Foundations Chp. 2
Content drawn mostly from the natural and physical sciences
-Athletic training -Exercise physiology -Motor development -Motor learning -Sport biomechanics
Descriptive history explains:
-Events -individual's contributions -Pivotal happenings
Factors that influence human movement include:
-Force of muscular contractions -Flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of muscles -Composition of muscle fibers -Equilibrium, center of gravity, and base of support. -Transfer of momentum -Force absorption -Leverage
Sports managment includes what management functions?
-Planning -Organizing -directing -evaluating
What is important to the learning of motor skills?
-Relationship of movements to prior knowledge and skills -Transfer of learning -Involvement of cognitive processes -Types of practice sessions -Feedback and knowledge of results
Content drawn mostly from the social sciences
-Sport history -Sport management -Sport philosophy -Sport and exercise psychology -Sport sociology
Analytical history explains:
-The significance of historical occurrences -interpretations with the societal context
Sport Biomechanics (kp)
Application of natural laws and forces to movement.
Humanities (kp)
Art, music, and literature enjoy numerous synergies and relationships with the exercise and sport sciences.
Research process step #1
Ask a question or state a problem that is measurable.
Research methods and scientific method (kp)
The discovery of knowledge must follow a rigorous process including research questions, experiments, data collection and analysis, reporting of results and discussion of findings.
Learning Outcome #4
Students will be able to articulate how art, music, and literature can relate to exercise and sport sciences.
Learning Outcome #1
Students will be able to describe the four characteristics of an academic discipline.
Learning Outcome #3
Students will be able to describe the fundamentals and basic research interests of researchers in the ten exercise and sport sciences.
Learning Outcome #2
Students will be able to explain how the ten exercise and sport sciences borrow from the content knowledge, research methods, and scientific foundations of traditional fields of study.
Literature can include....
sports biographies as well as analytical critiques about sport and physical activity.
Social science
study of human society and behavior
Natural science
study of natural things
Physical science
study of things made by humans
Sport philosophy examines....
the beautiful and ugly and the good and the bad in sport.
Sport philosophy is the study of...
the beliefs and values of humans as displayed within sport and analysis of their meaning and significance.
Exercise Physiology is the study of...
the causes and consequences of bodily functioning and changes occurring due to physical activity.
Building of the neuro-muscular pathways learned through motor control, motor learning adds....
knowledge of results, feedback, and optimal practice methods.
Characteristics of an academic discipline
-A body of knowledge -A conceptual framework -Scholarly procedures and methods of inquiry -Both the process of discovery and the end result.
What are the numerous disciplines that provide the content and methods of scientific inquiry used by researchers in the exercise and sport sciences?
-Anatomy -Biochemistry -Biology -Chemistry -History -Philosophy -Physics -Physiology -Psychology -Sociology
Athletic trainers....
-design and help implement conditioning programs. -Assess injuries and needs for immediate first aid. -provide preventive taping and treatment modalities -work with physicians to help athletes regain their abilities to perform.
How many steps are there in the research process?
7
Academic discipline
A formal body of knowledge discovered, developed, and disseminated through scholarly research and inquiry.
Deuteronomy 8:2
And thou shalt remember all the way which the Lord thy God led thee these forty years in the wilderness, to humble thee, and to prove thee, to know what is in thine heart, whether thou wouldest keep his commandments, or no.
Sport management (kp)
Application of business principles and operations to sports.
Motor learning (kp)
Changes in motor skill performance based on refinement in muscular, skeletal, and neurological function.
Research process step #7
Communicate the results to others.
Research process step #2
Conduct background research and gather information in order to learn from the work of others what is already known and how might be the best way to answer the stated question.
Sport History (kp)
Describing, analyzing, and learning from the past.
Academic Discipline (kp)
Discovery of knowledge through a scholarly process of inquiry.
Conducting research tip #5
Do NOT use wikipedia!
Research process step #6
Draw conclusions based on the results of the experiment, which may lead to a new hypothesis or replication of the study in a different way to confirm the results.
Sport philosophy (kp)
Finding and applying beliefs and values in sports.
Conducting research tip #4
Format of information- books; scholarly (peer reviewed) journal articles; popular articles;other
Research process step #3
Formulate a hypothesis, which is an educated guess of what you think will happen.
What is the difference between motor development and motor learning?
Motor development- is about the development of fundamental movement patterns at any age, including factors such as genetic or environmental limitations. Running, jumping, throwing, and kicking are examples of motor development skills. Motor learning- is about making advances in motor skills through repetition and practice. Motor learning involves enhanced learning and skill enhancement such as through transfer of throwing skills from one sport to another and using feedback to change performance.
How are motor learning and sport and exercise psychology related?
Motor learning- emphasizes motor skill enhancement using a variety of practice approaches, repetition, and knowledge of results. motor learning focuses on bodily movements. Sport and exercise psychology- emphasizes mental skill development such as how the mind relates to positive and negative reinforcement and how the mind responds to motivation, arousal, and stress. Sport and exercise psychology focuses on how the mind impacts or influences how or why the body performs skillfully.
Research process step #4
Perform an experiment to test the hypothesis.
Athletic training (kp)
Prevention, analysis, treatment, and rehabilitation of sport injuries.
Exercise physiology =
Production of endorphins; conversion of glucose to usable energy; increased metabolism and breakdown of fatty tissue.
How are sport history and sport sociology intertwined?
Sport history- describes and analyzes the past with an emphasis on who, what, when, where, how, and why. It interrelates with sport sociology whenever interpretations are made about past occurrences within the societal sporting context. Sport Sociology- seeks to understand social behaviors and interpersonal relationships as impacted by class, culture, ethnicity, race, gender, in the context of sport. It interrelates with sport history through gaining an understanding of the role that sport serves in people's lives and identities.
Biomechanical analyses examine....
acceleration, energy, mass, power, torque, and velocity.
Sport and exercise psychology involves an understanding of....
achievement, motivation, arousal, attribution, and personality development.
Humanities help focus on the...
aesthetic aspects of movement, such as through art, literature and music.
Sport philosophy seeks....
an understanding of how and why people play and engage in sport.
Exercise physiology is based on...
an understanding of the anatomic and physiological bases of human movement.
Exercise physiology investigates the...
biochemical reactions that supply the muscles with energy
Exercise physiology examines....
changes in the cardiovascular system and other physiological parameters
Research process step #5
collect and analyze the data from the experiment to determine if the hypothesis is true or false, possibly using statistical software, charts and graphs.
Technology incoporates the use of....
computer software as a tool to achieve physical education, exercise science, and sport goals.
Sport sociology examines...
concepts such as social mobility, class and gender stratification, racial and ethnic discrimination, team dynamics, and social consciousness and values.
SPORTDiscus
database with full text articles online
Sport history is the ....
descriptive and analytical examination of significant people, events, organizations, and trends that shaped the past.
Performance of motor skills is influenced by..
genetic, environmental, and developmental factors.
Sport and exercise psychology is the study of....
human behavior in sport, including an understanding of the mental processes that interact with motor skill performance.
Music can accompany...
human movement to enrich the experience
Conducting research tip #1
identify the topics, themes, concepts, terms or keywords (broadly, then narrow as appropriate)
Perceptual motor skills are especially...
important to learning of sport skills.
Exercise and sport scientists use technology to help....
in the analysis of human movement, to measure the effectiveness of exercise programs on bodily functions, and for data collection and analysis.
Sport and exercise psychology (kp)
integration of mental processes with motor skill performances
Sport sociology (kp)
interactions among diverse social groups w/ society.
Motor development (kp)
learning of motor patterns by individuals of all ages.
Sport and exercise psychology includes a study of the theories of....
learning, importance of reinforcement, and linkages of perceptual and motor factors.
Sports management includes business components of....
marketing, accounting, economics, finance, and law.
Conducting research tip #2
may use a search engine like google to begin with but do not use this exclusively.
Databases with the help of search engines provide...
online access to professional journals and other information.
Exercise physiology (kp)
scientific examination of how the body responds to physical movement, often using experimental treatment.
Sport biomechanics is the study of ....
the effects of anatomical and physiological effects of natural laws and internal and external forces acting on the human body during movement (application of physics)
Motor learning is the study of...
the internal processes associated with movement or repetitive actions that result in changes in response or performance.
Motor Development is...
the maturation and changes in motor behavior throughout life and the factors that affect them.
Athletic training is the study and application of...
the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of sports injuries.
Sport sociology is the study of....
the social relationships of gender, race, ethnicity, class, and culture in the context of sport and the social behavior of individuals, groups, organizations, institutions, and societies in a sporting context.
Sport management is the study of...
the theoretical and applied aspects of leading, planning, organizing, staffing, funding and conducting sporting events.
Sport sociology is seeking to ...
understand why people play and how their involvement with sports influences them.
Throughout life individuals progress from...
unskilled movements to the learning of complex motor patterns.
Art includes...
various forms of dance and sculptures and frescos of athletes and human movement.
Conducting research tip #3
when using websites, you must differentiate between scholarly professional organizations, governmental, blogs, commercial, etc.
