Foundational Perspectives of Education

The first colonial schools

1600's - Reading and religion, salvation, New England - colonists had to pay some of the fees to send their children to school, those who were poor were still allowed to send their children.

The Boston Latin school was founded in _________, and is known as ___________ today?

1635 - Harvard - only males were educated until the nineteenth century at the school.

In what year did Benjamin Franklin propose the idea of an academy that would introduce a more multi-faceted curriculum?

1751 - all subjects were taught in English language

In what year did Andrew Jackson become president?

1828

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

What year were junior high schools added?

1909

Who is Jean Piaget?

A Swiss psychologist who developed the theory of cognitive development. It suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development. His theory focuses not only on understanding how children acquire knowledge but also on understanding the nature of intelligence.

What law was passed in 1642 by the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

A law that required children to read the bible, lest they be ignorant of the laws of God.

What was the 50/50 curriculum?

A time in history for many years where students were taught traditional school subjects for half of the day and then taught vocational, farming, or agricultural skills for the other half.

What is the laissez-faire approach to education?

An approach for school that did not include religion or highly advanced curriculum. These schools sought to only teach the student life skills and basic education they would need in linfe.

The factory worker model was?

An efficiency movement that emphasized conformity, following directions, rote modeling, memorization, and strict rules of comportment.

How did those who lived in the New world value education?

As a way to improve their selves and participate in civic life together.

Behavior Theory developed by?

B.F Skinner

Which behaviorist hypothesized that a function of change in the way one behaves is due to reactions to stimuli in the environment?

B.F Skinner

Who believed that education has two major purposes: (1) to teach repertoires of both verbal and nonverbal behavior; and (2) to encourage students to display an interest in instruction.

B.F Skinner

What was the impact of the Old Deluder Satan Act law?

Because of this act if a town had fifty families or more it had to hire a teacher and 100 or more it had to establish an actual school.

Predict Learning Outcomes

Benjamin Bloom

Had an influence on African American students in education.

Booker T. Washington

The oldest operating public school in the united states is?

Boston Latin school founded in 1635

In the early colonial days of education were boys or girls privileged to learn reading or writing and why?

Boys were predominantly taught reading and writing. Girls were taught home making skills such as cooking or cleaning.

What year did Brown vs. Wade occur and what was the outcome?

Brown v. Wade constitutionally prevented further segregation of blacks and whites in public schools and it occurred in 1954.

Maria Montessori's Theory

Children can learn naturally if placed in a prepared learning environment with learning games and classroom designed so students can learn by themselves. Teachers are facilitators.

On what date did Thomas Jefferson's state of the union address occur? What did he submit to the union and congress and why?

December 2, 1806 - Jefferson tried to submit a new amendment that would fund public school education for all citizens; however, it was not passed by congress.

Aristole

Greek philosopher who was the private teacher of Alexander the Great

What did G. Stanley Hall do?

He developed test that measured aptitude and achievement in children.

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed that human beings learn through a 'hands-on' approach (doing). This places Dewey in the educational philosophy of pragmatism. Pragmatists believe that reality must be experienced. From Dewey's educational point of view, this means that students must interact with their environment in order to adapt and learn.

Who was Booker T. Washington and what did he do?

He was an African American political leader who fought for Southern African Americans to improve themselves through education, industrial training, and business ownership. Equal rights would naturally come later, he believed.

How was Horace Mann important to Education?

He was considered the "father of education". He was also an American reformer of education who lived from 1796-1859. He is often called the 'Father of the Common School Movement,' which was a movement devoted to creating a more equitable public school system characterized by quality teachers and a nonsectarian approach

What is George Santayana best known for?

His quote "Those who forget the past are doomed to repeat it".

Who is the historical figure considered the "father of education?"

Horace Mann

What type of concerns can philosophy address in education?

How to teach, what to teach, and make decisions about how teachers can relate to students.

What are Dame Schools?

Schools run by women in their homes for the purpose of teaching reading and writing.

According to Jean Piaget, what are the four different stages of mental development?

Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7 Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11 Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up

What was B.F. Skinner's theory?

Skinner was an American psychologist best-known for his influence on behaviorism. Skinner referred to his own philosophy as 'radical behaviorism' and suggested that the concept of free will was simply an illusion. All human action, he instead believed, was the direct result of conditioning.

Progressivism as a philosophy can best be defined as education based on the principle that:

Students should learn how to think (process), not what to think (content).

The "Eight-Year Study" conducted in US education in the 1930's determined that?

Students who attended and graduated from schools using the progressive education method produced more intellectual curiousty, drive, and higher levels of critical thinking and judgement.

The education system in the Northern Colonies

They were settled mainly by puritans, a religious group from Europe. In 1642, the Massachusetts Bay Colony passed a law that children should learn to read the Bible, lest they be ignorant of the laws of God. the first colonial schools were developed to assure that the new generation would sustain its religious beliefs and acquire the necessary basic skills to do so. Literacy was important to these new Americans in order to assure religious salvation, and reading and religion formed the basis of the curriculum.

Who argued that "Only with an educated populace could a free government and foundation of democracy be secure."

Thomas Jefferson

The serviceman's readjustment act of 1944 did what, and what is it known as today?

Today it is known as the G.I. Bill and it provides paid tuition or stipends for those who are serving or have served in the U.S Military.

A hallmark of a constructivist classroom is fostering and constructing meaning through hands-on discovery learning. The purposeful activity of pupils who may be engaged in research and inquiry with groups and alone. T/F?

True

John Locke believed that teachers needed to create a nonthreatening learning environment— a rather revolutionary idea at that time. T/F?

True

Philosophies raise questions as well as it answers them. T/F?

True

Philosophy raises questions, it does not solve them. T/F?

True

Teachers develop their own philosophy of education the more experience they have in the classroom. T/F?

True

The argument between progressive and traditional education approaches are still debated today. T/F?

True

Who was Frederick Douglass?

United States abolitionist who escaped from slavery and became an influential writer and lecturer in the North (1817-1895). Douglass dedicated his life to achieving justice for all Americans, in particular African-Americans, women, and minority groups. He fought for African-American educational rights.

The new world

the name given by Europeans to the Americas, which were unknown to most Europeans before the voyages of Christopher Columbus

Philosophers are lovers of?

wisdom

Mendez v. Westminster (1947)

Ruling that separate was not equal, Mexican American children could attend public schools.

Latin Grammar Schools

Early schools that followed a classical curriculum consisting mainly of Latin and Latin texts, with some Greek.

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college.

First female president of the National Education Association

Ella Flagg Young

What were the academies Benjamin Franklin is known as vs. Latin Grammer Schools? What was the big difference between the two?

English schools ; their curriculum were different English schools followed a practical curriculum while Latin Grammar schools followed a classical curriculum focused on Latin and Latin readings.

Teacher Centered Philosophies

Essentialism, Behaviorism, Positivism

Horace Mann believed that society did not need to be involved in decisions made about public schooling. T/F?

False

Ella Flagg Young

First female president of the National Education Association (NEA)

Improved vocational education?

Frederick Douglas

In 1958, The National Defense Act (NDEA) did what?

Funded research and funding for educational programs that focused on math, science, and foreign language. It also provided student loan funds for those who wanted to become teachers or school counselors.

what group of people made up the middle colonies?

Irish, Scotts, Danes, Germans, and other white European groups.

What did the Smith-Hughes Act of 1917 do?

It provided funding for teacher education programs and vocational programs at the high school level.

What was the English-only rule?

It was a rule that prohibited Mexican american children from speaking Spanish in school.

Cognitive Development theory was proposed by?

Jean Piaget

Believes children encounter a series of developmental stages as they mature.

Jerome Burner

Who believed that a child's mind was a blank slate on which education could be imprinted on?

John Locke

Robert Havighurst believed

Learning is basic and it continues throughout someone's life span. Growth and development occur in six stages according to Havighurst.

Social Development Theory

Lev Vygotsky

Who was Lev Vygotsky?

Lev Vygotsky was a seminal Russian psychologist who is best known for his sociocultural theory. He believed social interaction plays a critical role in children's learning. Through such social interactions, children go through a continuous process of learning.

Developed theory and methods for educating young children

Maria Montiessori

Which states created schools that taught children to read and write so they could worship and read scriptures?

Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, and Connecticut.

What was math and science originally known as during the Franklin era (1750's)?

Natural Philosophy

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Aristole believed that

Not all people value the same virtues, and because of this education will always be continuous, with different aims and approaches.

"Philosophy" comes from a Greek words "philo" and "sophos" which means:

love and wisdom

What was the name of the college that first provided a shared education for both women and men? What year was this college founded?

Oberlin College (1837_

Definition for "Teachable moments"

Periods of peak efficiency for the acquisition of certain concepts and skills.

_____________________ of education, is the foundation that allows teachers to frame their work and to make decisions about teaching and learning.

Philosophy

Efficiency Movement

Prepped students for factory work. Focused on conformity, following directions, rote learning and memorization as well as strict rules of comportment.

Taylor's efficiency movement was?

Proposed by Elwood Cubberley who became Stanford university's president. The movement basically was to prepare student's to enter the workforce.

The three R's of dame school were?

Reading, writing, aritmetic

Believes children must master specific developmental tasks to develop normally

Robert Havighurts

What act was passed in 1918 that required all children to attend school?

The Compulsory Act

What theory did Jerome Bruner propose?

The constructivism which identified three stages of cognitive representation: 1) Enactive, which is the representation of knowledge through actions. 2) Iconic, which is the visual summarization of images. 3) Symbolic representation, which is the use of words and other symbols to describe experiences.

What did many colonists leave England and travel to America for?

The freedom to worship!

Which ordinance set aside land in each township for a public school?

The northwest ordinance of 1787

Which act stated that if a town had 50 families or more, it had to hire a teacher; towns with 100 families or more had to establish an actual school.

The old Deluder Satan act

The new territories were

ohio, indiana, illinois, michagan, wisconnson

New England's Dame schools were the _____________________ to the primary school?

precursor

Early textbooks were called __________ and consisted of?

primers and they were steeped in moral and religious teachings for boys to read, copy, memorize, and recite.

During colonial times sons of the privileged were taught?

reading and writing which destined them for careers in courts, politics, state government, and churches.

Common controversial issues in Education today:

religion, curriculum, funding, and more.

Essentialism

a belief that things have a set of characteristics that make them what they are, and that the task of science and philosophy is their discovery and expression; the doctrine that essence is prior to existence.

Essentialism in the classroom

a principal that says students should learn the basic facts regarding the social and physical world.

Behaviorist

a psychologist who analyzes how organisms learn to modify their behavior based on their response to events in the environment

Common School Movement

a social reform effort that began in the mid-1800s and promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background

John Dewey's Philosophy

children's experiences would be cultivated to learn about the world through reading, writing, hypothesizing, testing, and tackling real issues that impact their lives.

Benjamin Bloom's Taxonomy Theory

classification of critical thinking. three hierarchical models used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The three lists cover the learning objectives in cognitive, Affective, and sensory domains. (6 levels)

Protestant ideology

fostered the belief that women should have well-identified, limited roles in society. Harboring a belief that women should be domesticated and know their role in their homes (cooking, cleaning, etc).

Catherine Beecher

founder of all-female academy in Hartford, Connecticut

Mary Lyon

in 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary which is considered the oldest college for women in us and still is a women's college.