Foundations of Sustainable Business (FSB) Study for Final

Of the approximate 1.5 billion children in the world, about __________ % (number) were involved in age-inappropriate child labor.

10

The ISO __________ series provides tools to identify and report on the adverse impacts of business, including facility-specific water use; life-cycle impact analysis of products in development; and auditing protocols.

14000

In the energy sector between 2002 and 2011, consumption of renewable energy grew by over _____, while non-renewable energy consumption ________.

400%, decreased

Approximately ____________ of the adult consumer population of the United States is one of four shades of green, with unique reasons for preferring sustainable products and services to conventional ones.

80%

The Rainforest Alliance assists forestry and __________ sectors to conserve biodiversity by promoting and evaluating the implementation of sustainability standards.

Agricultural

The __________ is an architectural design feature that creates passive cooling through stepwell construction.

Baoli

__________ risk means voluntarily accepting risk.

Bearing

__________ analytics is the process of gathering and analyzing enormous amounts of data to determine empirical trends and correlations, which can inform operational strategy.

Big data

__________ in product design uses benign chemicals and processes to create product attributes that are modeled after features of plants and animals that have evolved through natural selection.

Biomimicry

Marketing sustainability proceeds in three stages of separation from traditional marketing. Stage II is defined by collaborating with __________ to create sustainable products and services accompanied by reciprocal changes in consumer behavior.

Consumers

The consumer segment __________ tends to seek extra durable and even refurbished products simply as a means of avoiding costs.

Conventional

Marketing sustainability proceeds in three stages of separation from traditional marketing. Stage III is defined by enabling breakthroughs in sustainable design that have the potential to reshape __________.

Culture Consumption levels Markets All of the above

Blue ocean strategy is the simultaneous pursuit of both ______ and ______.

Differentiation, low cost

The Carbon __________ is a non-profit that collects climate change information from voluntary business disclosures, including emissions amounts and associated risks, on behalf of institutional investors.

Disclosure Project

The SEC's general risk disclosure obligations require all publicly traded companies to follow a process known as Management's __________ of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A).

Discussion and Analysis

The general trend in sustainable business practices is to ________.

Do less bad and more good

Disclosure of environmental and social impacts may be necessary to satisfy investors; to become eligible for sustainability certifications from third-party providers; and to attain listing on the __________ Sustainability Indices.

Dow Jones

The human population's ______ now surpasses the available bio-capacity of the planet.

Ecological footprint

Conventional marketing carries a few misconceptions about the quality of "environmentally friendly" products, namely that they are less __________ than traditional products.

Effective

__________ is a process that enables an organization to properly evaluate risks, prepare a response plan that is aligned with the company's objectives, and have a system in place to respond when needed.

Enterprise risk management

PUMA developed the __________ metric to put the environmental performance of products into financial terms.

Environmental Profit & Loss

In liberal market economies such as the United States because sustainable policies tend to be discretionary and not required by law, sustainability tends to be a(n) __________ element of corporate policy.

Explicit

__________ is the extent of a system to be impacted if an adverse event were to occur.

Exposure

Global primary production and processing sectors generate $7.3 trillion in ______ annually.

Externalities

__________ risk is the challenge posed by the management of company capital, debt, equity, and cash flow.

Financial

There exist market opportunities for sustainable small and mid-sized enterprises in a variety of sectors: consumer products, construction, finance, energy, transportation, and __________.

Food products

The majority of companies that report sustainability performance in the S&P 500 use the __________ framework, which is the most widely used sustainability reporting framework in the world.

Global Reporting Initiative

__________ emissions, especially carbon dioxide, represent a company's contribution to atmospheric pollution.

Greenhouse gas

Global human population and per capita consumption levels are _______.

Increasing

__________ verification provides objective assessment and validation of the accuracy of sustainability reporting.

Independent, third-party

The halo effect is the tendency of consumers to make positive __________ about a company's sustainability on the basis of very limited information.

Inferences

__________ management deals with stocking levels, replenishment order policies, and storage of goods intended for sale.

Inventory

The __________ is an unenforceable international agreement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Kyoto Protocol

__________ assessment discloses the full gambit of adverse social and environmental impacts associated with a product, from raw material sourcing, to processing, manufacture, distribution, sale, consumption, and disposal.

Life cycle

The formula for determining the risk level of a given event is __________ times the Magnitude of Harm.

Likelihood of Occurrence

In the context of brand development, __________ is when a company introduces new items in the same category under the same brand.

Line extension

__________ is a form of private sector influence over public policy.

Lobbying

__________ means introducing a product or service to the market to inform prospective customers of attributes and to persuade them to make a purchase.

Marketing

__________ means addressing the benefits of a product or service, and consumer expectations about the company's social, economic, or environmental responsibility.

Marketing sustainability

Under the FTC's Deception Policy Statement, an ad is deceptive if it contains (or omits) information that is likely to __________ consumers acting reasonably under the circumstances and is material in that it effects purchasing behavior.

Mislead

__________ risk means reducing risk impact through preparation and is used to reduce vulnerability and exposure to unavoidable risk.

Mitigating

In the context of brand development, the __________ approach involves two or more sustainability brands within the same product category.

Multi-brand

The consumer segment of __________ can be characterized as those who seek safer product alternatives because they want to prevent children from exposure to chemicals in the household.

Naturalite

According to FTC's Guidelines, marketers of sustainable products should __________ use generic unqualified environmental benefit claims, such as "eco-friendly."

Not

__________ decisions, including planning and control activities, are short term and determine the day-to-day management of the production process.

Operational

Sustainable __________ design is the creation of goods and services using systems that are non-polluting, ergonomically appropriate, safe from worker hazards, minimally consumptive of resources, and economically viable.

Process

The __________ __________ disaster was a building collapse in Bangladesh that constituted the largest disaster in the history of the garment industry.

Rana Plaza

In the "Four Rs" of sustainable product design, __________ involves reclaiming the raw materials from disposed and obsolete products, such as melting down metal and plastic from discarded packaging for some future use.

Recycling

__________ means that an organization has excess capacity and back-up systems in the event of system failure.

Redundancy

__________ risk is the potential for costly government intervention into commercial activity owing to unreasonably high-risk levels.

Regulatory

The challenge of salience refers to the difficulty of aligning sustainable marketing initiatives with the issues most __________ to consumers at the time.

Relevant

Enterprise __________ is a management tool for executing and tracking the success of operational initiatives in terms of deployed resources.

Resource Planning

In the "Four Rs" of sustainable product design, __________ can be 'conventional' where the product fulfills its original purpose after minor refurbishing, or 'new-life' where the product is used for a different function entirely.

Reuse

__________ __________ is the process of moving products upstream from the customer back toward manufacturers and suppliers. This is the opposite direction from how materials typically flow through the supply chain.

Reverse Logistics

Sustainable ___________________ goes beyond managing retrieval of defective or returned products by "closing the loop" through reuse and recycling of returned product materials.

Reverse logistics

Law is a system of __________ that regulates a particular community, which can be enforced by institutions of government.

Rules

__________ provides descriptions of alternative possible futures, and serves to raise issues and provide context and perspective on the nature of risks and what strategic responses might be available.

Scenario planning

The Global Living Planet Index is a(n) ______ assessment of the vitality of the planet given the impact of _____.

Science-based, human activity

According to FTC's Guidelines, marketers who claim a product is non-toxic must provide competent and reliable __________ that the product is safe for people and the environment.

Scientific evidence

A factory that emits carbon dioxide decides to report its greenhouse gas footprint. Their direct emissions from internal operations are an example of __________ Emissions.

Scope 1

Nestlé's Creating __________ is a supply chain program intended to promote rural development to benefit cocoa suppliers and local communities.

Shared Value

____________________ describes the situation where the line between supplier and buyer is blurred by treating the supply arrangement as if both parties were part of the same operation, or as if they were co-owned.

Shared value creation

__________ risk, such as by obtaining property insurance, changes who bears a risk but does not change the overall likelihood or magnitude of that risk.

Sharing

According to the Rio+20 Summit on Sustainability, businesses should focus less on ______ and more on ______.

Short-term competitiveness, long-term performance

__________ __________ __________ is when a structure has systemic air quality problems from mold, toxins, poor circulation, and the like, causing occupants to suffer headaches, congestion, fatigue, and rashes.

Sick building syndrome

The triple bottom line consists of ______, _______, and _______ metrics of organizational success.

Social, economic, environmental

The International Organization for __________ has developed standards for organizational guidance in the area of environmental management.

Standardization

__________ operations management decisions are long term, broad in scope, serve to set the direction for the entire organization, and determine the value proposition of the company.

Strategic

When compared to traditional products, sustainable products and services are _______ in market share of food, consumer products, construction, finance, energy, and transportation sectors.

Taking over

The challenge of __________ occurs when a sustainable product sacrifices attributes of traditional products (such as increased price) in favor of special attributes (such as reduced environmental impact).

Trade-offs

__________ is the function of logistics responsible for providing the physical means by which products and materials are moved through a supply chain.

Transportation

__________ risks are external to an organization and beyond the scope of managerial influence.

Uncontrollable

__________ focuses on the function of materials that go into a product in an effort to reduce cost and improve performance.

Value analysis

There are three types of certification programs: __________ (such as certification from a non-profit), standards-based (such as ISO 14000), and mandatory (such as hazard warning signs).

Voluntary

__________ is the extent to which a system could withstand external shocks, and is determined by susceptibilities, fragilities, weaknesses, deficiencies, and lack of capacities.

Vulnerability

Transparency means that those affected by corporate conduct, whether investors, regulators, customers, or communities impacted by business activities, are able to __________ such conduct.

access information about

Companies monitor sustainability performance for several purposes, including organizational learning, improved decision-making, regulatory compliance, __________, and demonstration.

accountability

Nike developed the New Source Selection Process to help determine whether to __________ a new factory by evaluating, selecting, and monitoring suppliers according to sustainability criteria.

acquire

Sustainable OM strategy should __________ strategic, tactical, and operational decisions concerning the environmental performance of the production process.

align

According to a study of cellular phone manufacturers by The Ecology Center, __________ of the cell phones tested contained toxic chemicals.

all

Risk __________ describes preference for risk, ranging from risk aversion to willingness to accept risk.

appetite

An example of a free-rider effect in climate change mitigation is ________.

carbon leakage

A __________ storage facility is a "mother ship" warehouse commonly used by distributors for receiving wholesale shipments from manufacturers and sending out batches of inventory to retailers.

centralized

Supply chain trends show a move away from agnostic outsourcing towards long-term partnerships involving __________ between supply chain masters and suppliers.

collaboration

LEED certification can be obtained for new __________, as well as major renovation projects, interior projects, and retrofits of existing structures.

commercial construction

Supply chain managers must certify __________ with government regulations from first tier to n-tier suppliers.

compliance

The main causes for engaging business __________ include IT failure, extreme weather events, power outage, and building fires.

continuity plans

On the enterprise risk management continuum, __________ are the procedures and protocols that an organization implements to make sure the path chosen in the risk response stage is actually carried out.

control activities

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) may consider a marketing campaign featuring the slogan "Non-Toxic" to be __________ if the product contains toxic ingredients.

deceptive

"Total water use at all facilities" represents a manufacturing company's impact on local water availability, as well as the extent of that company's __________ on those supplies.

dependency

Although this issue has traditionally been treated as discretionary, many financial reporting and accounting standards arguably require disclosure of a publicly traded business's reliance on __________.

ecosystem services

The analytical tool that assesses the impacts of groundwater withdraws is called groundwater footprint, defined as the area required to sustain groundwater use and groundwater-dependent __________.

ecosystem services

Fragmentation along the value chain, extensive subcontracting, and lack of information-sharing some of the least __________ supply chain risks.

effectively managed

Lack of transparency and supplier visibility are two of the least __________ supply chain risks.

effectively managed

The fastest return on investment from sustainable operations management comes from purchasing __________.

energy-efficient equipment

One of the roles of accounting professionals in promoting transparency is to develop methodologies to quantify __________ that impact stakeholders.

externalities

Factor rating is a __________ optimization tool that involves evaluating multiple alternative locations based on a number of relevant factors.

facility location

Greenhouse gas __________ is a tool for organizations to determine the quantity and source of carbon dioxide emissions.

foot-printing

Water __________ tools measure water use, polluted water discharge, and water- related business risks across a variety of geographic contexts and industry sectors.

footprint

Steps to Responsible Growth is the home-improvement retailer Kingfisher's process design improvement program that consists of ____________________ across all divisions of the company and action items to undertake in order to meet corporate sustainability policy.

formal evaluations

Five percent of the approximate 1.5 billion children in the world are involved in __________ labor.

hazardous

Companies that participate in the United Nations Global Compact are expected to provide adequate accountability and redress in the event that business activities cause __________ __________ violations.

human rights

Product life-cycle assessment includes four steps: Define the scope and goal; identify the kinds of environmental impacts that might occur; conduct __________; and interpret the results for stakeholders.

impact assessment

Non-profit organizations can offer credibility to business through collaboration, such as __________ expert analysis of sustainability initiatives.

impartial

Over the last five decades, the economic toll of extreme weather events has __________.

increased

On the enterprise risk management continuum, the __________ is an organization's culture, the ethical principles and values that define the character of an organization, how the core team of leaders responsible for critical functions view risk, and the extent to which leaders of a company desire risk.

internal environment

To ______ a risk means the party responsible for creating a risk ultimately takes responsibility for it.

internalize

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was designed to protect __________ by improving the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures, requiring senior managers to certify the accuracy of financial reports, and empowering the Securities and Exchange Commission to develop and enforce rules.

investors

Social issues in sustainable supply chain management, such as human trafficking or child labor, have so far received __________ attention from academic researchers when compared to environmental issues.

less

Risk assessment determines the chance that an adverse impact might occur, as well as the __________ of that impact.

magnitude

In the risk level formula, the __________ associated with an event is comprised of three elements: exposure, vulnerability, and resilience.

magnitude of harm

Non-profit environmental advocacy organizations use a __________ approach to industry relations.

mixed

Reporting on sustainability performance is __________ at providing benefits in the form of customer access, public image, stakeholder relations, competitive positioning, preferred supplier status, and employee morale.

more successful than not

Certification by the Living Building Challenge demonstrates that the built environment can actually improve the __________.

natural environment

"Carbon __________" means that the carbon pollution associated with a product, generated by a company's supply chain and operations, is more than offset by mitigation projects.

negative

Enterprise risk management is a(n) __________.

ongoing process

Sustainable scheduling means assigning workers based on meeting social and environmental, in addition to __________ needs.

operational

Small and Mid-Sized Enterprises are seeing substantial __________ to market sustainable products and services across a variety of sectors.

opportunities

Whereas product-related information describes product attributes such as ingredients and price, __________-related information describes the methods and practices that went into producing a consumer good.

process

The Information-Driven Sustainable Business Model is a continual process of information gathering, internal analysis, __________ and stakeholder feedback that enables a company to be responsive to stakeholder concerns while meeting its own performance goals.

public disclosure

The Lean and Green Supply Chain is a decision framework developed by the EPA to help companies implement sustainable innovation. The framework includes identifying environmental impacts, opportunities to __________ those impacts, and the benefits of doing so.

reduce

When modifying product design to address environmental attributes, it is essential for the resulting product to __________ in terms of performance.

remain competitive

A __________ enterprise has five capabilities: robustness, responsiveness, recovery, resourcefulness, and redundancy.

resilient

The most common reason companies disclose environmental, health, and safety information is __________.

response to customer inquiry

Strategic risks are the __________, often made under conditions of uncertainty, which businesses must make to compete in a specific industry at any given time.

risk/reward tradeoffs

Decentralized inventory allows retailers to maintain lower amounts of ______.

safety stock

The Natural Marketing Institute found that adult consumers in developed countries can be __________ according to attitudes toward sustainability.

segmented

By 2030, every sector will see increased water demand, and there will be an estimated 40% global __________ of water supply.

shortfall

Workplaces that require excessive __________ increase the risk of employees suffering from heart disease, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer and colon cancer. This has prompted the expression, "__________ is the smoking of our generation."

sitting

Sustainable supply chain management must address a greater array of __________ than traditional supply chain management.

stakeholders

According to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, carbon emissions from a manufacturing company's __________ activities should be reported as Scope 3 Emissions.

supply chain

In order to promote transparency throughout the supply chain, managers can employ __________ measures, defined in the ISO 9000 series standard for quality management as the "ability to retrace the history, use or location of an entity by means of recorded identification."

traceability

An effective risk management framework should increase __________ to stakeholders, improve organizational process efficiency, and promote the sharing of best practices to identify, asses, and respond to risks.

transparency

Resource __________ is a ratio of the time a resource is used divided by the time a resource is available for use.

utilization

Reporting can be done from a horizontal or vertical point of view, the former focused on the performance of a single firm, the latter focused on the entire __________ of a product.

value chain

Sustainable OM strategy differs from traditional operations management by including __________ for external stakeholders as a competitive priority.

value creation

Process ______ measures wasted time. It uses a ratio that divides throughput time by value-added time.

velocity

Resilience is necessary when risks are unavoidable; resilience is the opposite of __________.

vulnerability

This metric, __________ per unit of production, tracks water use through the entire supply chain and production process for a given time period and divides that total volume of water by units of production.

water intensity

Conserving a natural resource means balancing human needs, the needs of wildlife, and the ability of stakeholders to ________ changes in resource exploitation rates.

adapt to

One ____ of the Environmental Kuznets Curve is that increases in environmental degradation often ______ economic production.

flaw, impede

The four traditional strategies for business advantage are cost leadership, differentiation, __________, and the combination of cost leadership and differentiation.

focus

The strategy that combines cost leadership with differentiation offers a __________ that is lower in average cost than competitors, and a __________ that commands a price premium.

general product portfolio, distinct product line

The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act governs the generation, transport, treatment, storage, and disposal of __________.

hazardous solid waste

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act requires the owner or operator of any facility to notify local authorities of the presence of __________.

hazardous substances

There are at least four ways to make the business case for corporate social responsibility, including benefits to _____, ______, ______, and _____.

human resources, risk management, brand differentiation, license to operate

The Environmental Kuznets Curve is the _____ that environmental degradation increases then diminishes in a(n) _____ function of income per capita.

hypothesis, inverted u - shaped

The purpose of the Responsible Care Management System is to __________ emergency response, employee health and safety, pollution prevention, and product and process safety.

improve company performance in

Organizational development is a planned change management process that systematically improves __________, __________, and __________ aspects of an organization.

individual, interpersonal, structural

Biocentrism holds that every living creature on Earth exists in a(n) _______ system.

interdependent

The Occupational Safety and Health Act establishes workplace standards to prevent employees from being __________.

killed seriously injured or abused exposed to workplace hazards All of the Above

A(n) __________ defect occurs when a product departs from its intended design, like an exploding glass soda bottle.

manufacturing

Responding to climate change requires overcoming collective action problems, which are known by economists as a form of __________.

market failure

Natural capital accounting aligns business incentives with sustainable land use by revealing the _________ of preservation and conservation.

monetary value

Biomimicry involves learning from features of living things that have survived the long test of _______.

natural selection

Self-regulation such as the American Chemistry Council's Responsible Care Management System is __________ by government.

not required

To get a permit to construct a new source of air pollution, the Clean Air Act may require a(n) __________, which is a reduction in emissions that more than compensates for new sources of pollution.

offset

Eco-innovation changes a firm's processes and responsibilities to reduce environmental impacts and support __________.

organizational learning

In the Environmental Kuznets Curve, environmental degradation and income per capita are indicated by these proximate factors: ______, ______, ______, and ______.

output mix, input mix, state of technology, scale of production

A __________ of water pollution is an isolated discrete conveyance of effluent, such as chemicals poured into a culvert that drains into a river.

point source

Biocapacity deficit refers to a situation where _____ exceeds the regenerative capacity of an ecosystem.

pollution and consumption

Sustainable __________ integrates environmental aspects into the technical and functional specifications of a product.

product design

The stakeholder view of corporate responsibility states that business leaders should create as much value for external stakeholders as possible, without negatively impacting __________.

profitability to shareholders

A conservation easement is a form of _______ that ______ the kind of activities allowed on a certain parcel of land.

property right, limits

Corporate social responsibility can be used to help ______ employees.

recruit retain promote All of the Above

In Lewin's terms, the __________ process consists of the company's people adopting new behaviors and attitudes in pursuit of the organization's new sustainability strategy.

refreezing

The four types of ecosystem services can be characterized as provisioning, ______, ______, and ______.

regulating, supporting, cultural

A company can amend their Articles of Incorporation to become a B-Corporation, which will __________ management to consider the interests of stakeholders.

require

According to the Environmental Kuznets Curve, as an economy develops from pre-industrial into post-industrial, environmental degradation _____ then _____.

rises, falls

Corporate social responsibility is a form of industry _______ that integrates into business strategy a process for monitoring and managing corporate conduct relative to external stakeholders.

self-regulation

Because investors are waking up to sustainability issues, they have been increasingly involved via __________ concerning social and environmental challenges faced by public companies.

shareholder resolutions

The ______ to operate describes the unwritten expectations of fairness held by the community affected by a company's activities.

social license

Natural capital is the ______ of natural resources upon which human life and economic activities depend.

Available stock

The attitude of __________ sees law as a barrier to economic growth.

Avoidance

The attitude of __________ sees law as a source of enforceable rights that can be leveraged to create value.

Advantage

Environmental justice seeks to remedy the disproportionate burdens of environmental harms on ____ communities, and to provide them meaningful involvement in environmental decision-making.

All of the Above

The Clean Air Act regulates dangerous air pollution from major sources of emissions across the United States through the National __________ Standards.

Ambient Air Quality

Ray Anderson founded one of the world's largest carpet manufacturing companies, and launched "Mission Zero," a campaign to ______ the company's environmental impacts.

Completely eliminate

The "gearing up" metaphor represents these four successive attitudes toward the business case for sustainability:

Complying, benchmarking, partnering, integrating

A new position in corporate leadership, titled the ____________, is responsible for overseeing corporate-wide sustainable performance.

Corporate Sustainability Officer

The world's food supply depends upon productive fisheries, about half of which are _____.

Fully exploited

Corporate __________ is the system of rules, practices, and processes by which a company's various divisions are directed and controlled to fulfill the company mission.

Governance

Shareholder resolutions concerning environmental, social, and governance issues ______ from 1999 to 2009.

Increased

Addressing the business implications of environmental limits will require private sector commitment to _______, _______, and _______.

Innovation, transparency, stewardship

Any corporate governance framework should include the following six elements: Board of Directors, __________, Organizational Hierarchy, __________, Transparency and Accountability, and Policies and Procedures.

Legal Compliance, Internal Control

The __________ is the layer of government jurisdictions that can regulate conduct at the international, regional, national, and local levels.

Legal hierarchy

Five stages of sustainable business maturation, from basic to advanced, are defined by the following motives: profit, philanthropy, _______, _______, and _______.

Marketing, control, responsibility

The __________ was a successful international agreement that protected the Earth's ozone layer from ozone-depleting substances by phasing them out of production and use.

Montreal Protocol

Sustainability requires today's generation to steward __________ for the benefit of future generations.

Natural resources

There are opportunities for sustainable business leadership in most sectors of the economy, except for the ______ sector

None of the above

The aim of blue ocean strategy is _____ to out-perform the competition in the existing industry.

Not

Under the __________, a company responsible for a spill is liable for the cost of removal and any resulting damages.

Oil Pollution Act

The growing threat of natural resource shortage means businesses may face increased _______.

Operating costs

Sustainability initiatives were initially challenged because they were perceived as ______ to core business activities, they proceeded _______ in fits and starts, and existing incentive structures made these initiatives appear _______.

Peripheral, incrementally, uneconomical

Even the most advanced level of private sector commitment to public health and environmental protection is driven by the traditional ______ motive.

Profit

The purpose of environmental law is to protect environmental integrity and __________.

Public health

Between 2005 and 2011, ______ building construction grew by 1700% despite a 17% contraction in the overall construction market.

Sustainable

Canada's Hazardous Products Act sorts all consumer products into four categories: those that are __________, those that are subject to mandatory regulation, those that are subject to voluntary standards, and those that are unregulated.

banned

The two main areas of disagreement in the corporate responsibility debate center around who is the proper __________ of corporate leadership and what time-horizons are relevant for assessing __________.

beneficiary, corporate performance

Finding practical commercial and industrial applications of biological features of plants and animals is the practice of _____.

biomimicry

Timberland, LLC uses ______ to engage employees in CSR.

community service

Title XV of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires companies to disclose dealings in __________ as well as labor problems at __________ operations.

conflict minerals, mining

A cross-country ethical dilemma occurs when a company operates in two or more countries with _______ ethical standards.

conflicting

According to stakeholder theory, stakeholders for a business include these five groups:

customers, suppliers, employees, communities, financiers

Human rights are based on the inherent _____ of all human beings.

dignity

According to SB 657: California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, certain companies importing goods into California must __________ to combat slavery in their supply chains.

disclose initiatives

According to anthropocentrism, protecting the environment is morally necessary only if _________.

doing so benefits humans

When a wetland acts as a protective buffer against an incoming storm surge, it provides a(n) ______ to the nearby community.

ecosystem service

The __________ view of corporate responsibility resolves the tension between shareholder and stakeholder views.

enlightened value maximization

The Environmental Kuznets Curve suggests that economic growth _____ promotes environmental quality.

eventually

The general theme of sustainable business leadership is to consider __________ when making strategic decisions.

external stakeholders

Sustainable business is characterized by the trend of measuring and managing success in terms of __________, __________, and __________ performance.

social, economic, environmental

The most important competencies of sustainable business leadership are external awareness, strategy formulation, risk management, __________, __________, and ethics.

stakeholder engagement, flexibility

Executive committees are __________ subgroups made up of Executives and Directors appointed to __________ within the company.

task-oriented, address issues

Under the National Environmental Policy Act, when any United States government agency takes an action (such as by issuing a permit) that would significantly affect the quality of __________, it must first prepare an environmental impact statement.

the human environment

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment found that ecosystem services are ______.

threatened

A market situation where all participants have an incentive to exploit a resource, yet no one can limit anyone else's access to that resource, resulting in over-exploitation, can be described as a(n) __________.

tragedy of the commons

Eco-entrepreneurialism pursues enhancements in resource efficiency, satisfying society's unmet needs, and __________.

transforming waste into an asset

In Lewin's terms, the __________ process takes place when managers inform employees that the status quo is no longer sustainable, and that change is needed.

unfreezing

A consumer product manufacturer may be faced with strict liability if they sell a defective product that injures a consumer and which defect rendered the product __________ according to reasonable consumer expectations.

unreasonably dangerous

The FTC's Green Marketing Guidelines are designed to prevent marketers from making __________ claims about the environmental attributes of products.

vague unsubstantiated misleading All of the Above

Sustainable business leadership avoids the __________ of the four traditional types of organizational leadership.

vices

The Chief Sustainability Officer must be able to manage __________ composed of representatives from across the various functions of an organization.

virtual teams

A __________ defect occurs when a product is accompanied by inadequate user instructions that render the product unreasonably risky.

warning

A breach of __________ means a company fails to fulfill the terms of the representations made about a product, specifically that the product is fit for its intended use.

warranty