Foods and Nutrition Ch. 2

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PEM

a condition that may result if the diet does not contain enough protein and calories

pellagra

a disease resulting from a niacin deficiency

glucose

a from of sugar carried in the bloodstream for energy use throughout the body

deficiency disease

an illness that is caused by the lack of a sufficient amount of a nutrient

toxicity

getting an excess of nutrients resulting in poisoning

saliva

mucus-enzyme containing liquid secreted by the mouth

amino acid

one of 20 types of small units that make up proteins

dietary supplement

purified nutrient or nonnutrient substances that are manufactured or extracted from natural sources

Complex carbohydrates

starches and fibers

digestion

the bodily process of breaking food down into simpler compounds the body can use

Hypertension

High blood pressure

fatty acid

a chemical chain containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms that is the basic component of all lipids

nutrient

a chemical substance from food the body needs to live

Osteoporosis

a condition resulting from a calcium deficiency, which is characterized by porous, brittle bones

night blindness

a condition resulting from a vitamin A deficiency

anemia

a condition resulting from deficiencies of various nutrients, which is characterized by a reduced number of red blood cells in the bloodstream

beriberi

a disease of the nervous system resulting from a thiamin deficiency

scurvy

a disease resulting from a vitamin C deficiency

rickets

a disease resulting from a vitamin D deficiency

cholesterol

a fatlike substance that occurs only in foods of animal origin

trans fat

a fatty acid with an odd molecular shape that is created in hydrogenated oils

fiber

a form of complex carbohydrate from plants that humans cannot digest

trace element

a mineral, such as iron or iodine, that is needed in the diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams

water

a nutrient required by the body to lubricate the joints and body cells and help regulate body temperature

hydrogenation

a process used to turn liquid oils into more highly saturated solid fats

complete protein

a protein containing all nine essential amino acids in sufficient amounts

monounsaturated

a type of fatty acid that is missing one hydrogen atom

goiter

a visible enlargement of the thyroid gland resulting from an iodine deficiency

Fat soluble vitamin

a vitamin that dissolves in fats and can be stored in the fatty tissues of the body

malnutrition

lack of the right proportions of nutrients over an extended period

macrominerals

minerals needed in the diet in amounts of 100 or more milligrams each day

mineral

one of the six basic nutrient types that is an inorganic substance and becomes part of the bones, soft tissues, and body fluids

protein

one of the six basic nutrients that is required for growth, repair, and maintenance of every body cell

vitamin

one of the six basic types of nutrients that is a complex organic substance and becomes part of the bones, soft tissues, and body fluids

carbohydrate

one of the six basic types of nutrients that is the body's chief source of energy

fats

one of the six types of nutrients that are important energy sources

fortified foods

source of added nutrients in the diet aside from supplements

antioxidant

substance that prevents or slows damage caused by chemical reactions involving oxygen

metabolism

the chemical processes that take place in the cells after the body absorbs nutrients

absorption

the process of taking nutrients into the body and making them part of the body

Nutrition

the study of how the body uses the nutrients in foods that are eaten

water-soluble vitamin

vitamins that dissolve in water(C+B)

peristalsis

waves of contractions of the muscular walls of the digestive trace, which push food through the tract


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