Fluids, Electrolytes, and Acid Base Balance

In response to respiratiory alkalosis, the... QUESTION OMITTED

...

28) Water accounts for approximately ________ percent of the body weight in an adult male. A) 60 B) 50 C) 80 D) 75 E) 40

A) 60

33) Which hormone affects the osmotic concentration? A) ADH B) BNP C) Natriuretic peptide D) ANP E) Aldosterone

A) ADH

31) Which hormone is released by cardiac muscle in response to abnormal stretching of the heart walls? A) ANP B) BNP C) Aldosterone D) ADH E) A and B

A) ANP

29) Which hormone plays a role in determining the rate of sodium absorption and potassium loss? A) Aldosterone B) BNP C) Natriuretic peptide D) ADH E) ANP

A) Aldosterone

30) Exchange among subdivisions of ECF occurs primarily in the: A) Capillaries. B) Veins. C) Arteries. D) Tissues. E) Muscles.

A) Capillaries.

38) Renal failure can result in: A) Hyperkalemia. B) Decreased urea. C) Hypokalemia. D) Hyponatremia. E) None of the above

A) Hyperkalemia.

15) Each of the following statements concerning chloride ions is true, except that: A) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine. B) Chloride ion concentrations in the ICF are usually low. C) Chloride ions are absorbed along the digestive tract in the company of sodium ions. D) Chloride ions are lost in perspiration. E) Chloride ions are the most abundant anions in the ECF.

A) Large amounts of chloride ions are lost each day in the urine.

16) The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to: A) Prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. B) Buffer stomach acid. C) Buffer the urine. D) Increase the amount of carbonic acid during ventilation. E) Buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide.

A) Prevent pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids.

21) A person with emphysema will exhibit signs of: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

A) Respiratory acidosis.

7) Antidiuretic hormone A) Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. (p934a) B) Results in the loss of more urine from the bladder. (no - opposite) C) Causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. (no - opposite) D) Is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. (no, posterior pit) E) Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions. (no, sodium is excreted & ratio of Na to H2O in urine increases, making urine more concentrated)

A) Stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. (p934a) B) Results in the loss of more urine from the bladder. (no - opposite) C) Causes the kidneys to produce a large volume of urine. (no - opposite) D) Is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to changes in blood osmolarity. (no, posterior pit) E) Stimulates the kidneys to retain sodium ions. (no, sodium is excreted

39) Which of the following is greater? A) The amount of ADH released when blood osmolarity is high B) The amount of ADH released when blood osmolarity is low

A) The amount of ADH released when blood osmolarity is high

34) Approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day. A) 10 B) 7 C) 9 D) 15 E) 20

B) 7 liters

32) You are caring for a patient who has been vomiting and having diarrhea for the past five days. You suspect that his electrolyte levels are: A) Normal B) Decreased C) Elevated D) Noncritical

B) Decreased

8) Aldosterone: A) Is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood. B) Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. C) Increases the concentration of sodium in urine. D) Functions in pH regulation. E) Helps decrease blood volume. (little effect on blood volume)

B) Promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.

18) Hypoventilation would cause: A) Respiratory alkalosis. B) Respiratory acidosis. C) Metabolic alkalosis. D) Metabolic acidosis.

B) Respiratory acidosis.

23) A mountain climber at high altitude may lose consciousness as the result of: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

B) Respiratory alkalosis.

9) Atrial natriuretic peptide does all of the following, except that it: A) Reduces thirst. B) Promotes diuresis. C) Blocks the release of glucocorticoids during the stress response. D) Blocks the release of aldosterone. E) Blocks the release of ADH.

C) Blocks the release of glucocorticoids during the stress response.

22) A person with chronic diabetes will exhibit signs of: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

25) A person with nephritis (an inflammation of the kidneys) will show symptoms of: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

C) Metabolic acidosis.

17) Acidosis can cause all of the following, except: A) Cardiac arrhythmias. B) Kidney failure. C) Peripheral vasoconstriction. D) Coma and death. E) Heart failure.

C) Peripheral vasoconstriction. (?)

6) Consuming a meal high in salt will: A) Activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism. B) Cause hypotension. C) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume. D) Decrease thirst. E) Drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.

C) Result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

35) The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of: A) Chlorine ions. B) Magnesium ions. C) Sodium ions. D) Calcium ions. E) Potassium ions.

C) Sodium ions.

When large amts of pure water are consumed, a) Osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower b) the volume of the ECF decreases c) a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases d) the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF e) The volume of the ICF increases

a) osmolarities of the two compartments are slightly lower

Intracellular fluid (ICF) is found in: a) the cells of the body b) Lymph c) Blood vessels d) the interstitial space e) the cerebrospinal fluid

a) the cells of the body

The amount of potassium secreted by the kidneys is regulated by: a) cortisol b) Atrial Natriuretic factor c) aldosterone d) parathormone e) ADH

c) aldosterone

The principal cation in the ICF is: a) Sodium b) Calcium c) magnesium d) potassium e) chloride

d) potassium

Excess potassium ion is eliminated from the body by: a) the spleen b) sweating c) the liver d) the digestive system e) the kidneys

e) the kidneys

10) When the level of sodium ion in extracellular fluid decreases, A) A person experiences an increased thirst. B) More ADH is released. C) There is an increase in the level of aldosterone. D) There is an increase in the level of atrial natriuretic factor. E) Osmoreceptors are stimulated

C) There is an increase in the level of aldosterone. (low Na+ triggers aldosterone)

27) Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) Aldosterone B) Natriuretic peptide C) BNP D) ADH E) ANP

D) ADH (?)

40) Secretion of potassium into the urine is: A) Increased with elevated levels of ADH. B) Minimal because humans ingest very little potassium. C) Decreased by aldosterone. D) Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. E) Increased in the presence of atrial natriuretic peptide.

D) Associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.

36) The higher the plasma concentration of aldosterone, the more efficiently the kidney will: A) Secrete greater amounts of ADH. B) Retain potassium ions. C) Stimulate urinary water loss. D) Conserve sodium ions. E) All of the above

D) Conserve sodium ions.

20) Prolonged vomiting can result in: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis.

24) A person who chronically consumes large amounts of antacids may risk: A) Respiratory acidosis. B) B) Respiratory alkalosis. C) Metabolic acidosis. D) Metabolic alkalosis.

D) Metabolic alkalosis.

11) When the amount of sodium ion in extracellular fluid increases, A) There is a decreased thirst. B) Aldosterone secretion increases. C) ADH secretion decreases. D) Osmoreceptors are stimulated. E) There is an increase in the volume of urine produced.

D) Osmoreceptors are stimulated. (thirst would increase, aldosterone would decrease, ADH would increase)

37) Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by: A) Causing the release of ADH. B) Triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. C) Stimulating thirst. D) A and B E) A, B, and C

E) A, B, and C (???) or, B) Triggering the production & secretion of aldosterone (???)

26) To survive, humans must maintain a normal volume and composition of: A) Body fluids. B) ECF. C) Plasma. D) ICF. E)` All of the above

E)` All of the above

Ca+ reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone: a) Calcitonin b) Calcitriol c) Cortisol d) ADH e) Aldosterone

b) Calcitriol

When water is lost but electrolytes are retained,: a) both the ECF and ICF become more dilute b) Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF c) There is an increase in the volume of the ICF d) the osmolarity of the ECF falls e) both A and D

b) Osmosis moes water from the ICF to the ECF

The components of extracellular fluid (ECF) include: a) Interstitial fluid b) CSF c) blood plasma & lymph d) all the above e) A and B only

d) all the above