Final Test Science

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of genotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

1;2;1

What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring of two parents who do not show any signs of the deafness but are carriers(Dd)?

1;2;1

How many chromosomes did you inherit from your father

23

How many nucleotides are required to code for 10 amino acids

30

If you know that a DNA double helix consists of 20 % adenine, what percentage of the DNA double helix is guanine (G)?

30%

Assuming complete dominance, what is the expected ratio of genotypes of the offspring following the cross of two heterozygotes?

3;1

What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of two parents who do not show any signs of deafness but are carriers (Dd)?

3;1

How many chromsomes would be found in the karyotype of a down syndrome female

47

What is the type of bond between two strands of DNA

A hydrogen bond

Which of the following organism is not a consumer?

A oak tree

What is karotype

A picture of all the chromosomes in one person's cell

What is an anaerobic ferementation

A process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen

What is terminator

A promoter is a region of mRNA where RNA polymerase binds

A woman with blood type B and a man with blood type A could have children with which of the following phenotypes?

A,B,AB, or O

Which of the following is a type of cloning

All of the above are types of cloning

What is a gene?

All of these and more are part of the expanding definition of a gene.

Which of the following mutations can help lead to cancer

All the above would lead to cancer

Identify the genotype for family member(e)

DD or Dd( Bottom letter e 4th from bottom)

Identify the stage of cellular respiration that occurs entirely outside of the mitochondria

Glycolysis

How do we know green light is not absorbed by chlorophyll

Green light is the wavelength of light that is reflected instead of absorbed by the chloroplasts

Which genes are responsible for your overall structure, such as how many legs you have and where they develop?

Homeotic genes

Identify the structure labeled (A)

Phosphate group

What are carcinogens?

Physical or chemical factors that can lead to mutations causing cancer

Which of the following processes generates a continuum(spectrum) of varying phenotype

Polygenic inheritance

Water behind a dam has a certain amount of stored energy that can be released as the water falls over the top of the dam. It may be enough energy to turn a mill wheel or an electricity-generating turbine. Choose the term the best describes the type of energy stored in the water at the top of the dam

Potential

Which stage of photosynthesis, if any, can function in the dark?

Stage 2 (the calvin cycle)

Name the fluid-filled interior of the chloroplast.

Stroma

The main purpose of the Calvin cycle is to produce

Sugar

According to the base-pairing rules of DNA, if the sequence of bases on one strand was AGGCTTA, what would be the sequence of bases on the complementary strand?

TCCGAAT

Why do some leaves change color (red, yellow, orange, etc.) in the fall?

The chlorophyll molecule breaks down and other pigments now become visible

What happened during cytokinesis

The cytoplasm is split and distributed to the two daughter cells created during mitosis

Where do molecules used as the inputs of the calvin cycles (ATP and NADPH) come from

They come from the sun

Dna is found in structures called

chromosomes

Genes are located on

chromosomes

The division of cytoplasm is called?

cytokinesis

What is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in your body called?

metabolism

The spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to sites distant in the body is called

metatasis

Where does cellular respiration occur

mitocondria

Identify the structure labeled B

nitrogen base(The orange one next to G)

The bulk of the mass of a plant is made from__

sugars made in photosynthesis, which were made from carbon dioxide

An individual can be homozygous for a trait, which means ________.

their two alleles carry different information

A codon is

three-nucleotide of RNA that codes for a amino acid

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with_____ and guanine pairs with_____.

thymine...cytosine

Genetically modified organisms that acquire genes from a different species are called ___ organisms.

transgenic

If genes are described as "sex linked," then they are ________.

typically on the X chromosome

DNA profiling relies on an individual's ___, no two of which are the same between different people, except identical twins

unique set of short tandem repeats within DNA

What is the main function of DNA helicase in DNA replication?

unzipping the DNA double helix

Where do the electrons that are excited by the energy in sunlight come from?

water

The genetic code is ________.

what allows codons to be translated into amino acids

Upon fertilization, the egg and sperm fuse to form a single cell called a(n) ________.

zygote

What does "transfer RNA" actually transfer?

Amino acids

At what stage(s) is carbon dioxide needed in photosynthesis?

At the end of light reactions

Choose the best explanation as to why both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration.

Both consumers and producers perform cellular respiration to produce the sugars needed to fuel the energy of life.

Which process can be carried out by producers?

Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Which stage of cellular respiration requires oxygen that you breathe?

Both the cirtric acid cycle and the electron transport chain require oxygen

If the base sequence of template strand reads GCCATTAC what is the base sequence of the mRNA

CGGUAAUG

The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in which cellular organelle?

Chloroplasts

Plastids are storage organelles. A chloroplast is a type of plastid. What does a chloroplast store?

Chlororphyll

Identify the stage of cellular respiration where glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Citric acid cycle

What is a photosystem

Clusters of pigments and proteins that capture light energy

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding Dna and RNA?

DNA is a double stranded, and RNA is a single strand

Identify the genotype for family member

Dd( The one up top labeled A)

Which of the following is the best definition for recombinant DNA?

Dna that is produced as a results of crossing over

During which stage of cellular respiration is the majority of the ATP produced

Electron transport chain

What is the main cause of cancer

Exposure to carcinogens in the environment

If mitosis somatic cells, what does meiosis make?

Gametes

What is the role of light in photosynthesis

It excites the electrons

Identify the role of oxygen in photosynthesis.

It is a waste product in the light reactions.

Identify the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis

It is split to become incorporated into sugars

What happens to the ATP molecules after it has been used to do work?

It loses a phosphate group and is converted to ADP

Which process produce two identical daughter cells

Mitosis

What produces four daughter cells?

Meiosis

When deos crossing over occur?

Meiosis I

What leads to an individual having too many or too few chromosomes?

Nondisjunction

What is monomer or building block of the dna polymer?

Nucleotide

What are attached at the centromere?

Sister chromatids

What specifically separates during anaphase of mitosis?

Sister chromatids

What happens during the electron transport chain of light reaction

The electrons release their energy, which is captured by ATP and NADPH

What does it mean when we say a gene is "turned off"

The gene cannot be transcribed and translated into a protein

Why can a person who is unable to produce insulin be successfully treated with insulin derived from genetically modified bacteria?

The gene that produces insulin in humans was inserted into the bacteria where it continues to produce human insulin.

Define Mendel's law of independent assortment.

The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another character.

What molecule(s) link the light reactions(stage 1 of photosynthesis) to the Calvin cycle( stage 2 of photosynthesis)?

The sugars

Select the ultimate source of energy for nearly every organism on this planet.

The sun

Three of the following statements are correct. Identify the statement that is not correct regarding genetically modified organisms.

There are no risk associated with GM crops

Identify the principal role of cellular respiration.

To convert the chemical energy of sugars into the chemical energy that fuels life's processes

What is the role of primers in the PCR technique?

To target specific areas of DNA

Ribosomes

Translate mRNA into proteins

What are the main by-products of cellular respiration?

Water and carbon dioxide

Which of the following best describes the chemical equation for photosynthesis

Water+Carbon dioxide+Energy=Sugar+Oxygen

Barr bodies are associated with ________.

X chromosome inactivation

What are the normal sex chromosomes for a male

XY

Cell theory states that

all life is made up of cells, and arise from preexisting cells

In what way(s) can mRNAs be processed?

all of the above

What is a carrier?

an individual that is healthy but carries one disease causing recessive allele

Which produces identical offspring?

asexual reproduction

Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes are called

autosomes

What type of mutation leads to a frameshift in the reading of DNA?

both insertions and deletions

Chemical energy is most often release by___

breaking a bond within a molecule

An individual who is homozygous ______.

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

Meiosis is responsible for the production of_____.

gametes

A collection of cloned DNA fragments representing the organism's entire genome is called a ________.

genomic library

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration

glycolysis, citric acid, electron transport chain

A testcross is performed to determine if a specific individual is a carrier. The results generate a 50/50 ratio of phenotype. The test subject is therefore _____.

heterozygous

The offspring produced via asexual reproduction genetically__ to the parents

identical

What is the correct sequence of events during translation?

initiation, elongation, and termination

Cells spend most of their lives in ___.

interphase

During which phase of the cell cycle are the chromosomes duplicated?

interphase

Get electrophoresis separates DNA fragments is according to their _____.

length

The genetic code is___.

our genome

When I say a flower is "purple," what have I described?

phenotype

Assuming incomplete dominance, if a homozygous red-flowered plant is crossed with a homozygous white-flowered plant, what will be the color of the offspring?

pink

What is the main purpose of cellular respiration?

produce ATP

What is the correct sequence of stages in mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The type of mutation that alters the nucleotide sequence of a gene but does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein produced from that gene is called ________ mutation.

silent

Identify structure C

sister chromatid(Bottom of the chroamtid little pink think thing on the bottom of it