Foundations of Leadership Midterm Studyguide

______ refers to the servant leader characteristic in which the leader is a visionary and solves problems in creative ways.

Conceptualization

______ refers to a leader's self-efficacy or the belief that they have the ability to accomplish a task.

Confidence

______ refers to the servant leader characteristic in which the leader "stands in the shoes" of others.

Empathy

Which of the following is a criticism of adaptive leadership?

Empirical research is lacking.

Who is responsible for the leadership process?

Followers and leaders

Which of the following is a criticism of LMX?

LMX does not fully explain the creation of high-quality exchanges.

______ refers to a leader who uses any combination of the five basic styles for the purpose of personal advancement.

Opportunism

What is the emphasis of the trait approach?

Role of the leader

In the book's discussion of leadership, power is described as ______.

a relational concern for both leaders and followers

In adaptive leadership, leaders and followers mutually affect each other, making leadership a complex interactive process. This is ______.

a strength of adaptive leadership

Conceptual skills are

ability to work with ideas

Challenging followers to perform work at the highest levels possible is an example of which leadership behavior?

achievement-oriented

Leaders who challenge their followers to seek continuous improvement are using ______ leadership behaviors.

achievement-oriented

The leader's emotions generally play a significate role in which stage of the LMX relationship?

acquaintance phase

Out-group members ______.

act differently than in-group members

The origins of the study of leadership can be traced back to ______.

ancient Greeks

A process view of leadership means that ______.

anyone can learn leadership and emerge as a leader

To create change, transformational leaders ______.

become strong role models for their followers

Servant leadership can be viewed as a set of ______.

behaviors

The dyadic relationship in LMX is ______.

both descriptive and prescriptive

The process of adaptive leadership incorporates ideas from which perspectives?

business, economics, systems, and psychology

Adaptive leadership has been conceptualized as a subset of which leadership theory?

complexity leadership theory

Middle-of-the-road management best describes leaders who are ______.

compromising

Supportive leadership in path-goal theory is very similar to which concept from the behavioral approach?

consideration

Which leadership trait is associated with having grit?

determination

Leaders who give followers instructions about task accomplishment are using ______ leadership behaviors.

directive

What two leadership dimensions are highlighted in the situational approach?

directive and supportive behaviors

The two leadership outcomes outlined in the skills model are ______.

effective problem solving and performance

Social competence in emotional intelligence includes ______.

empathy

In the early stages of leader-member relationship development, leaders look for followers who exhibit which behaviors?

enthusiasm and willingness to participate

The primary functions of leadership are ______.

establishing direction, aligning people, inspiring others

Of the Big Five personality factors, which is the most strongly associated with leadership?

extraversion

The approach known as servant leadership ______.

focuses on followers needs

A strength of the adaptive leadership approach is that it is ______.

follower centered

Adaptive leadership is ______.

follower centered

The three outcomes of servant leadership are ______.

follower performance and growth, societal impact, organizational performancefollower performance and growth, societal impact, organizational performance

Which is an antecedent condition of servant leadership?

follower receptivity

Which of the following problem-solving skills can best be described as the ability to anticipate the implications of executing a plan?

forecasting

In-group members ______.

get more information from leaders

Which leader behavior is a prerequisite for the other adaptive leader behaviors?

get on the balcony

Commitment in the situational leadership approach can be defined as ______.

having motivation and confidence in doing the work

Organizations that adopt a servant leadership culture are typically interested in ______.

helping those in need outside the organization

The behavioral approach has been criticized for implying that a ______ leadership style is most effective.

high task—high relationship

The early studies of LMX identified what two vertical linkages?

in-groups and out-groups

The essential ingredient in leadership is ______.

influence

Which part of the leadership definition offered in the textbook gives leadership its ethical tone?

influence

Coercive leadership is not considered ideal leadership as defined in this text because ______.

influence in leadership includes followers and leaders working toward a common goal

According to the Full Range model, which transformational factor describes leaders who communicate high expectations to followers and inspire them to share the organization's vision?

inspirational motivation

Which factor of transformational leadership supports followers as they try new approaches and develop innovative ways of dealing with organizational issues?

intellectual stimulation

Which perspective of authentic leadership is concerned with a leader's self-knowledge and self-concept?

intrapersonal

Coercive leadership ______.

is forcing followers to do something with penalties and rewards

The "natural leader" trait definition of leadership ______.

is restricted to those with inborn talent, qualities, or characteristics

One key to emerging as a leader ______.

is to be perceived by others as likable and knowledgeable

Understanding the nature of leadership has proved to be quite the challenge for practitioners and researchers because ______.

it is a highly valued phenomenon that is very complex

Which type of leadership gives no feedback and makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs?

laissez-faire

The behavioral approach focuses on ______.

leader actions

In path-goal theory, the main components are ______.

leader behaviors, follower characteristics, task characteristics, and motivation

The skills approach, like the trait approach, takes a(n) ______ perspective on leadership.

leader-centered

According to the adaptive leadership model, who solves adaptive challenges?

leaders and followers

Which of the following is most accurate about leaders and followers?

leaders have an ethical responsibility to followers

The process definition of leadership implies ______.

leadership is reciprocal between leaders and followers

The trait definition of leadership suggests ______.

leadership occurs because of who the leader is

The situational leadership model is divided into two parts: ______.

leadership style and follower development level

Authentic leadership focuses on ______.

leadership that is genuine

Chief executive officers of any company have ______.

legitimate power

The skills approach works by providing a ______ that shows how a person can become an effective leader.

map

The behavioral approach is considered a ______ that provides a conceptual map to help leaders understand their behaviors.

model

Some research has suggested that interest in transformational leadership may be exaggerated and perhaps not as relevant now that ______ are flooding into the workplace.

nontraditional workers

Environmental factors are those influences that are ______.

outside a leader's competencies and characteristics

Leaders who invite their followers to share in the decision-making process are using ______ leadership behaviors.

participative

Which leadership style, according to Blake and Mouton, includes rewards and approval for people in return for their loyalty and obedience?

paternalism/maternalism

A strength of the LMX approach is its focus on the importance of ______ in leadership.

personality

What is the name of the group of factors that predispose or enhance a leader's capacity to develop components of authentic leadership?

positive psychological capacities

One of the key strengths of path-goal theory is its ______.

practical nature

Which of the following problem-solving skills can best be described as the ability to define noteworthy issues or significant problems affecting the organization?

problem definition

Leadership is a phenomenon that takes place in the context of the interaction between leaders and followers. This viewpoint suggests leadership is accessible by all.

process

Which characteristic of authentic leadership refers to a leader's strong sense of self and their clear direction toward where they are going?

purpose

Which leader behavior is the defining characteristic of Liden's servant leadership model?

putting followers first

Which of the following bases of power is considered personal power?

referent

Leaders' power to provide pay raises and promotions is ______.

reward

You are told you need to work weekends. Your supervisor gives you a pay raise in return. What type of power is your supervisor using?

reward

Self-esteem and self-assurance are associated with which leadership trait?

self-confidence

Charismatic leaders often communicate high expectations for followers in hopes of increasing followers'______.

self-efficacy

According to Liden et al., the three main components of the servant leadership model are ______.

servant leader behaviors, antecedent conditions, leadership outcomes

Which approach to classifying leadership involves learnable capabilities that make leadership possible?

skills

Authentic transformational leadership is ______ leadership.

socialized

Contingent reward is a process in which effort by followers is exchanged for ______.

specific payoffs

Leaders who are friendly and approachable are using ______ leadership behaviors.

supportive

According to the behavioral approach, managers are continually engaged in which types of leader behaviors?

task and relationship

The behavioral approach emphasizes which two types of leader behaviors?

task and relationship

The model of adaptive leadership addresses which kinds of situational challenges?

technical, technical and adaptive, and adaptive

LMX theory focuses on ______.

the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower

The early research on authentic leadership grew out of an underdeveloped area within which leadership approach?

the trait approach

The statement "They are a born leader" suggests a

trait definition of leadership

Some of the main concepts of authentic leadership were identified earlier as part of which approach?

transformational

Intelligence as a leadership trait is associated with ______.

verbal ability

A recent criticism of path-goal theory is that is does not account for ______.

virtual working conditions that separate leaders and followers

Transformational leadership often incorporates which types of leadership?

visionary and charismatic

According to the model of servant leadership, an expected outcome for followers is increased ______.

work performance

Human skills is about

working with people