Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

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Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.

Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "C."

Increases Na+ reabsorption

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3.

NaHCO3 + H2O

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic acidosis

Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion

Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Phosphate buffer system

Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)

Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: bicarbonate buffer system

Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

Which of the following phrases describes the protein buffer system

The most powerful intracellular buffering system

Estrogens are chemically similar to ____________ and enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules.

aldosterone

Which condition would cause a drop in pH?

hypoventilation

Most water is excreted via the __________.

kidneys

Only the ________ can rid the body of nonvolatile (fixed ) acids.

kidneys

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?

intracellular fluid

ADH acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion.

kidneys; decrease

All of the following would cause edema except __________.

liver disease incompetent venous valves hypoproteinemia hypotension

In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortex produces too little aldosterone, and so Na+ is lost. People with this disorder often crave ________.

salty foods

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.

1 hour

Normal arterial blood pH is __________.

7.4

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hyponatremia

A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?

Adipose tissue Bone Muscle tissue Nervous tissue

What happens when the concentration of Na+ decreases in the ascending limb of the nephron?

Aldosterone levels increase

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema

An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

Match the electrolyte balance term with the correct characteristic: Hyperkalemia

An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis

Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

Which of the following is incorrect?

Anything that impairs respiratory system functioning causes acid-base imbalances. Ventilation can have a significant effect on pH. Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH, but pH will remain within normal physiological limits. When respiratory system problems cause the pH imbalance, the resulting condition is either respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis.

Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C."

Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B."

CO2

Identify the possible consequences of hypokalemia at "D."

Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response from fastest to slowest?

Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal

Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment?

D

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone?

Decreased Na+ concentration in plasma

Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.

Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop

Identify the possible consequences of hypercalcemia at "B

Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting.

Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.

Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles

Identify the possible causes of hypernatremia at "A."

Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration

Select the phrase that describes the phosphate buffer system

Effective buffer in urine where phosphate concentrations are usually higher

Identify the statement related to "C."

Fluid in the blood (plasma)

Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C."

Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy

Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3.

H2CO3 + NaCl

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D."

H2O ions

Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion?

Hydrogen

Identify the possible causes of hypercalcemia at "A."

Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy

Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory alkalosis.

Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells?

Hypotonic hydration

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "A."

Increased K+ concentration in the ECF

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D."

Increased K+ secretion

Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.

Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules

Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D."

Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.

Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.

Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.

Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors

Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.

Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels

Which of the following is NOT a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?

Inspiration of carbon dioxide Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins Loading and transport of carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid Aerobic respiration

Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "B."

Kidney tubules

Match the following electrolyte with its description: Sodium.

Major extracellular cation

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Magnesium

Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Chloride

Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Sodium.

Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Potassium.

Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid

Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D."

Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).

The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.

Na+

Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.

Na+ transport

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4.

Na2HPO4 + H2O

Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4

NaH2PO4 + NaCl

Identify the possible consequences of hyperkalemia at "B."

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis.

Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels?

Neuromuscular excitability

Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.

Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Which of the following would increase sodium excretion?

Progesterone

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Hyponatremia.

Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated

Which of the following phrases describes bicarbonate ions?

Referred to as the alkaline reserve

Identify the possible causes of hyperkalemia at "A."

Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells

Identify the possible causes of hyponatremia at "C."

Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion

Identify the statement related to "D."

The body's "internal environment" (ECF)

Identify the statement related to "B."

The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells (interstitial fluid)

Identify the possible consequences of hypernatremia at "B."

Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions.

Identify the statement related to "A."

Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" (intracellular fluid)

Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Phosphate buffer system

Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base

Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hypocalcemia

Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause

Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic alkalosis.

Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone

Which statement about acids is true?

Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration.

When water output exceeds intake over a period of time

Parathyroid hormone __________.

enhances release of calcium from bone *regulates calcium levels in blood

One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.

generating new HCO3-

Select the nonelectrolyte.

glucose

The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________.

hyponatremia

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________.

hypotonic extracellular fluid a decline in blood volume angiotensin II input from baroreceptors

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________.

hypotonic extracellular fluid angiotensin II a decline in blood volume input from baroreceptors

Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________.

inefficiency of infant kidneys

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water?

infant

Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.

insensible water loss

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________.

interstitial space

Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body.

minerals such as iron

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C."

nitrogenous waste

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________.

protein buffer system

All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except __________.

release of ADH concentrated urine thirst production of large amounts of urine

Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.

respiratory acidosis

Hyperventilation can lead to __________.

respiratory alkalosis

Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.

salts

The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.

sodium

The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.

the concentration of K+ in the ECF

The major source of water loss from the body is __________.

urine


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