what your hypotheses were, you might predict seeing more or less brown, tan or white individuals than expected.

You are the lucky student of a professor who develops a time machine. They ask if you will test it with them. You get in, and there is an immediate glitch: the date readout fails so that when you land, you are not sure what era you are in. Your professor begins to panic, but you see something that tells you are in the Cenozoic era. Which of the following could it be?

We went over this question in lecture on 8/18/2022

Which of these time intervals, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

What do we know about the evolution of plant major features? First algae, then small non- vascular plants were the first on land, then vascular, then seeded plants, then flowers. As long as we know some of the names associated with these, we can eliminate the very wrong answers and make our best guess at which was the most recent.

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception.

What is an adaptive radiation? Under what conditions would a lot of species evolve quite quickly? New niches, new selective pressures, new morphologies. Which of the factors is unlikely to result in NEW species?

It is believed that the coelacanths and lungfish represent a crucial link between other fishes and tetrapods. What is the major feature in these fish in support of this hypothesis?

When we're looking for features that unite groups, we should be looking for shared derived features, not shared ancestral features. If I told you, oh, they're both Eukaryotes! That would be a shared ancestral feature; one that goes waaay back and is common to all animals; it won't help us distinguish between animals. A shared derived feature is one unique to the group. While lungfish do have lungs, modern coelocanths do not (although you weren't expected to know that); other evidence that supports this hypothesis includes fossils such as Tiktaalik, in which lungs wouldn't be preserved. While this is a feature in support of this hypothesis, fin structure is one we discussed more extensively and there is more evidence for.

Nematodes and arthropods both ________.

Which phyla develop anus first? Are enough arthropods suspension feeders to generalize that broadly? We have used both cuticle and exoskeleton to refer to the the tough outer covering of ecdysozoa; an exoskeleton is a general term for a hard, protective, supportive outer covering, while the cuticle is the term used specifically for certain taxa like plants or ecdysozoans. Which phyla are lophotrochozoans? We didn't discuss ciliated larvae in class; since we have other plausible answers here, it is a bit of a red herring. If you read the textbook really in depth, you'd find that arthropods are one of the few taxa that do NOT have ciliated larvae.

As climate changes because of global warming, plant species' ranges in the northern hemisphere may move northward. The trees that are most likely to avoid extinction in such an environment are those that ________.

While several of these traits are beneficial in general, only one is especially relevant to this question. Which adaptation will help species shift northward to track hospitable conditions?

[6 pts] For fertilization to occur, a pollen grain from one flower or cone must reach the ovule of another. Name two strategies that land plants use to transport pollen to other plants for fertilization.

Wind, pollinators

We have studied many applications so far of the knowledge we have gained to our daily lives and society. For the following questions please write a short explanation like you might to a non-biologist. Support your arguments with 2-3 specific examples per question. a. Why it is important to human health to study fungi? [6 points]

You can see specific comments for each of these questions and grading guidelines on Gradescope; the biggest place that people lost points was in not answering all parts of the question. For both of these short answer questions, you were expected to use 2-3 specific examples; students lost points if they only shared one.

Below are pictures of a glass catfish, which is a ray-finned fish, as well as a tuco-tuco, which provides milk to its offspring. A.) [4 points] Is the glass catfish or tuco-tuco more closely related to hagfish (or are they equally related)? Explain your reasoning, using diagrams if you wish.

[Equally related - share same MRCA]

c. Describe the vegetation [2 pts] and productivity level [2 pts] you would expect to find there, and explain why [4 pts]. [8 points total]

[more precip - more, larger plants, trees etc., warmer temperatures, more sunlight, and mild conditions mean more productivity]

all members of this group share genes in a unique domain that codes for cadherin, an extracellular matrix molecule # memorize

all members of this group share genes in a unique domain that codes for cadherin, an extracellular matrix molecule # memorize

What is the frequency of the B allele? [2 points]

freq(B) = 0.04 + (0.28/2) = 0.18

According to the endosymbiosis theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?

from engulfed, originally free-living prokaryotes

Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains?

genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

Biological fitness is best defined as ________.

the ability of an individual to produce offspring that survive and reproduce, relative to other individuals in the population.

The evolution of similar insulating skin coverings such as fur, hair, and feathers in mammals and birds is a result of ________.

this is a vocabulary question. Consider - do mammals and birds share insulating skin coverings because they share an ancestor who also had insulating skin coverings? Or did they evolve separately? Which of the terms that are choices mean shared ancestry vs. not?