Foundations of Sustainable Business (FSB) Study for Final
Of the approximate 1.5 billion children in the world, about __________ % (number) were involved in age-inappropriate child labor.
10
The ISO __________ series provides tools to identify and report on the adverse impacts of business, including facility-specific water use; life-cycle impact analysis of products in development; and auditing protocols.
14000
In the energy sector between 2002 and 2011, consumption of renewable energy grew by over _____, while non-renewable energy consumption ________.
400%, decreased
Approximately ____________ of the adult consumer population of the United States is one of four shades of green, with unique reasons for preferring sustainable products and services to conventional ones.
80%
The Rainforest Alliance assists forestry and __________ sectors to conserve biodiversity by promoting and evaluating the implementation of sustainability standards.
Agricultural
The __________ is an architectural design feature that creates passive cooling through stepwell construction.
Baoli
__________ risk means voluntarily accepting risk.
Bearing
__________ analytics is the process of gathering and analyzing enormous amounts of data to determine empirical trends and correlations, which can inform operational strategy.
Big data
__________ in product design uses benign chemicals and processes to create product attributes that are modeled after features of plants and animals that have evolved through natural selection.
Biomimicry
Marketing sustainability proceeds in three stages of separation from traditional marketing. Stage II is defined by collaborating with __________ to create sustainable products and services accompanied by reciprocal changes in consumer behavior.
Consumers
The consumer segment __________ tends to seek extra durable and even refurbished products simply as a means of avoiding costs.
Conventional
Marketing sustainability proceeds in three stages of separation from traditional marketing. Stage III is defined by enabling breakthroughs in sustainable design that have the potential to reshape __________.
Culture Consumption levels Markets All of the above
Blue ocean strategy is the simultaneous pursuit of both ______ and ______.
Differentiation, low cost
The Carbon __________ is a non-profit that collects climate change information from voluntary business disclosures, including emissions amounts and associated risks, on behalf of institutional investors.
Disclosure Project
The SEC's general risk disclosure obligations require all publicly traded companies to follow a process known as Management's __________ of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A).
Discussion and Analysis
The general trend in sustainable business practices is to ________.
Do less bad and more good
Disclosure of environmental and social impacts may be necessary to satisfy investors; to become eligible for sustainability certifications from third-party providers; and to attain listing on the __________ Sustainability Indices.
Dow Jones
The human population's ______ now surpasses the available bio-capacity of the planet.
Ecological footprint
Conventional marketing carries a few misconceptions about the quality of "environmentally friendly" products, namely that they are less __________ than traditional products.
Effective
__________ is a process that enables an organization to properly evaluate risks, prepare a response plan that is aligned with the company's objectives, and have a system in place to respond when needed.
Enterprise risk management
PUMA developed the __________ metric to put the environmental performance of products into financial terms.
Environmental Profit & Loss
In liberal market economies such as the United States because sustainable policies tend to be discretionary and not required by law, sustainability tends to be a(n) __________ element of corporate policy.
Explicit
__________ is the extent of a system to be impacted if an adverse event were to occur.
Exposure
Global primary production and processing sectors generate $7.3 trillion in ______ annually.
Externalities
__________ risk is the challenge posed by the management of company capital, debt, equity, and cash flow.
Financial
There exist market opportunities for sustainable small and mid-sized enterprises in a variety of sectors: consumer products, construction, finance, energy, transportation, and __________.
Food products
The majority of companies that report sustainability performance in the S&P 500 use the __________ framework, which is the most widely used sustainability reporting framework in the world.
Global Reporting Initiative
__________ emissions, especially carbon dioxide, represent a company's contribution to atmospheric pollution.
Greenhouse gas
Global human population and per capita consumption levels are _______.
Increasing
__________ verification provides objective assessment and validation of the accuracy of sustainability reporting.
Independent, third-party
The halo effect is the tendency of consumers to make positive __________ about a company's sustainability on the basis of very limited information.
Inferences
__________ management deals with stocking levels, replenishment order policies, and storage of goods intended for sale.
Inventory
The __________ is an unenforceable international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Kyoto Protocol
__________ assessment discloses the full gambit of adverse social and environmental impacts associated with a product, from raw material sourcing, to processing, manufacture, distribution, sale, consumption, and disposal.
Life cycle
The formula for determining the risk level of a given event is __________ times the Magnitude of Harm.
Likelihood of Occurrence
In the context of brand development, __________ is when a company introduces new items in the same category under the same brand.
Line extension
__________ is a form of private sector influence over public policy.
Lobbying
__________ means introducing a product or service to the market to inform prospective customers of attributes and to persuade them to make a purchase.
Marketing
__________ means addressing the benefits of a product or service, and consumer expectations about the company's social, economic, or environmental responsibility.
Marketing sustainability
Under the FTC's Deception Policy Statement, an ad is deceptive if it contains (or omits) information that is likely to __________ consumers acting reasonably under the circumstances and is material in that it effects purchasing behavior.
Mislead
__________ risk means reducing risk impact through preparation and is used to reduce vulnerability and exposure to unavoidable risk.
Mitigating
In the context of brand development, the __________ approach involves two or more sustainability brands within the same product category.
Multi-brand
The consumer segment of __________ can be characterized as those who seek safer product alternatives because they want to prevent children from exposure to chemicals in the household.
Naturalite
According to FTC's Guidelines, marketers of sustainable products should __________ use generic unqualified environmental benefit claims, such as "eco-friendly."
Not
__________ decisions, including planning and control activities, are short term and determine the day-to-day management of the production process.
Operational
Sustainable __________ design is the creation of goods and services using systems that are non-polluting, ergonomically appropriate, safe from worker hazards, minimally consumptive of resources, and economically viable.
Process
The __________ __________ disaster was a building collapse in Bangladesh that constituted the largest disaster in the history of the garment industry.
Rana Plaza
In the "Four Rs" of sustainable product design, __________ involves reclaiming the raw materials from disposed and obsolete products, such as melting down metal and plastic from discarded packaging for some future use.
Recycling
__________ means that an organization has excess capacity and back-up systems in the event of system failure.
Redundancy
__________ risk is the potential for costly government intervention into commercial activity owing to unreasonably high-risk levels.
Regulatory
The challenge of salience refers to the difficulty of aligning sustainable marketing initiatives with the issues most __________ to consumers at the time.
Relevant
Enterprise __________ is a management tool for executing and tracking the success of operational initiatives in terms of deployed resources.
Resource Planning
In the "Four Rs" of sustainable product design, __________ can be 'conventional' where the product fulfills its original purpose after minor refurbishing, or 'new-life' where the product is used for a different function entirely.
Reuse
__________ __________ is the process of moving products upstream from the customer back toward manufacturers and suppliers. This is the opposite direction from how materials typically flow through the supply chain.
Reverse Logistics
Sustainable ___________________ goes beyond managing retrieval of defective or returned products by "closing the loop" through reuse and recycling of returned product materials.
Reverse logistics
Law is a system of __________ that regulates a particular community, which can be enforced by institutions of government.
Rules
__________ provides descriptions of alternative possible futures, and serves to raise issues and provide context and perspective on the nature of risks and what strategic responses might be available.
Scenario planning
The Global Living Planet Index is a(n) ______ assessment of the vitality of the planet given the impact of _____.
Science-based, human activity
According to FTC's Guidelines, marketers who claim a product is non-toxic must provide competent and reliable __________ that the product is safe for people and the environment.
Scientific evidence
A factory that emits carbon dioxide decides to report its greenhouse gas footprint. Their direct emissions from internal operations are an example of __________ Emissions.
Scope 1
Nestlé's Creating __________ is a supply chain program intended to promote rural development to benefit cocoa suppliers and local communities.
Shared Value
____________________ describes the situation where the line between supplier and buyer is blurred by treating the supply arrangement as if both parties were part of the same operation, or as if they were co-owned.
Shared value creation
__________ risk, such as by obtaining property insurance, changes who bears a risk but does not change the overall likelihood or magnitude of that risk.
Sharing
According to the Rio+20 Summit on Sustainability, businesses should focus less on ______ and more on ______.
Short-term competitiveness, long-term performance
__________ __________ __________ is when a structure has systemic air quality problems from mold, toxins, poor circulation, and the like, causing occupants to suffer headaches, congestion, fatigue, and rashes.
Sick building syndrome
The triple bottom line consists of ______, _______, and _______ metrics of organizational success.
Social, economic, environmental
The International Organization for __________ has developed standards for organizational guidance in the area of environmental management.
Standardization
__________ operations management decisions are long term, broad in scope, serve to set the direction for the entire organization, and determine the value proposition of the company.
Strategic
When compared to traditional products, sustainable products and services are _______ in market share of food, consumer products, construction, finance, energy, and transportation sectors.
Taking over
The challenge of __________ occurs when a sustainable product sacrifices attributes of traditional products (such as increased price) in favor of special attributes (such as reduced environmental impact).
Trade-offs
__________ is the function of logistics responsible for providing the physical means by which products and materials are moved through a supply chain.
Transportation
__________ risks are external to an organization and beyond the scope of managerial influence.
Uncontrollable
__________ focuses on the function of materials that go into a product in an effort to reduce cost and improve performance.
Value analysis
There are three types of certification programs: __________ (such as certification from a non-profit), standards-based (such as ISO 14000), and mandatory (such as hazard warning signs).
Voluntary
__________ is the extent to which a system could withstand external shocks, and is determined by susceptibilities, fragilities, weaknesses, deficiencies, and lack of capacities.
Vulnerability
Transparency means that those affected by corporate conduct, whether investors, regulators, customers, or communities impacted by business activities, are able to __________ such conduct.
access information about
Companies monitor sustainability performance for several purposes, including organizational learning, improved decision-making, regulatory compliance, __________, and demonstration.
accountability
Nike developed the New Source Selection Process to help determine whether to __________ a new factory by evaluating, selecting, and monitoring suppliers according to sustainability criteria.
acquire
Sustainable OM strategy should __________ strategic, tactical, and operational decisions concerning the environmental performance of the production process.
align
According to a study of cellular phone manufacturers by The Ecology Center, __________ of the cell phones tested contained toxic chemicals.
all
Risk __________ describes preference for risk, ranging from risk aversion to willingness to accept risk.
appetite
An example of a free-rider effect in climate change mitigation is ________.
carbon leakage
A __________ storage facility is a "mother ship" warehouse commonly used by distributors for receiving wholesale shipments from manufacturers and sending out batches of inventory to retailers.
centralized
Supply chain trends show a move away from agnostic outsourcing towards long-term partnerships involving __________ between supply chain masters and suppliers.
collaboration
LEED certification can be obtained for new __________, as well as major renovation projects, interior projects, and retrofits of existing structures.
commercial construction
Supply chain managers must certify __________ with government regulations from first tier to n-tier suppliers.
compliance
The main causes for engaging business __________ include IT failure, extreme weather events, power outage, and building fires.
continuity plans
On the enterprise risk management continuum, __________ are the procedures and protocols that an organization implements to make sure the path chosen in the risk response stage is actually carried out.
control activities
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) may consider a marketing campaign featuring the slogan "Non-Toxic" to be __________ if the product contains toxic ingredients.
deceptive
"Total water use at all facilities" represents a manufacturing company's impact on local water availability, as well as the extent of that company's __________ on those supplies.
dependency
Although this issue has traditionally been treated as discretionary, many financial reporting and accounting standards arguably require disclosure of a publicly traded business's reliance on __________.
ecosystem services
The analytical tool that assesses the impacts of groundwater withdraws is called groundwater footprint, defined as the area required to sustain groundwater use and groundwater-dependent __________.
ecosystem services
Fragmentation along the value chain, extensive subcontracting, and lack of information-sharing some of the least __________ supply chain risks.
effectively managed
Lack of transparency and supplier visibility are two of the least __________ supply chain risks.
effectively managed
The fastest return on investment from sustainable operations management comes from purchasing __________.
energy-efficient equipment
One of the roles of accounting professionals in promoting transparency is to develop methodologies to quantify __________ that impact stakeholders.
externalities
Factor rating is a __________ optimization tool that involves evaluating multiple alternative locations based on a number of relevant factors.
facility location
Greenhouse gas __________ is a tool for organizations to determine the quantity and source of carbon dioxide emissions.
foot-printing
Water __________ tools measure water use, polluted water discharge, and water- related business risks across a variety of geographic contexts and industry sectors.
footprint
Steps to Responsible Growth is the home-improvement retailer Kingfisher's process design improvement program that consists of ____________________ across all divisions of the company and action items to undertake in order to meet corporate sustainability policy.
formal evaluations
Five percent of the approximate 1.5 billion children in the world are involved in __________ labor.
hazardous
Companies that participate in the United Nations Global Compact are expected to provide adequate accountability and redress in the event that business activities cause __________ __________ violations.
human rights
Product life-cycle assessment includes four steps: Define the scope and goal; identify the kinds of environmental impacts that might occur; conduct __________; and interpret the results for stakeholders.
impact assessment
Non-profit organizations can offer credibility to business through collaboration, such as __________ expert analysis of sustainability initiatives.
impartial
Over the last five decades, the economic toll of extreme weather events has __________.
increased
On the enterprise risk management continuum, the __________ is an organization's culture, the ethical principles and values that define the character of an organization, how the core team of leaders responsible for critical functions view risk, and the extent to which leaders of a company desire risk.
internal environment
To ______ a risk means the party responsible for creating a risk ultimately takes responsibility for it.
internalize
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was designed to protect __________ by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures, requiring senior managers to certify the accuracy of financial reports, and empowering the Securities and Exchange Commission to develop and enforce rules.
investors
Social issues in sustainable supply chain management, such as human trafficking or child labor, have so far received __________ attention from academic researchers when compared to environmental issues.
less
Risk assessment determines the chance that an adverse impact might occur, as well as the __________ of that impact.
magnitude
In the risk level formula, the __________ associated with an event is comprised of three elements: exposure, vulnerability, and resilience.
magnitude of harm
Non-profit environmental advocacy organizations use a __________ approach to industry relations.
mixed
Reporting on sustainability performance is __________ at providing benefits in the form of customer access, public image, stakeholder relations, competitive positioning, preferred supplier status, and employee morale.
more successful than not
Certification by the Living Building Challenge demonstrates that the built environment can actually improve the __________.
natural environment
"Carbon __________" means that the carbon pollution associated with a product, generated by a company's supply chain and operations, is more than offset by mitigation projects.
negative
Enterprise risk management is a(n) __________.
ongoing process
Sustainable scheduling means assigning workers based on meeting social and environmental, in addition to __________ needs.
operational
Small and Mid-Sized Enterprises are seeing substantial __________ to market sustainable products and services across a variety of sectors.
opportunities
Whereas product-related information describes product attributes such as ingredients and price, __________-related information describes the methods and practices that went into producing a consumer good.
process
The Information-Driven Sustainable Business Model is a continual process of information gathering, internal analysis, __________ and stakeholder feedback that enables a company to be responsive to stakeholder concerns while meeting its own performance goals.
public disclosure
The Lean and Green Supply Chain is a decision framework developed by the EPA to help companies implement sustainable innovation. The framework includes identifying environmental impacts, opportunities to __________ those impacts, and the benefits of doing so.
reduce
When modifying product design to address environmental attributes, it is essential for the resulting product to __________ in terms of performance.
remain competitive
A __________ enterprise has five capabilities: robustness, responsiveness, recovery, resourcefulness, and redundancy.
resilient
The most common reason companies disclose environmental, health, and safety information is __________.
response to customer inquiry
Strategic risks are the __________, often made under conditions of uncertainty, which businesses must make to compete in a specific industry at any given time.
risk/reward tradeoffs
Decentralized inventory allows retailers to maintain lower amounts of ______.
safety stock
The Natural Marketing Institute found that adult consumers in developed countries can be __________ according to attitudes toward sustainability.
segmented
By 2030, every sector will see increased water demand, and there will be an estimated 40% global __________ of water supply.
shortfall
Workplaces that require excessive __________ increase the risk of employees suffering from heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and colon cancer. This has prompted the expression, "__________ is the smoking of our generation."
sitting
Sustainable supply chain management must address a greater array of __________ than traditional supply chain management.
stakeholders
According to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, carbon emissions from a manufacturing company's __________ activities should be reported as Scope 3 Emissions.
supply chain
In order to promote transparency throughout the supply chain, managers can employ __________ measures, defined in the ISO 9000 series standard for quality management as the "ability to retrace the history, use or location of an entity by means of recorded identification."
traceability
An effective risk management framework should increase __________ to stakeholders, improve organizational process efficiency, and promote the sharing of best practices to identify, asses, and respond to risks.
transparency
Resource __________ is a ratio of the time a resource is used divided by the time a resource is available for use.
utilization
Reporting can be done from a horizontal or vertical point of view, the former focused on the performance of a single firm, the latter focused on the entire __________ of a product.
value chain
Sustainable OM strategy differs from traditional operations management by including __________ for external stakeholders as a competitive priority.
value creation
Process ______ measures wasted time. It uses a ratio that divides throughput time by value-added time.
velocity
Resilience is necessary when risks are unavoidable; resilience is the opposite of __________.
vulnerability
This metric, __________ per unit of production, tracks water use through the entire supply chain and production process for a given time period and divides that total volume of water by units of production.
water intensity
Conserving a natural resource means balancing human needs, the needs of wildlife, and the ability of stakeholders to ________ changes in resource exploitation rates.
adapt to
One ____ of the Environmental Kuznets Curve is that increases in environmental degradation often ______ economic production.
flaw, impede
The four traditional strategies for business advantage are cost leadership, differentiation, __________, and the combination of cost leadership and differentiation.
focus
The strategy that combines cost leadership with differentiation offers a __________ that is lower in average cost than competitors, and a __________ that commands a price premium.
general product portfolio, distinct product line
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act governs the generation, transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of __________.
hazardous solid waste
The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act requires the owner or operator of any facility to notify local authorities of the presence of __________.
hazardous substances
There are at least four ways to make the business case for corporate social responsibility, including benefits to _____, ______, ______, and _____.
human resources, risk management, brand differentiation, license to operate
The Environmental Kuznets Curve is the _____ that environmental degradation increases then diminishes in a(n) _____ function of income per capita.
hypothesis, inverted u - shaped
The purpose of the Responsible Care Management System is to __________ emergency response, employee health and safety, pollution prevention, and product and process safety.
improve company performance in
Organizational development is a planned change management process that systematically improves __________, __________, and __________ aspects of an organization.
individual, interpersonal, structural
Biocentrism holds that every living creature on Earth exists in a(n) _______ system.
interdependent
The Occupational Safety and Health Act establishes workplace standards to prevent employees from being __________.
killed seriously injured or abused exposed to workplace hazards All of the Above
A(n) __________ defect occurs when a product departs from its intended design, like an exploding glass soda bottle.
manufacturing
Responding to climate change requires overcoming collective action problems, which are known by economists as a form of __________.
market failure
Natural capital accounting aligns business incentives with sustainable land use by revealing the _________ of preservation and conservation.
monetary value
Biomimicry involves learning from features of living things that have survived the long test of _______.
natural selection
Self-regulation such as the American Chemistry Council's Responsible Care Management System is __________ by government.
not required
To get a permit to construct a new source of air pollution, the Clean Air Act may require a(n) __________, which is a reduction in emissions that more than compensates for new sources of pollution.
offset
Eco-innovation changes a firm's processes and responsibilities to reduce environmental impacts and support __________.
organizational learning
In the Environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental degradation and income per capita are indicated by these proximate factors: ______, ______, ______, and ______.
output mix, input mix, state of technology, scale of production
A __________ of water pollution is an isolated discrete conveyance of effluent, such as chemicals poured into a culvert that drains into a river.
point source
Biocapacity deficit refers to a situation where _____ exceeds the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem.
pollution and consumption
Sustainable __________ integrates environmental aspects into the technical and functional specifications of a product.
product design
The stakeholder view of corporate responsibility states that business leaders should create as much value for external stakeholders as possible, without negatively impacting __________.
profitability to shareholders
A conservation easement is a form of _______ that ______ the kind of activities allowed on a certain parcel of land.
property right, limits
Corporate social responsibility can be used to help ______ employees.
recruit retain promote All of the Above
In Lewin's terms, the __________ process consists of the company's people adopting new behaviors and attitudes in pursuit of the organization's new sustainability strategy.
refreezing
The four types of ecosystem services can be characterized as provisioning, ______, ______, and ______.
regulating, supporting, cultural
A company can amend their Articles of Incorporation to become a B-Corporation, which will __________ management to consider the interests of stakeholders.
require
According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve, as an economy develops from pre-industrial into post-industrial, environmental degradation _____ then _____.
rises, falls
Corporate social responsibility is a form of industry _______ that integrates into business strategy a process for monitoring and managing corporate conduct relative to external stakeholders.
self-regulation
Because investors are waking up to sustainability issues, they have been increasingly involved via __________ concerning social and environmental challenges faced by public companies.
shareholder resolutions
The ______ to operate describes the unwritten expectations of fairness held by the community affected by a company's activities.
social license
Natural capital is the ______ of natural resources upon which human life and economic activities depend.
Available stock
The attitude of __________ sees law as a barrier to economic growth.
Avoidance
The attitude of __________ sees law as a source of enforceable rights that can be leveraged to create value.
Advantage
Environmental justice seeks to remedy the disproportionate burdens of environmental harms on ____ communities, and to provide them meaningful involvement in environmental decision-making.
All of the Above
The Clean Air Act regulates dangerous air pollution from major sources of emissions across the United States through the National __________ Standards.
Ambient Air Quality
Ray Anderson founded one of the world's largest carpet manufacturing companies, and launched "Mission Zero," a campaign to ______ the company's environmental impacts.
Completely eliminate
The "gearing up" metaphor represents these four successive attitudes toward the business case for sustainability:
Complying, benchmarking, partnering, integrating
A new position in corporate leadership, titled the ____________, is responsible for overseeing corporate-wide sustainable performance.
Corporate Sustainability Officer
The world's food supply depends upon productive fisheries, about half of which are _____.
Fully exploited
Corporate __________ is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company's various divisions are directed and controlled to fulfill the company mission.
Governance
Shareholder resolutions concerning environmental, social, and governance issues ______ from 1999 to 2009.
Increased
Addressing the business implications of environmental limits will require private sector commitment to _______, _______, and _______.
Innovation, transparency, stewardship
Any corporate governance framework should include the following six elements: Board of Directors, __________, Organizational Hierarchy, __________, Transparency and Accountability, and Policies and Procedures.
Legal Compliance, Internal Control
The __________ is the layer of government jurisdictions that can regulate conduct at the international, regional, national, and local levels.
Legal hierarchy
Five stages of sustainable business maturation, from basic to advanced, are defined by the following motives: profit, philanthropy, _______, _______, and _______.
Marketing, control, responsibility
The __________ was a successful international agreement that protected the Earth's ozone layer from ozone-depleting substances by phasing them out of production and use.
Montreal Protocol
Sustainability requires today's generation to steward __________ for the benefit of future generations.
Natural resources
There are opportunities for sustainable business leadership in most sectors of the economy, except for the ______ sector
None of the above
The aim of blue ocean strategy is _____ to out-perform the competition in the existing industry.
Not
Under the __________, a company responsible for a spill is liable for the cost of removal and any resulting damages.
Oil Pollution Act
The growing threat of natural resource shortage means businesses may face increased _______.
Operating costs
Sustainability initiatives were initially challenged because they were perceived as ______ to core business activities, they proceeded _______ in fits and starts, and existing incentive structures made these initiatives appear _______.
Peripheral, incrementally, uneconomical
Even the most advanced level of private sector commitment to public health and environmental protection is driven by the traditional ______ motive.
Profit
The purpose of environmental law is to protect environmental integrity and __________.
Public health
Between 2005 and 2011, ______ building construction grew by 1700% despite a 17% contraction in the overall construction market.
Sustainable
Canada's Hazardous Products Act sorts all consumer products into four categories: those that are __________, those that are subject to mandatory regulation, those that are subject to voluntary standards, and those that are unregulated.
banned
The two main areas of disagreement in the corporate responsibility debate center around who is the proper __________ of corporate leadership and what time-horizons are relevant for assessing __________.
beneficiary, corporate performance
Finding practical commercial and industrial applications of biological features of plants and animals is the practice of _____.
biomimicry
Timberland, LLC uses ______ to engage employees in CSR.
community service
Title XV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires companies to disclose dealings in __________ as well as labor problems at __________ operations.
conflict minerals, mining
A cross-country ethical dilemma occurs when a company operates in two or more countries with _______ ethical standards.
conflicting
According to stakeholder theory, stakeholders for a business include these five groups:
customers, suppliers, employees, communities, financiers
Human rights are based on the inherent _____ of all human beings.
dignity
According to SB 657: California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, certain companies importing goods into California must __________ to combat slavery in their supply chains.
disclose initiatives
According to anthropocentrism, protecting the environment is morally necessary only if _________.
doing so benefits humans
When a wetland acts as a protective buffer against an incoming storm surge, it provides a(n) ______ to the nearby community.
ecosystem service
The __________ view of corporate responsibility resolves the tension between shareholder and stakeholder views.
enlightened value maximization
The Environmental Kuznets Curve suggests that economic growth _____ promotes environmental quality.
eventually
The general theme of sustainable business leadership is to consider __________ when making strategic decisions.
external stakeholders
Sustainable business is characterized by the trend of measuring and managing success in terms of __________, __________, and __________ performance.
social, economic, environmental
The most important competencies of sustainable business leadership are external awareness, strategy formulation, risk management, __________, __________, and ethics.
stakeholder engagement, flexibility
Executive committees are __________ subgroups made up of Executives and Directors appointed to __________ within the company.
task-oriented, address issues
Under the National Environmental Policy Act, when any United States government agency takes an action (such as by issuing a permit) that would significantly affect the quality of __________, it must first prepare an environmental impact statement.
the human environment
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that ecosystem services are ______.
threatened
A market situation where all participants have an incentive to exploit a resource, yet no one can limit anyone else's access to that resource, resulting in over-exploitation, can be described as a(n) __________.
tragedy of the commons
Eco-entrepreneurialism pursues enhancements in resource efficiency, satisfying society's unmet needs, and __________.
transforming waste into an asset
In Lewin's terms, the __________ process takes place when managers inform employees that the status quo is no longer sustainable, and that change is needed.
unfreezing
A consumer product manufacturer may be faced with strict liability if they sell a defective product that injures a consumer and which defect rendered the product __________ according to reasonable consumer expectations.
unreasonably dangerous
The FTC's Green Marketing Guidelines are designed to prevent marketers from making __________ claims about the environmental attributes of products.
vague unsubstantiated misleading All of the Above
Sustainable business leadership avoids the __________ of the four traditional types of organizational leadership.
vices
The Chief Sustainability Officer must be able to manage __________ composed of representatives from across the various functions of an organization.
virtual teams
A __________ defect occurs when a product is accompanied by inadequate user instructions that render the product unreasonably risky.
warning
A breach of __________ means a company fails to fulfill the terms of the representations made about a product, specifically that the product is fit for its intended use.
warranty
