Fish

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Gnathostomata Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous fishes -Covered in _________ scales - anatomically similar to _______. >>covered in ___________, very similar to ________. >>________ and ______ found within. - Jaw has multiple _______ of teeth- as functioning teeth fall out, new ones move in to replace. - __________ ________ found in intestine- SA structure (found in other fish as well). - _________ _______ found only in chondrichthyans - assists kidneys by removing NaCl. - Blood is __________ with seawater- urea and other substances stored in blood to raise its solute level.

placoid; teeth; vitrodentine; enamel; Dentine; Pulp; rows; Spiral valve; Rectal gland; isosmotic

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Gnathostomata Class _________________ - ray-finned fishes. -Fins supported by long dermal _____/_____ connected to body muscles- ________ have bone or cartilage reinforcement. -Part of "Osteichthyes" grouping - bony fish. -All animals from here on have true bones, as well as lungs or a swim bladder. -______ species of ray-finned fish (how many?). >>Bichurs are strange African freshwater fish that have lungs and ganoid scales. >>Sturgeons are strange fish that are mostly cartilaginous, with bony plates instead of scales. -Most ray-fins are "________" (perfect bone) fish- found everywhere. >>Have light, thin, overlapping ________ and ________ ("comb") scales. >>Scales are actually covered in a _____ __________. >>Some (eels and catfish) have no ______. -__________ over gills, and ___________ tail (typically).

Actinopterygii; rays/spines; spines; 27,000; "teleost"; cycloid; ctenoid; thin epidermis; scales; Operculum; homocercal (symmetrical);

Fish Characteristics- -___________- effortless suspension in water column. >>Fish don't want to waste energy maintaining their Z axis. >>Store oils in _______- common in sharks. Lipids are less dense than water, and much less dense than saltwater. >>_____/_____ __________- found in ray_finned fish. >>>A gas gland bordering the bladder secretes ______ ______ into the ______ ________ ("wonderful net") - the _______ _________ is a special arrangement of capillaries near the gas gland and bladder. - _______ ______ forces hemoglobin in these capiliaries to "drop" their oxygen-the resulting high concentration diffuses into the bladder. -Some deep sea fish have extensive ____ _______ that enable them to create amazing gas pressures in the bladder- up to ______ atmospheres (more than steel gas cylinders) (how many?).

Buoyancy; livers; gas/swim bladders; lactic acid; rete mirabile; rete mirabile; lactic acid; rete mirabile; 240

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Gnathostomata Class ___________________ - cartilaginous fishes -roughly about ___ species, only ___ in freshwater (how many?). -Sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras. -Our first Gnathostomes (super class). - Two morphologies- ________ and _______. -Largest animal of the 5 fish classes is the whale shark- only whales are larger. -__________ is lighter/less dense than true bone, helps with ___________ and ___________. -Cartilage can be ____________ with calcium- looks and functions similar to bone when mineralized. -Oily liver and _____________ tail also help with ___________. >>cercal = ______, these are _____ ______/___________ tails. -Ovipary, ovovivipary, and vivipary all seen.

Chondrichthyes; 1000; 28; fusiform (sharks); flattened (skates and rays); Cartilage; buoyancy; flexibility; mineralized; heterocercal; buoyancy; tail; top heavy/asymmetrical;

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Agnatha- -Class ________________ - lampreys -Petros = ______; myzon = _______. -Will grasp stones as anchors in strong current -Roughly ___ species, both _______ and _______, all breed in _____________. >>____________ larvae are very similar to amphioxus, and spend multiple years as stream filter feeders. >>Some then metamorphose into _______ adults and become ________. >>Others metamorphose into entirely ______________ adults that just _________ and _____. -Welland Ship Canal deepening in early 20th century allowed migration of sea lampreys into the Great Lakes. >>Freshwatter fish industry largely collapsed as a result (combined with overfishing pressures).

Petromyzontida; stone; sucking; 25; marine; fresh; freshwater; Ammoceotes; toothed; parasitic; reproductive; breed; die

Fish Characteristics- There are two kinds of bladders: -___________ bladders are completely enclosed (clist = closed) >>______ _________ is essential for filling the bladder. >> The ______ deflates the bladder by allowing gas back into the blood- controlled by ____________ muscles. >>______________ fish start out as _______________ fish but lose the _________ _______ during development. >>bass, perch, mosquitofish, and sunfish. -"Fizzing" of deep water fish. - Some bladders are used to ______ _______. - Some fish lack ________ _________- tuna, benthic fish, and abyssal fish.

Physoclistous; gas gland; "ovale"; constrictor; Physoclistous; physostomous; pneumatic duct; store lipids; swim bladders

Fish Characteristics- -There are two kinds of bladders: -_______________ bladders -Phys = bladder, so these are ________-______. -Bladder is connected to the _________ _____. -Gas is still delivered to bladder by ____ _______. -Some fish can _________ air and put it in the bladder as well. -They can also ______ out air from the bladder to rapidly lose buoyancy. -Some _____________ fish use the bladder for gas exchange. -Examples include carp, catfish, trout, and salmon, sturgeon, minnows, suckers, and eels.

Physostomous; bladder-mouths; alimentary canal; gas gland; swallow; burp; physostomous;

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Gnathostomata Class _________________ - lobe-finned fish -Fins have ___________ attachment and muscles present in the fin. -Other member of "Osteichthyes" grouping- bony fish. - Less than ___ species - ___________ and _________. >> _________ are living fossils, though extinct until mid 20th century. -Many use lungs (vascularized swim bladder) for breathing air, others rely on gills. -Jaw has teeth with _____ ________. -_______________ tail- double/split tail, but symmetrical. -Heart that handles two circuits (____________ and __________), has two _____ and partly divided ___________. >>All previous fish have one circuit, and at most one atrium and one ventricle. -Lungfish have some remarkable over-summering adaptations.

Sarcopterygii; skeletal; 10; coelacanths; lungfishes; coelacanths; true enamel; Diphycercal; Pulmonary; Systemic; atria: ventricle.

The Five Fish Classes: Superclass Agnatha- -both classes within Agnatha are eel like fish that lack ______, ______, ________, and _____ ____. They possess gill _______ as opposed to slits or opercula >>Notochord found in _______, along with _________ support. -Class _________ - hagfishes ("slime fish") >> ___ species, entirely ________ ___________/_________. >>Mouth has _________ (tentacles) for smelling/touch, and ________ _______ on the tongue. >>Whale falls can support hagfish populations for years. >>Hagfish "knotting" - leverage for ________. >> Can produce copious amounts of slime/mucus for __________ (apparently very slippery). >> Body fluids are ________ with environment, like inverts.

jaws, bones, scales, and paired fins; pores; adults; cartilage; Myxini; 70; marine scavengers/predators; barbels; keratinized teeth; rasping; protection; isosmotic

Fish Characteristics- -Specialized consumers - substantial sephalization plus high _____________. >>High _________, highly ___________ movements enhanced by specialized sense organs. >>>Tuna hit ___mph, Marlin can go ___mph, and sailfish can reach nearly ___mph. >>>>Cheetah 75mph, Peregin Falcon 240mph, human terminal velocity, bullet shaped, 200mph, Michael Phelps 5mph. >>>__________ (present in most fish) help produce strong movement. >>>Sense organs >>High ______________ in water is tricky - water doesn't hold much _________ (less than ___/___ of what's in the air). >>>Water ___________ affect oxygen _________. >>>Warm vs Cold >>>Salt vs Fresh >>>Calm vs Turbulent

metabolism; speed; accurate; 40; 50; 70; Vertebrae; metabolism; oxygen; 1/20; conditions; content

Fish Charateristics- Specialized sense organs- - The Lateral Line- - Usually easily seen on both sides of the fish. - Used to detect __________/_________. - Anatomically very similar to ___________ canals. - __________ are sensory cells that project hairs into either a special canal, or are directly in contact with the external environment. -These hairs transmit water movement information to the ________. - Important for _________/_____ detection and __________. >> Fish removed from a school and blinded were able to reintegrate. >>Fish removed from a school and de-lined were unable to reintegrate.

movement/vibration; semicircular; Neuromasts; brain; predator/prey; schooling.

Fish Charateristics- Specialized sense organs- -Fish have ________ in ______________ canals (inner ear) to help them hear. -The air-filled swim bladder is also used for hearing- some fish even have small bones (_______ ________) that connect their bladder to their inner ear. -Pairs of eyes with lenses for precise vision. -"Nose" that is purely ____________ - not connected to the pharynx.

otoliths; semicircular; Weberian ossicles; olfactory

Fish Characteristics- -Gills are super efficient __________ grabbers. >> Gills are made of numerous _________, each ___________ containing a horizontal "stack" of __________. >>__________ have __________ networks >>Gills are covered by an _______________ (shield) in most fish) >>>this protects and facilitates _______ _______. >>>Some fish use _____ __________ to increase flow over gills. >>>Some fish only have gill ________ and rely on ______ ______________. >>Gills utilize __________________ exchange. >>Water flows one way across the gills... >>Blood is flowing the ______________ way. >>This maximizes water-blood contact. >>>Oxygen rich blood contacts water _______. >>>Oxygen poor blood contacts water _______. >>>Remember diffusion...

oxygen; filaments; filament; lamellae; Lamellae; capillary; operculum; water flow; ram ventilation; slits; ram ventilation; countercurrent; opposite; first; last

Fish is not a biologically accurate taxonomic definition. -It is "____________" meaning all organisms in this group share a common ancestor, but not all descendants of that ancestor are part of this group. -In order for "fish" to be ______________, all nine vertebrate classes would have to be included. -As it is, "fish" informally refers to the 5 aquatic vertebrate classes. - Pisc = Latin for Fish, Piscatology is the art of fishing. -Ichthys = Greek for fish, Ichthyology is the study of the various fish classes.

paraphylectic; monophylectic

Fish Charateristics- Specialized sense organs- -The aquatic sixth sense- -Shark predation: -Starts with _______- up to a mile away (or more). -The ________ _____ helps track vibration in the water. -Up close, excellent ________ is used to set up an attack. -Right before the attack, a ______________ _________ covers the eyes (no eyelids otherwise). -_______________ take over, sensing electric fields produced by muscles of prey. -_______________ in the shark's head are called _________ of _____________. -_______________ is common in fish and even other aquatic animals- also often used to find hiding prey in ________.

smell; lateral line; vision; nictitating membrane; Electroreceptors; Electroreceptors; ampullae of Lorenzini; Electroreception; sand