Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the kidneys
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "C."
Increases Na+ reabsorption
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + H2CO3.
NaHCO3 + H2O
Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic acidosis
Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion
Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: Phosphate buffer system
Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)
Match the following buffer system with its appropriate example: bicarbonate buffer system
Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)
Which of the following phrases describes the protein buffer system
The most powerful intracellular buffering system
Estrogens are chemically similar to ____________ and enhance NaCl reabsorption by the renal tubules.
aldosterone
Which condition would cause a drop in pH?
hypoventilation
Most water is excreted via the __________.
kidneys
Only the ________ can rid the body of nonvolatile (fixed ) acids.
kidneys
The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment?
intracellular fluid
ADH acts on the __________ to __________ water excretion.
kidneys; decrease
All of the following would cause edema except __________.
liver disease incompetent venous valves hypoproteinemia hypotension
In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortex produces too little aldosterone, and so Na+ is lost. People with this disorder often crave ________.
salty foods
Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water.
1 hour
Normal arterial blood pH is __________.
7.4
Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hyponatremia
A condition that results from solute loss, water retention, or both
Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated?
Adipose tissue Bone Muscle tissue Nervous tissue
What happens when the concentration of Na+ decreases in the ascending limb of the nephron?
Aldosterone levels increase
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema
An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling
Match the electrolyte balance term with the correct characteristic: Hyperkalemia
An excess amount of potassium in the ECF
Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory acidosis
Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem
Which of the following is incorrect?
Anything that impairs respiratory system functioning causes acid-base imbalances. Ventilation can have a significant effect on pH. Ventilation will have a significant effect on pH, but pH will remain within normal physiological limits. When respiratory system problems cause the pH imbalance, the resulting condition is either respiratory acidosis or respiratory alkalosis.
Identify the possible causes of hypocalcemia at "C."
Burns (calcium trapped in damaged tissues); hypoparathyroidism; vitamin D deficiency; renal tubular disease; renal failure; hyperphosphatemia; diarrhea; alkalosis
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B."
CO2
Identify the possible consequences of hypokalemia at "D."
Cardiac arrhythmias, flattened T wave; muscular weakness; metabolic alkalosis; mental confusion; nausea; vomiting.
Which of the following is the correct sequence of buffer system response from fastest to slowest?
Chemical buffers, respiratory system, renal
Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment?
D
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone?
Decreased Na+ concentration in plasma
Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Decreased filtrate NaCl concentration in ascending limb of nephron loop
Identify the possible consequences of hypercalcemia at "B
Decreased neuromuscular excitability leading to cardiac arrhythmias and arrest, skeletal muscle weakness, confusion, stupor, and coma; kidney stones; nausea and vomiting.
Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Decreased stretch in afferent arterioles
Identify the possible causes of hypernatremia at "A."
Dehydration; uncommon in healthy individuals; may occur in infants or the confused aged (individuals unable to indicate thirst) or may result from excessive intravenous NaCl administration
Select the phrase that describes the phosphate buffer system
Effective buffer in urine where phosphate concentrations are usually higher
Identify the statement related to "C."
Fluid in the blood (plasma)
Identify the possible causes of hypokalemia at "C."
Gastrointestinal tract disturbances (vomiting, diarrhea), gastric suction; Cushing's syndrome; inadequate dietary intake (starvation); hyperaldosteronism; diuretic therapy
Match the following buffer systems with its correct product: HCl + NaHCO3.
H2CO3 + NaCl
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D."
H2O ions
Acidosis results from elevated levels of what ion?
Hydrogen
Identify the possible causes of hypercalcemia at "A."
Hyperparathyroidism; excessive vitamin D; prolonged immobilization; renal disease (decreased excretion); malignancy
Match the following condition with its causes: Respiratory alkalosis.
Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury
Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells?
Hypotonic hydration
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "A."
Increased K+ concentration in the ECF
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "D."
Increased K+ secretion
Identify "B," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased Na+ (and H2O) reabsorption in distal kidney tubules
Identify the possible consequences of hypocalcemia at "D."
Increased neuromuscular excitability leading to tingling fingers, tremors, skeletal muscle cramps, tetany, convulsions; depressed excitability of the heart; osteomalacia; fractures.
Identify "A," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased peripheral resistance in response to angiotensin II
Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body uses to increase blood pressure.
Increased peripheral resistance in response to baroreceptors
Identify "C," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Inhibits baroreceptors in blood vessels
Which of the following is NOT a significant source of hydrogen ions in the body?
Inspiration of carbon dioxide Breakdown of phosphorus-containing proteins Loading and transport of carbon dioxide Anaerobic respiration of glucose produces lactic acid Aerobic respiration
Identify the part associated with aldosterone release/consequence indicated by "B."
Kidney tubules
Match the following electrolyte with its description: Sodium.
Major extracellular cation
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Magnesium
Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Chloride
Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Sodium.
Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid
Match the following electrolyte with its appropriate description and location: Potassium.
Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid
Identify the possible consequences of hyponatremia at "D."
Most common signs are those of neurologic dysfunction due to brain swelling. If sodium amounts are normal but water is excessive, the symptoms are the same as those of water excess: mental confusion; giddiness; coma if development occurs slowly; muscular twitching, irritability, and convulsions if the condition develops rapidly. In hyponatremia accompanied by water loss, the main signs are decreased blood volume and blood pressure (circulatory shock).
The only cation exerting significant osmotic pressure in the ECF is __________.
Na+
Renal acid-base control mechanisms are coupled to __________.
Na+ transport
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: NaOH + NaH2PO4.
Na2HPO4 + H2O
Match the following buffer system with its correct product: HCl + Na2HPO4
NaH2PO4 + NaCl
Identify the possible consequences of hyperkalemia at "B."
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; bradycardia; cardiac arrhythmias, depression, and arrest; skeletal muscle weakness; flaccid paralysis.
Which of the following is the most important process affected by calcium levels?
Neuromuscular excitability
Identify "D," one of the primary methods the body senses a decrease in blood pressure.
Posterior pituitary releases ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Which of the following would increase sodium excretion?
Progesterone
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Hyponatremia.
Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated
Which of the following phrases describes bicarbonate ions?
Referred to as the alkaline reserve
Identify the possible causes of hyperkalemia at "A."
Renal failure; deficit of aldosterone; rapid intravenous infusion of KCl; burns or severe tissue injuries that cause K+ to leave cells
Identify the possible causes of hyponatremia at "C."
Solute loss, water retention, or both (e.g., excessive Na+ loss through vomiting, diarrhea, burned skin, gastric suction, or excessive use of diuretics); deficiency of aldosterone (Addison's disease); renal disease; excess ADH release; excess H2O ingestion
Identify the statement related to "D."
The body's "internal environment" (ECF)
Identify the statement related to "B."
The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells (interstitial fluid)
Identify the possible consequences of hypernatremia at "B."
Thirst. CNS dehydration leads to confusion and lethargy progressing to coma; increased neuromuscular irritability evidenced by twitching and convulsions.
Identify the statement related to "A."
Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" (intracellular fluid)
Match the acid-base regulatory mechanism/term with its characteristic or function: Phosphate buffer system
Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base
Match the electrolyte balance term with its correct characteristic: Hypocalcemia
Vitamin D deficiency can be a cause
Match the following condition with its causes: Metabolic alkalosis.
Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone
Which statement about acids is true?
Weak acids only dissociate partially in solution.
Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration.
When water output exceeds intake over a period of time
Parathyroid hormone __________.
enhances release of calcium from bone *regulates calcium levels in blood
One way the kidneys maintain HCO3- balance is by __________.
generating new HCO3-
Select the nonelectrolyte.
glucose
The condition in which sodium levels are too low is referred to as __________.
hyponatremia
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________.
hypotonic extracellular fluid a decline in blood volume angiotensin II input from baroreceptors
All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________.
hypotonic extracellular fluid angiotensin II a decline in blood volume input from baroreceptors
Infants are more likely to experience problems regulating acid-base balance because of several factors, including __________.
inefficiency of infant kidneys
Which of the following individuals would have the most body water?
infant
Water lost through expired air is referred to as __________.
insensible water loss
Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________.
interstitial space
Pica occurs when there is a deficiency of __________ in the body.
minerals such as iron
Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C."
nitrogenous waste
The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________.
protein buffer system
All of the following would occur if there was an increase in plasma osmolality except __________.
release of ADH concentrated urine thirst production of large amounts of urine
Someone who is suffocating would develop __________.
respiratory acidosis
Hyperventilation can lead to __________.
respiratory alkalosis
Electrolyte balance in the body usually refers to the balance of __________.
salts
The most prevalent electrolyte in the extracellular fluid is __________.
sodium
The most important factor that influences K+ secretion is __________.
the concentration of K+ in the ECF
The major source of water loss from the body is __________.
urine